PSYC101 / PSYC 101 Module 8 – General Psychology (Latest 2026/2027 Update) | Verified Questions & Correct Answers | Grade A | Portage Learning

PSYC101 / PSYC 101 Module 8 – General Psychology (Latest 2026/2027 Update) | Verified Questions & Correct Answers | Grade A | Portage Learning 2026 / 2027 Academic Year Q: Which process best illustrates the effect of development stages on the interaction between instinct and learning? A Conditioning B Imprinting C Facilitating D Engulfing B) Imprinting Q: Which process gives organisms the flexibility to survive in a changing world? A Learning B Reflexes C Instincts D Variable action patterns A) Learning Q: Which of the following is a primary advantage of observational learning? A It creates imprinting in human beings and lower animal species. B It provides rapid adaptation to situations beyond our control. C It transmits information across generations within families and cultures. D It synchronizes behaviors, particularly between two unacquainted individuals. C) It transmits information across generations within families and cultures. Q: Sleeping better the second night in a hotel than the first night after adjusting to the environment is an example of ____. A sensitization B operant conditioning C habituation D classical conditioning C) habituation Q: A reaction to a given stimulus that requires no previous experience is referred to as ____. A a conditioned response B an uncharacteristic response C an unconditioned response D a characteristic response C) an unconditioned response Q: What mechanism is responsible for the process of extinction? A The previously formed association is forgotten. B Spontaneous recovery replaces the association. C New learning overrides old learning. D An aversion is formed in response to the association. C) New learning overrides old learning. Q: When Roxie was a puppy, she would jump excitedly on anyone who entered the house, receiving praise for her actions. Now that Roxie weighs 65 lb, Roxie's owner has asked everyone who enters the house to ignore the dog until she settles down. This scenario illustrates the use of ____. A discrimination B latent inhibition C extinction D generalization C) extinction Q: The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus is called ____. A aggregation B generalization C sensitization D habituation B) generalization C The rats enjoyed the bright noisy stimulus enough to tolerate their illness. Q: In Garcia and Koelling's taste-aversion study, why were the rats unable to associate a bright noisy stimulus with feeling ill? A The rats were so distracted or frightened by the bright noisy stimulus that they did not notice they were ill. B The rats relied more on taste and smell than on vision and hearing to identify food. D The rats lacked the cognitive ability to do so. B) The rats relied more on taste and smell than on vision and hearing to identify food. Q: Psychologist Dr. Martinez uses systematic desensitization to help his client Catherine address her extreme fear of heights. What technique is Dr. Martinez likely to use? A Dr. Martinez and Catherine repeatedly visit a scenic viewpoint at the top of a hill. They have a pleasant picnic there, gradually moving to picnic tables that are closer to the top of the hill. B Each week, Dr. Martinez and Catherine take an elevator to the 50th floor of his office building and go outside on the observation deck. They stand there in silence while she internally works through her fear. C Each week, Dr. Martinez and Catherine take an elevator to the 50th floor of his office building and go outside on the observation deck. They stand close to the edge while he reassures her that everything will be all right. D Dr. Martinez teaches Catherine relaxation techniques then gradually, through guided imagery, asks her to imagine herself in a high place. If she starts to feel anxious, they temporarily return to the relaxation techniques. D) Q: What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? A Operant conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; classical conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence. B In contrast to classical conditioning, operant conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change. C In contrast to operant conditioning, classical conditioning leads to a relatively permanent behavioral change. C positive punishment D Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence. D) Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence. Q: The method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence is referred to as ____. A negative punishment B positive reinforcement D negative reinforcement D) negative reinforcement Q: A schedule of partial reinforcement in which the first response after a specified period of time will be reinforced is called a ____ schedule. A fixed ratio B concrete interval C concrete ratio D fixed interval D) fixed interval C an arbitrary ratio A schedule of partial reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of behaviors is called ____ schedule. A an arbitrary interval B a variable ratio D a variable interval B) a variable ratio The Brelands concluded that animals' strong instinctive behaviors predominated over behaviors that had been conditioned, which they described as ____. A behavioral reversion B the self-intrinsic effect C instinctive drift D inconclusive conditioning C) instinctive drift The key to an effective token economy is to offer ultimate rewards that are valuable to the people you wish to motivate. A true B false A) true What did the children in Bandura's study on aggression do after they observed adults hitting a doll, then being reprimanded? A The children showed fear of the doll. B The children hugged the doll to show empathy. C The children hit the doll themselves. D The children avoided the doll to avoid being reprimanded. C) The children hit the doll themselves. Either past or anticipated ____ encourages us to model another person's behavior. A reinforcement B introspection C extinction D generalization A) reinforcement People who appear to be high in the area of ____ show stronger activation than other people in identified mirror systems in the human brain. A intelligence B empathy C humor D aggression B) empathy D Acquisitions B) Memes _____ such as melodies and religious beliefs are transmitted by observational learning from one person to another. A Traditions B Memes C Generalizations The recognition that two different stimuli call for two different responses is known as ____. A delectability B discrimination C desensitization D differentiation B) discrimination Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned response is called ____. A sensitization B habituation C generalization D higher-order conditioning D) higher-order conditioning Which of the following statements is true of latent inhibition? A Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in relatively poor learning. B Learning associated with latent inhibition involves forgetting a response, resulting in relatively poor learning. C Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in very effective learning. D Learning associated with latent inhibition involves forgetting a response, resulting in very effective learning. A) Learning associated with latent inhibition is slow, resulting in relatively poor learning. Counterconditioning, in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear, is referred to as ____. A systematic desensitization B habituation C latent inhibition D higher-order conditioning A) systematic desensitization Creative people form new associations with familiar stimuli faster than most people do. A false B true B) true Caitlin loves to get email from her friends back home. Her computer makes a "boing" noise every time an email arrives. Before she got this computer, the "boing" noise meant nothing to her, but now she really loves that noise. The "boing" on her computer has become, for Caitlin, a(n) conditioned stimulus. When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and became very ill. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her sick. This example demonstrates taste aversion conditioning A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in: observational learning Research into the debate of media violence suggest that media violence contributes to increased aggression in children and adults When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to: say the same things and do what they observed the adults did Whenever a student answers a question in class, Professor Goldsmith responds, "That's a great question; thank you for asking it." Students are subsequently more likely to ask questions in Goldsmith's class. This example most clearly illustrates operant conditioning Kim enjoys skiing and finds that she goes on the slopes as often as she can. Kim's behavior may be explained by Thorndike's Law of Effect, which states that behavior that is rewarding or satisfying is likely to be repeated. In classical conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________ with a significant event. In operant conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________ with a significant event. stimulus; behavior Soon after the popular people in her group started to smoke cigarettes, Barb started smoking, too. Barb's behavior is an example of what kind of learning process? observational learning Which of the following statements is true? a. Only positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response. b. Both positive and negative reinforcement decrease the likelihood of a response. c. Both positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of a response. d. Only negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response. c. Both positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of a response. The process by which a consequence decreases the probability of a response that precedes it is known as: punishment. Sarah wants to go to the movies, but she forgot to wash the dishes as her mother asked. She is not allowed to go to the movies. If Sarah is less likely to forget to wash the dishes in the future, she has experienced negative punishment In a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Badura observed the process of vicarious reinforcement, where children behaved less aggressively when: aggressive models were punished In classical conditioning, the response is ________ by a stimulus that comes ________it. elicited; before In Pavlov's original experiment, the _____ served as an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally elicited a response from the dogs food Research suggests that media violence may increase viewer's aggressive behaviors through a variety of ways. Which of the following is correct? a)Viewers become desensitized to violence. b)Viewers learn new aggressive behaviors through modeling. c)All are correct. d)Viewers come to believe that aggression is usually rewarded. c)All are correct. Which of the following statements accurately presents a major difference before operant and classical (Pavlovian) conditioning? Operant addresses voluntary behaviors while Pavlovian addresses reflexive responses. Lisa was very shy and would not play with her fellow first-graders. If the teacher praised her only when Lisa was interacting with her classmates, the teacher would be attempting to use positive reinforcement ___ conditioning can contribute to the development of anxiety disorders such as phobias and panic disorder. Fear Edward Thorndike's experiments with caged cats showed that satisfying responses are more likely to be repeated in subsequent situations. Dr. Robins is a psychologist with an interest in photography. She wants to see if she can train people to salivate when they look at photographs. In her research, participants look at photographs of trees while lemonade crystals are placed on their tongues. The lemonade causes them to salivate. Over the course of many trials, people start to salivate to the photographs alone. In this situation, the photographs serve as the conditioned stimuli Soon after the popular people in her group started to smoke cigarettes, Barb started smoking, too. Barb's behavior is an example of what kind of learning process observational learning Lisa was very shy and would not play with her fellow first-graders. If the teacher praised her only when Lisa was interacting with her classmates, the teacher would be attempting to use positive reinforcement. _____ refers to the category of learning in which voluntary behavior is affected by its consequences. Operant conditioning When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to: say the same things and do what they observed the adults did In classical conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________ with a significant event. In operant conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________ with a significant event. stimulus; behavior Kim enjoys skiing and finds that she goes on the slopes as often as she can. Kim's behavior may be explained by Thorndike's Law of Effect, which states that behavior that is rewarding or satisfying is likely to be repeated. When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and became very ill. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her sick. This example demonstrates: taste aversion conditioning Research into the debate of media violence suggest that media violence: contributes to increased aggression in children and adults Caitlin loves to get email from her friends back home. Her computer makes a "boing" noise every time an email arrives. Before she got this computer, the "boing" noise meant nothing to her, but now she really loves that noise. The "boing" on her computer has become, for Caitlin, a(n) conditioned stimulus. Sarah wants to go to the movies, but she forgot to wash the dishes as her mother asked. She is not allowed to go to the movies. If Sarah is less likely to forget to wash the dishes in the future, she has experienced negative punishment. Computed tomography (CT) scans Computer enhanced X-ray image Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Three-dimensional images are produced Localization of function Linking psychological or behavioral capacities with particular brain structures Surgical techniques Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) Ablation Deep lesioning Electroencephalograph (EEG) machine designed to record the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain Deep lesioning insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire Electroencephalography (EEG) Measures waves of electrical activity near the surface of the brain Positron emission tomography (PET) Uses radioactive particles to capture brain activity Functional MRI (fMRI) Shows whether a person is lying Learn More You can also click on terms or definitions to blur or reveal them Memory A process of encoding information, storing it for some time, and retrieving it from storage Encoding The process of turning sensory information into memory 2 types of processing Automatic and Effortful T/F: The more meaningful something is the easier it is to encode True Automatic processing Process by which we automatically encode memories without intending to. Eg. what color your car is Effortful processing Processing we do with intention and effort Eg. memorizing a phone number 3 Types of encoding Semantic, visual, and acoustic Semantic encoding Related to words and the meanings of those words Visual encoding Related to our memory of images Acoustic encoding Related to our ability to encode sounds and auditory words Which type of encoding works the best? Semantic encoding Types of memory in the Atkinson and Shiffrin model Sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory Sensory memory When information is only briefly held in our memory as sensory information, then forgot almost instantly Short term memory Comes directly after sensory memory, lasts around 15-30 seconds and used to connect something from sensory memory to something in long-term memory 2 Types of rehearsal Active rehearsal, elaborate rehearsal Active rehearsal Moves information by simply repeating it several times Elaborate rehearsal When we connect new sensory information with something that is already in long term memory Long term memory Where our memories end up after being rehearsed enough or meaningful enough 2 Types of long term memory Explicit and implicit memory Explicit memory memories that we intentionally try to maintain, store and remember in our long term memory Episodic memory All about the narrative experience like telling almost like a timeline or story, apart of explicit memory Semantic memory Deals with knowledge of facts and language, apart of explicit memory Implicit long term memory those which we are not conscious or aware of Procedural memory Those which tell us how to do things, like the process involved Retrieval When we pull memories from our long term 3 Types of retrieval Recall, recognition, and relearning Recall retrieval When we are able to pull memories from storage with no cues or hints What is the amygdala associated with Emotional memories, and the encoding process of emotional memories Recognition retrieval Comes from when we identify a familiar thing and recognize it Relearning retrieval When we just re-encode previously learned information, but now it comes to us faster What is the hippocampus associated with Memory consolidation as well as recognition memory, more with explicit memory What is the cerebellum associated with Procedural memory What is the prefrontal cortex associated with Seems like it deals much with the initial processing of information What is cognition? processing problems/situations involving mental representations, concepts, words/symbols; process of thinking, gaining, or using knowledge What is experiential processing? unconscious, effortless, automatic (recognizing emotions or tone) What is reflective processing? deliberate, controlled, effortful action (math calculations, linguistic translation) What is the Stroop Interference task? - Tests cognitive processing speed - Demonstrates effortful processing What is a conjunctive concept? object/class of objects with 2 qualifying features, "and concept", (stop signs are red and octagons) What is a disjunctive concept? object/class of objects with at least 1 qualifying feature, "either or concept" (brunette has brown or black hair) What is a relational concept? object/class of objects defined based on relation to other objects, "comparison concept" (basketball players and volleyball players taller than wrestlers) What is a prototype? ideal model or example representative of concept (robins as prototypes of birds) What are faulty concepts? oversimplified, all-or-nothing way of thinking, involves stereotypes What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis? - spoken language impacts thoughts/conceptualization of experiences What is insight? experience of suddenly solving a problem by mentally recognizing information - Typically involves selective encoding, selective combination, and selective comparison What is fixation? barrier to solutions caused by becoming blind to alternatives What is culture? selective comparison highly dependent on cultural exposure What is expertise? automatic processing/pattern recognition occurs beyond acquired strategies, organized knowledge, reflective processing - Effortless thinking activated based on prior experience - Utilizes "free available space" in working memory to solve the problem Sarah wants to go to the movies, but she forgot to wash the dishes as her mother asked. She is not allowed to go to the movies. If Sarah is less likely to forget to wash the dishes in the future, she has experienced negative punishment. Which of the following statements accurately presents a major difference between operant and classical (Pavlovian) conditioning? Operant addresses voluntary behaviors while Pavlovian addresses reflexive responses. When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and became very ill. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her sick. This example demonstrates: taste aversion conditioning In a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Badura observed the process of vicarious reinforcement, where children behaved less aggressively when: aggressive models were punished A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in: observational learning Lisa was very shy and would not play with her fellow first-graders. If the teacher praised her only when Lisa was interacting with her classmates, the teacher would be attempting to use positive reinforcement Research into the debate of media violence suggest that media violence contributes to increased aggression in children and adults Kim enjoys skiing and finds that she goes on the slopes as often as she can. Kim's behavior may be explained by Thorndike's Law of Effect, which states that behavior that is rewarding or satisfying is likely to be repeated In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is: the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus Dr. Robins is a psychologist with an interest in photography. She wants to see if she can train people to salivate when they look at photographs. In her research, participants look at photographs of trees while lemonade crystals are placed on their tongues. The lemonade causes them to salivate. Over the course of many trials, people start to salivate to the photographs alone. In this situation, the photographs serve as the conditioned stimuli.