PSYC101 / PSYC 101 Module 10 – General Psychology (Latest 2026/2027 Update) | Verified Questions & Correct Answers | Grade A | Portage Learning

PSYC101 / PSYC 101 Module 10 – General Psychology (Latest 2026/2027 Update) | Verified Questions & Correct Answers | Grade A | Portage Learning 2026 / 2027 Academic Year Q: Reginald was in a coma following a car accident. After the accident, images of his brain were taken which showed damage to Wernicke's area. How is this damage likely to affect Reginald's functioning after he awakes from the coma? (A) He will be unable to produce the full range of phonemes in his language. (B) He will be unable to walk independently. (C) It will be difficult for him to produce speech. (D) He will be unable to meaningfully convey information to others. (D) Q: Renee is of average intelligence but finds it difficult to read. Which of the following most strongly influenced Renee's difficulty? (A) Genetic factors (B) Her learning style (C) How she was taught to read (D) Environmental factors (A) Q: Barbara is participating in an academic competition where teams are tested on their vocabulary knowledge. In forming her team, Barbara will increase her likelihood of winning the competition by including who on her team? (A) Ryan, a 27-year-old college graduate who made dean's list each semester (B) Cynthia, a 26-year- old student one semester away from completing her (C) Ph.DSelena, a 24-year- old college dropout with a thriving technology business (D) Martin, a 16-year- old with straight A's in his classes (B) Q: Erin is an anthropologist studying members of a remote tribe located on an isolated island. She learns that the village members do not verbally speak to one another but instead appear to communicate by drawing varied sequences of geometric shapes. Which of the following criteria best determines if this system serves as the tribe's language? (A) It is used by all members of the tribe. (B) It cannot be learned by anyone outside of the tribe. (C) It is used to pass the history of the tribe from one generation to the next. (D) It is used by only the most senior members of the tribe. (C) Q: Paolo was reviewing resumes of prospective new employees and came across a candidate claiming that she was fluent in seven languages. Should he be skeptical of this claim? (A) No, this is possible but only if the languages are from the same world region. (B) Yes, the candidate is only 22 years old and you need at least five years to learn each language. (C) Yes, humans can only be fluent in a maximum of five languages. (D) No, there have been documented instances of individuals fluent in dozens of languages. (D) Q: Charles Spearman posited that generalized intelligence (g) is comprised of (A) fluid and emotional intelligence. (B) fluid and crystallized intelligence. (C) emotional and social intelligence. (D) crystallized intelligence and specific factors. (B) Q: Knowing the heritability of intelligence, you can predict how much of (A) an individual's intelligence is due to their environment. (B) an individual's intelligence is due to their genes. (C) the difference between two people's intelligence is due to differences in their genes. (D) the differences in intelligence observed across the population is due to genes. (D) Q: As part of Sterling's job, he frequently has to ask his boss to approve aspects of his work. He has learned to approach her for such approvals only when she appears to be in a positive mood. In this scenario, Sterling is utilizing his (A) generalized intelligence (g). (B) emotional intelligence. (C) fluid intelligence. (D) collective intelligence. (B) Q: Which of the following individuals likely developed their intellectual disability as the result of an early serious medical illness? (A) Emily, who has an IQ of 32 (B) Tamra, who has an IQ of 72 (C) Vicki, who has an IQ of 45 (D) Kelly, who has an IQ of 50 (A) Q: Ronnie has an IQ score of 65. This score suggests he will (A) demonstrate exceptional musical abilities. (B) have no difficulty living independently. (C) also have difficulty driving and dressing himself. (D) perform similarly to his peers on other measures of intelligence. (C) Q: Timothy is involved in a motorcycle accident and suffers a traumatic brain injury to a single region of his brain. During his recovery, his doctors notice that he is unable to name the non-living items in his hospital room, including the bed, television, and chair. According to this scenario, what else will likely be true about Timothy's post-injury cognitive functioning? (A) He will still be able to name types of animals and fruits. (B) He will also be unable to name varieties of fruits. (C) He will be able to name non-living items outside his hospital room. (D) He will also be unable to name types of animals. (A) Q: Cameron is extremely afraid of snakes and avoids all images and descriptions of the animal. His extreme avoidance means that he has only ever seen one image of a snake. What is likely to be true about his prototype and exemplar mental images for the concept of "snake?" (A) He will be unable to form either a prototypical or exemplar image of a snake. (B) He will be unable to form an exemplar of the concept given that he has only seen one image. (C) He will be unable to form a prototype of the concept given that he has only seen one image. (D)His mental image of the exemplar and prototypical snake will be the same. (D) Q: Which of the following best describes the difference between algorithms and heuristics? (A) Algorithms are faster than using heuristics. (B) Algorithms generally guarantee a solution where heuristics do not. (C) Heuristics guarantee a solution whereas algorithms do not. (D) Heuristics require more information than algorithms. (B) Q: Elmer is working towards the goal of lowering his blood pressure. Once per week he measures his blood pressure. This is an example of (A) evaluating the success of a solution. (B) implementing a plan. (C) defining a problem. (D) calculating probabilities. (A) Q: Individuals who make decisions based on their emotions and feelings are best described as (A) spontaneous decision-makers. (B) rational decision-makers. (C) avoidant decision-makers (D) intuitive decision-makers. (D) Q: Claude is an artist known for turning common household goods into stunning sculptures. Claude's ability to use these goods in this manner suggests he is (A) using the availability heuristic. (B) using the representativeness heuristic. (C) high in functional fixedness. (D) low in functional fixedness. (D) Q: Alton has decided that he needs to learn Spanish to stay competitive with other workers in his field. He decided to enroll in a Spanish course at his local community college and has already attended three classes. Alton is in what stage of the problem-solving process? (A) Implementing solutions (B) Generating solutions (C) Evaluating the success of solutions (D) Defining the problem (A) Q: Harper has a rational style to decision-making. Which of the following best describes her likely approach to buying a new car? (A) She will decide on the first car she sees when entering the lot. (B) She will use her "gut" feeling to select a new car. (C) She will thoroughly compare different cars within her budget. (D) She will purchase whichever car her best friend recommends. (C) Q: Paul is dissatisfied with the fact that he is spontaneous when making decisions and often chooses risky options over safer alternatives. Paul thinks he will never get better at making decisions and considers deferring all future major decisions to his wife. Is Paul correct in this assessment? (A) Yes, decision making ability is fixed once an individual's prefrontal cortex has fully matured. (B) Yes, he may be able to learn to make occasional safe decisions but his default will always be to choose the risky option. (C) No, decision-making is a skill that he can be taught at any age. (D) No, because peers, including spouses are likely to have the same level of decision making ability. (C) Q: Mental representations cannot be visual. TRUE or FALSE FALSE Q: Our knowledge would be useless unless we imposed some type of _____ on all the bits we know. (A) organization (B) concept (C) cognition (D) experience (A) Q: A disadvantage to the _____ approach to concept formation is that people can usually come up with exceptions. (A) exemplar (B) common features (C) dictionary definition (C) prototype (B) Q: Which of the following is true? (A) In both exemplars and prototypes, dissimilar objects will be included in a concept and similar objects will be excluded. (B) The processes in which prototypes and exemplars are used are very different. (C) Even when an exemplar is well understood, evidence suggests that prototypes might work better. (D) Exemplars provide a better way of thinking about the variability of a category than prototypes. (D) Q: Angela dreams of devoting her career to the reduction and eventual elimination of malaria. What does the text recommend as an approach to address a substantial, large-scale problem such as malaria? (A) Prepare a single initial plan to address all aspects of the problem concurrently. (B) Break the problem down into component parts with intermediate and long-term goals. (C)Request proposals from interested parties and countries on how to address the problem. (D) Plan a global summit of the world's wealthiest nations to develop a strategy. (B) Q: The availability heuristic is a rule of thumb in which ____. (A) stimuli similar to a prototype are believed to be more likely than stimuli that are dissimilar to a prototype (B) the frequency of an event's occurrence is predicted by the ease with which the event is brought to mind (C) a higher value is placed on the more easily recognized alternative (D) people choose between alternatives based on emotional or gut reactions to stimuli (B) Q: The recognition heuristic ____. (A) requires a relatively sophisticated understanding of probability (B) has been shown to beat other, more conventional means of selecting stocks (C) is used by advertisers to encourage sales of their products (D) explains a hot streak in a baseball player's batting average (C) Q: What is a rule-of-thumb approach in which we choose between alternatives based on emotional or gut reactions to stimuli? (A) Representativeness heuristic (B) Recognition heuristic (C) Availability heuristic (D) Affect heuristic (D) Q: Good decision making is ____. (A) a skill that can be taught (B) not predictive of real-world behavior (C) an innate skill (D) a product of nature over nurture (A) Q: A time management tool for carrying out a plan is _____. (A) a solution chart (B) a Gantt chart (C) a concept chart (D) an exemplar chart (B) Shirley's home is full of piles of old newspapers and magazines, which she saves because she might find them useful some day. She also collects rags, old paper towels, plastic bags, and empty bottles and cans. Shirley likely has ____. (A) abnormally low activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (B) a damaged nucleus accumbens (C) a hyperactive hypothalamus (D) extremely high activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (A) Which event occurring around 100,000 years ago possibly marked the start of modern language as we know it? (A) The development of sophisticated hand tools (B) The end of the last Mesozoic era (C) The start of human migration to different continents (D) A critical mutation in the FOXP-2 gene (D) An analysis of more than 500 contemporary languages has demonstrated that the number of speech sounds in a language decreases systematically ____. (A) with the culture's distance from Africa along migration routes (B) with the level of assimilation into larger cultures (C) with the level of education of the population (D) according to the cultural values embedded in the language (A) A morpheme is ____. (A) an arbitrary signal in a language system (B) the smallest component of speech that carries meaning (C) an individual speech sound unique to a specific language (D) any phrase in a given language (D) Morphemes are combined into phrases and sentences according to ____. (A) linguistic relativity principles (B) personal preferences (C) rules of grammar (D) the nature of speech sounds (C) To search for animal precursors to human language capability, the most logical place to start is with _____. (A) birds (b) dogs (C) apes (D) meerkats (C) The ability to use language is usually consistent with intelligence level with the exception of _____ syndrome. (A) Jones (B) Williams (C) Smith (D) Walker (B) Which of the following reflects the current understanding of whether the two languages of bilingualism are represented in different parts of the brain? (A) The extent of the overlap is greater when the person is least proficient in the languages. (B) Different languages overlap depending on the timing of learning and proficiency in each language. (C) The extent of overlap is less when a person learns both languages in childhood. (D) Different languages are represented in different parts of the brain. (B) American Sign Language is ____. (A) processed primarily by the right hemisphere of the brain because it is based on spatial characteristics (B) processed more or less equally by both the left and right hemispheres of the brain (C) processed primarily by the left hemisphere of the brain, similar to other languages (D) not a distinct language by definition (C) Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of intelligence? (A) An IQ of at least 75 (B) Ability to understand complex ideas (C) Ability to adapt effectively to the environment (D) Ability to overcome obstacles (A) The ability to think logically using specific, learned knowledge is called ____ intelligence. (A) general (B) crystallized (C) complex (D) fluid (B) Strong musical abilities in people with Williams syndrome, which results in a lower than normal IQ score, is an example of _____. (A) general intelligence (B) social/emotional intelligence (C) multiple intelligences (D) collective intelligence (C) The Flynn Effect (i.e., the finding that both fluid and crystallized test scores have improved across many parts of the world since 1930) is likely due to ____. (A) genetic changes over time (B) improved testing methods (C) reductions in serious infectious diseases (D) increasing computer and Internet use (C) Intellectual disability is a condition diagnosed in individuals with deficits in intellectual functioning beginning in childhood and ____. (A) a genetic condition such as Down syndrome (B) poor adaptive behaviors (C) a severe or profound intellectual disability (D) poor educational backgrounds (B) Giftedness is an extreme of intelligence defined as having an IQ score of ____. (A) 130 or above (B) 170 or above (C) 100 or above (D) 150 or above (A) Early evolutionary pressures favored humans who ___________, and by doing so, sculpted much of the social behavior we observe today. A. put their families ahead of the whole group B. chose to associate with others C. were more competitive with one another D. exhibited strong emotional reactions B. chose to associate with others Which of these is an example of situational attribution? Raul wanted to go with me to get something to eat because _____. A. he loves to go out to eat any time B. he likes to spend time with me C. he is always up for pizza D. he hasn't eaten since yesterday D. he hasn't eaten since yesterday Which of the following is an example of correspondence bias? Lin got a D on her paper because ______. A. she was too lazy to do it right B. her professor gave confusing instructions on the assignment C. her computer crashed an hour before it was due D. she was sick for a week before the due date A. she was too lazy to do it right Why do we tend to adopt the attitudes of those around us? A. To strengthen our chances of being socially included B. Because it provides a shortcut to making evaluations C. Because those attitudes are usually right D. To show others that we are independent thinkers A. To strengthen our chances of being socially included Which area of the brain is engaged during episodes of cognitive conflict? A. The insula B. Anterior cingulate cortex C. The myelin sheath D. The occipital lobe B. Anterior cingulate cortex The two routes leading to change in attitudes, according to the elaboration likelihood model, are the central route and the _____ route. A. peripheral B. dissonant C. direct argument D. persuasion A. peripheral Social isolation carries risks similar to all of these EXCEPT _____. A. high blood pressure B. obesity C. meningitis D. sedentary lifestyle C. meningitis An attribution is _____ about the causes of other people's behavior. A. a stereotype B. a judgment C. a dissonance D. an attitude Which of these situations illustrates how classical conditioning affects attitude formation? A. A child receives praise and a treat after singing in a play and decides that plays are good. B. Your friends all love going to the movies, and, in spite of your opinion that movies are usually stupid, you have a great time going with them. C. Some friends get together regularly and go to late-night rock shows. They often have trouble parking but that doesn't stop them from getting together. D. A woman loves eggs in spite of becoming ill after having eggs a week ago. A. A child receives praise and a treat after singing in a play and decides that plays are good. The assumption that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people is known as the ______. A. correspondence bias B. self-serving bias C. actor-observer bias D. just-world belief D. just-world belief Cognitive dissonance provides a tool for producing _____. A. emotional stability B. attitude stability C. attitude change D. prejudice C. attitude change What does the elaboration likelihood model do? A. Identifies the likelihood that one's attitudes are correct B. Explains the major reasons for cognitive dissonance C. Helps us elaborate on our feelings about the world D. Predicts our responses to persuasive messages D. Predicts our responses to persuasive messages Social interaction is _____ human need. A. a basic B. a nonessential C. an unimportant D. a trivial A. a basic Which of the following opinions shows correspondence bias? A. The man who bumped into my cart was looking at his phone rather than where he was going. B. Our team got 13 runs because the other team was missing two players. C. My friends can sometimes be difficult to get organized to go out. D. This was a tough project, but the students who did poorly on it are careless. D. This was a tough project, but the students who did poorly on it are careless. An attitude is _____ that predisposes your behavior. A. a reflex B. a random idea C. an evaluation D. a value system C. an evaluation Cognitive dissonance appears to change attitudes by producing an uncomfortable state of arousal, caused by a person's feeling responsible for _____. A. bringing about a positive event B. making a social situation more comfortable C. helping to bring about a negative event D. making someone else happy C. helping to bring about a negative event How does the central route to persuasion work? A. It helps people make a knee-jerk decision B. It helps people decide based on emotional responses C. It helps people to consider persuasive arguments carefully D. It helps people to be persuaded by the celebrity of the speaker C. It helps people to consider persuasive arguments carefully People are more likely to be persuaded by a message if it's delivered by someone _____. A. with whom they share some similarity B. who seems quite different from themselves C. who seems unaffected by current trends D. who is not highly attractive A. with whom they share some similarity Prejudice involves judging an individual based on his or her _________. A. membership in a group B. abilities C. statements D. actions A. membership in a group In the phenomenon known as ________, just being aware of a negative stereotype about a group to which we belong can hurt our performance. A. discrimination B. stereotype threat C. prejudicial performance D. stereotype vulnerability B. stereotype threat Rules for behavior in social settings, usually unwritten or unspoken, are called _____. A. codes B. customs C. conventional behaviors D. social norms D. social norms What is the term for the persuasive technique in which compliance with a target request is preceded by a large, unreasonable request? A. Low-balling B. Door-in-the-face scenario C. Foot-in-the-door technique D. Bait-and-switch strategy B. Door-in-the-face scenario As more people are added to each side in a game of tug-of-war, each participant works a little less hard. This is an example of _______. A. social facilitation B. groupthink C. social loafing D. reciprocation C. social loafing The immersion of an individual within a group, leading to anonymity, is called ____. A. groupthink B. group polarity C. deindividuation D. social loafing C. deindividuation Stereotypes are simplified sets of traits that are associated with _____. A. a correspondence bias B. the just-world belief C. understanding of an individual's characteristics D. perceived group membership D. perceived group membership Prejudicial feelings about members of a certain group can lead to unfair behavior, called ______, in areas such as housing, hiring practices, and educational opportunities. A. stereotyping B. judgment C. discrimination D. bias C. discrimination What is the definition of conformity? A. Unwritten or unspoken rules for behavior in social settings B. Matching behavior and appearance to perceived social norms C. Compliance with a request from an authority figure D. Agreement with a request from a person with no perceived authority B. Matching behavior and appearance to perceived social norms ________ is the powerful feeling of obligation to give something back to people who have given something to us. A. Peer pressure B. Reciprocation C. Familial loyalty D. Insecurity B. Reciprocation The reduced motivation and effort shown by individuals working in a group is called ______. A. social loafing B. groupthink C. group polarization D. deindividuation A. social loafing People who normally obey the law can commit uncharacteristic horrible acts, such as rioting and lynching, under the influence of __________. A. social loafing B. deindividuation C. social facilitation D. groupthink B. deindividuation Stereotypes are not "effective concepts" because they are _____. A. too detailed B. very deep C. too nuanced D. exclusive D. exclusive Prejudice affects ________. A. neither the way we view others nor the way we view our own behavior B. the way we view other people and our own behavior C. only the way we view our own behavior D. only the way we view other people B. the way we view other people and our own behavior Conformity makes people ___________. A. more likely to be morally correct B. less likely to be rejected by a social group C. less likely to be morally correct D. more likely to be rejected by a social group B. less likely to be rejected by a social group Agreeing to a request from a person with no perceived authority is called ____. A. subordinance B. conformity C. compliance D. obedience C. compliance What is the definition of social facilitation? A. A change in attitudes in response to information provided by another person B. An increase in performance due to the presence of other people C. Immersion of an individual within a group, leading to anonymity D. Reduced motivation and effort shown by individuals working in a group B. An increase in performance due to the presence of other people Which of the following leads individuals to take a more extreme position after a group discussion? A. A tendency to affiliate with persons holding contrary opinions B. Exposure to new and persuasive arguments C. Decreased inhibition and less civil discussion D. Conformity and the desire for affiliation D. Conformity and the desire for affiliation People tend to choose friends and romantic partners who ____. A. are of diverse backgrounds, aptitudes, and preferences B. are similar in race, ethnicity, religion, values, education, and age C. compete in terms of occupational status and income D. provide complementary personal qualities B. are similar in race, ethnicity, religion, values, education, and age What are the three dimensions of close relationships in Sternberg's model? A. Awareness, understanding, and knowledge B. Acquaintance, friendship, and love C. Intimacy, passion, and commitment D. Latency, attachment, and mature love C. Intimacy, passion, and commitment Regarding infidelity in a relationship, men are most distressed by a partner ____. A. not telling them about having a one-night stand B. having a one-night stand with a person encountered on a business trip C. becoming deeply emotionally involved with another D. having a sexual relationship with another D. having a sexual relationship with another Biologists have cataloged many species that determine the allocation of mating opportunities, food, and other resources, both within and between groups, by ____. A. altruistic behavior, usually within the family B. communication, usually audible C. competition, usually in the form of fighting D. cooperation, usually among females C. competition, usually in the form of fighting Research on individual differences in levels of cooperation found that most people are ______. A. givers B. free riders C. cooperators D. reciprocators D. reciprocators Helping behavior that either fails to reward or harms the person who performs it is called ____. A. benevolence B. altruism C. mercy D. compassion B. altruism Which of the following statements is true regarding physical attraction? A. Subjective judgments of beauty are not present until they are taught. B. Subjective judgments of beauty are heavily influenced by symmetry. C. Cultural distinctions of physical beauty are completely distinctive. D. Women prioritize symmetry while men prioritize curves. B. Subjective judgments of beauty are heavily influenced by symmetry. In Sternberg's triangular model of love, _______ describes the intent to maintain the relationship over time. A. commitment B. attachment C. passion D. intimacy A. commitment Regarding infidelity in a relationship, women are most distressed by a partner ____. A. becoming deeply emotionally involved with another B. having a one-night stand with a person encountered on a business trip C. having a sexual relationship with another D. not telling them about having a one-night stand A. becoming deeply emotionally involved with another In the "tit-for-tat" strategy, your first move is to ____. A. defect B. cooperate C. retaliate D. free ride B. cooperate Why might being a cooperator provide a survival advantage? A. The cooperator benefits from engaging in unobserved selfish behavior. B. Having a reputation for cooperating can motivate others to cooperate with that person. C. People might believe he or she lacks resources and needs assistance. D. Cooperators can intimidate others into submission. B. Having a reputation for cooperating can motivate others to cooperate with that person. In the study of bystander intervention (that is, the likelihood of a person helping a stranger in need), we often see that ________. A. there is a fear of getting involved B. the desire to help is tempered by concerns about potential liability C. the likelihood of helping increases as the number of bystanders increases D. the likelihood of helping decreases as the number of bystanders increases D. the likelihood of helping decreases as the number of bystanders increases From an evolutionary perspective, what might be a purpose of the "mere exposure" effect? A. To avoid unfamiliar and possibly dangerous stimuli B. To reduce prejudice among different peoples C. To reduce rates of reproduction D. To encourage openness to new and possibly beneficial stimuli A. To avoid unfamiliar and possibly dangerous stimuli In Sternberg's triangular model, the closeness or bonding we experience with another person is known as _________. A. infatuation B. passion C. commitment D. intimacy D. intimacy In general, romantic relationships are more stable, enjoyable, and sexually intimate if they are _________, meaning the benefits outweigh the costs. A. intimate B. platonic C. committed D. equitable D. equitable Capuchin monkeys refuse to exchange pebbles for a slice of cucumber after seeing another monkey receive a more highly valued grape for its pebble (Brosnan & De Waal, 2003). This suggests that nonhuman primates have a ____. A. preference for free-riding B. sense of fair play C. preference for retaliation D. sense of competition B. sense of fair play Which type of altruism is transmitted by a culture through learning? A. Reciprocal altruism B. Darwinian altruism C. Cooperative altruism D. Psychological altruism D. Psychological altruism People who feel ______ are less likely to help others. A. alone B. responsible C. anonymous D. competitive C. anonymous bystander effect as size of a group increases the the likelihood of helping decreases, therefore a situation with only participant and victim would help the most and more quickly diffusion of responsiblility people have a threshold that, when exceeded, motivated them to take action in the event of an emergency if threshold is not crossed, not action occurs responsibility to respond is spread equally through participants what does being aware of the bystander effect do to a bystander? this reduces their threshold, making them more likely to help social loafing reduction of effort invested when performing a task within a group, the larger the group the larger the social loafing what is a way to make people work better in groups? make the goal an individual goal e.g lumberjacks cut up wood but put them in separate piles rather than one Reducing Social Loafing task importance, group cohesion, collectivistic orientation, specialization task importance leaders should emphasize task importance since group members are less likely to social load when perceive task as essential group cohesion leaders should cultivate positive interpersonal relationships between the group members who like and respect each other collectivistic orientation leader should encourage collectivistic orientations towards the group rather than individualism since prioritizing groups specializaiton segmenting large task into smaller components and assigning different workers to each subtask, then workers completing later subtasks become dependent on efforts of worker completing earlier subtasks social facilitation presence of others can enhance our performance on simple or well-practised tasks (norman triplett) although when task is difficult or unfamiliar, this can hinder performaces dominant responses (zajonc) arousal primes at dominant responses like easy tasks (biking) or well practised (piano), making them more likely to occur arousal inhibits responses that are difficult and unpracticed when dominant responses is not desired then it inhibits arousal minimal group paradigm people sort themselves into groups based on some arbitrary criterion reciprocal altruism/direct social exchange doing something for someone so one day they can return the favour prisoner's dilemma investigate cooperation between ingroups and outgroups intergroup conflict robbers cave experiment (Sherif), boy scouts organized into 2 groups, no boys knew each other before realistic conflict theory name for theory of intergroup conflict, describes that friction between groups in real world can result from competition for resources affective forecasting predicting how one will feel in the future after some event or decision attitude psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour automatic A behavior or process has one or more of the following features: unintentional, uncontrollable, occurring outside of conscious awareness, and cognitively efficient. directional goals motivation to reach a particular outcome or judgement availability heuristic heuristic in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is evaluated based on how easily instance of it come to mind chameleon effect The tendency for individuals to nonconsciously mimic the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviours of one's interaction partners. durability bias bias in affective forecasting in which one overestimates for how long one will feel an emotion (positive or negative) after some event evaluative priming task implicit attitude task that assesses the extent to which an attitude object is associated with a positive or negative valence by measuring the time it takes a person to label an adjective as good or bad after being presented with attitude object explicit attitude an attitude that is consciously held and can be reported on by the person holding the attitude heuristics mental shortcut or rule of thumb that reduces complex mental problems to more simple rule-based decisions hot cognition mental processes that are influenced by desires and feelings impact bias bias in affective forecasting in which one overestimates the strength or intensity of emotion one will experience after some event implicit association test implicit attitude task that assesses a person's automatic associations between concept by measuring the response times in pairing the concepts implicit attitude attitude that a person cannot verbally or overtly state implicit measures of attitudes measures of attitudes in which researchers infer the participant's attitude rather than having the participant explicitly report it mood-congruent memory tendency to be better able to recall memories that have a mood similar to out current mood motivated skepticism A form of bias that can result from having a directional goal in which one is skeptical of evidence despite its strength because it goes against what one wants to believe. need for closure desire to come to a decision that will resolve ambiguity and conclude an issue representativeness heuristic heuristic in which the likelihood of an object belonging to a category is evaluated based on the extent to which the object appears similar to one's mental representation of the category planning fallacy cognitive bias in which one underestimates how long it will take to complete a task primed A process by which a concept or behaviour is made more cognitively accessible or likely to occur through the presentation of an associated concept. schema mental model or representation that organizes the important information about a thing, person or event (aka script) social cognition study of how people think about the social world stereotypes general beliefs about traits or behaviours shared by group of people central route of persuasion employs direct, relevant, logical messages assumption is that the audience is motivated, will think carefully about what is presented, and will react on the basis of your arguments peripheral route of persuasion relies on superficial cues that have little to do with logic fixed action patterns (FAPs) psychological technique that may take advantage if a target's not thinking carefully about the message sequences of behaviour that occur in exactly the same fashion, same order, every time they're elicited When Will is reflecting on different colleges he visited before applying and making his final decision, he get some of the details of the dorm room sizes and configurations confused. Will is probably experiencing: interference ___ amnesia is associated with a history of trauma, autobiographical memories, and is controversial in the world of psychology. Dissociative Which of the following would be an example of a memory one might deliberately try not to remember? Falling on the dance floor during your first school dance. Nadia is taking a Spanish final at the end of the spring semester. The problem is, the French vocabulary she learned the semester before keeps getting in the way, causing her to forget Spanish words. Nana is experiencing ________ interference. proactive Following a car accident, William has little recall for information that he knew from the time right before the accident. He does not remember the other car or where he was. William is suffering from retrograde amnesia During lecture Wayne is busy texting on his cell phone, while kind of half paying attention to what the professor is saying. A few minutes after making a point, the professor gives an unannounced quick quiz on the material. Wayne can't remember the information the professor gave in the lecture and does poorly on the quiz. A likely factor in Wayne's not being able to retrieve the information is: encoding failure Two years after graduating from college, Allison is trying to remember what she learned in her class on analytical chemistry. She is experiencing ______, caused by nonuse. memory decay You have lost the keys to your car. You mentally walk through your day, thinking of each place you visited, and when you last used your car. You finally realized that you must have left them at the desk in the library when you checked out your book. Without your "mental walk" through your day your forgetting would best be characterized as: inadequate retrieval cues Chuck was an accomplished helicopter pilot, but he developed a brain tumor and had to have surgery. The tumor was close to his hippocampus, and now he has problems with short-term memory. For instance, he could still fly his helicopter, but he would forget where he needs to go. Chuck has: anterograde amnesia ___ failures occur because we are distracted or are not paying attention to specific details of information. Encoding What are some depressants? alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers), opiates Which part of the brain does alcohol affect? The frontal cortex What stage of sleep does alcohol affect? REM What are barbiturates agonists for? GABA What do opioids and opiates imitate? Endorphins What are opioids and opiates used for medically? Relaxing; Relieving pain and anxiety What is the difference between opioids and opiates? opiates are natural drugs derived from opium, opioids are non-opium derived synthetics and opiates What are some of examples of opiates? heroin, morphine, codeine What are some examples of opioids? Opiates and OxyContin, Percocet, fentanyl What are some examples of stimulants? caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA, Ritalin and Adderall (ADHD medication) What neurotransmitters do stimulants act as agonists for? Dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine What do hallucinogens do? distort reality What are some examples of hallucinogens? LSD, ayahuasca, DMT, psilocybin What were a lot of neurotransmitters named after? The naturally-occurring substances that are agonists for them. What is the main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana? Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) What marijuana act as? A mild stimulant, mild depressant and mild hallucinogen. Where are cannabinoid receptors located? In the peripheral nervous system, immune system and other places What are the mechanisms of neuroadaptation? The body reduces the production of the natural neurotransmitter the drug imitates or it produces less receptors for that neurotransmitter. What is tolerance? the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect What happens in neuroadaptation? The user's brain chemistry adapts to compensate for the presence of the drug What is addiction? compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences What is withdrawal? the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug What does social psychology study? Human behaviors and social interactions. Define scripts pieces of knowledge that tell a person the sequence of steps expected of him or her in a particular situation. Define social norms societal expectations about what is appropriate or inappropriate regarding attitudes and behaviors. Summarize the results of the Asch conformity studies. Why do researchers believe conformity took place? Even in light of clear evidence, ¾ of people conformed at some point when a group gave wrong answers. The reasons seem to be because of the unanimity of the group, the need to give public answers, and the size of the group. What factors contribute to the kind of extreme obedience studied by Stanley Milgram? Presence of an authority figure; diffusion of responsibility; anonymous victim; high status authority figure What is happening in bystander effect? Diffusion of responsibility----when you think that the responsibility is shared, it makes you less likely to take action. Summarize the features that draw people together, as discussed in the module. Three features that draw people together include proximity (living near someone and seeing them frequently), having similar beliefs and interests, and physical attractiveness. Summarize the matching hypothesis. Theory that states that most people find friends and romantic partners who are at their same level of attractiveness. Summarize Sternberg's triarchic theory of love. Theory that states that there are three components to love—passion, intimacy, and commitment—and that various types of love are comprised of these components. What is cognitive dissonance? State of tension or discomfort when someone has two conflicting beliefs, behaviors, or attitudes. What is fundamental attribution error, and give an example. Overemphasizing the role of someone's personality on behavior and minimizing the role of situational factors. Examples need to show someone blaming a person's personal qualities for a behavior and leaving out environmental contributions. What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice? Prejudice typically refers to a negative attitude toward members of a particular group, whereas stereotyping describes the overgeneralized and simple beliefs about members of a particular group What are the contributors to prejudice that were discussed in the module? Dissimilarity, economic competition, scapegoating, media stereotypes, conformity to social norms. What is the difference between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies? How might they help reduce stress? Problem-focused strategies attempt to address the problem and actually fix it. Emotion focused strategies attempt to change your feelings about the stressful situation. Emotion focused strategies will be helpful when the problem cannot be changed, but are less effective when the problem is "fixable." In those situations, problem-focused strategies are better. What three factors characterize stress-hardy people? Challenge, control, commitment; Stanley Milgram studies on obedience Conformity a person changing her behavior in response to real or imagined social pressure. Conformity happens because of (3) : Unanimity, group size, public answers Groupthink when group members conform their opinions to what they think is the consensus of the group. Forced Compliance Behavior when someone is pressured to do something that goes against their true beliefs or feelings. Effort Justification when people put a lot of time, energy, or effort into something disappointing or unpleasant, to reduce dissonance self-serving bias when an individual takes credit for his/her successes but denies responsibility for failures. Prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) toward an individual based solely on the individual's membership in a social group Discrimination the unjust action or behavior directed at members of such groups based on their perceived differences. Social Identity Theory categorize themselves into in-groups (groups they belong to) and out-groups (groups they do not belong to) to enhance their self-esteem. Realistic Conflict Theory prejudice arises when groups compete for limited resources. Scapegoating Theory blaming an innocent person or group for problems or misfortunes. Authoritarian Personality Theory certain personalities are more predisposed to prejudice. Black-and-white thinking stereotype threat, the risk/fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group. Types of stressors (3) Catastrophes Ex. the pandemic: effecting many people, negative Significant life changes; personal in nature, don't need to be negative Ex. getting divorced, moving Daily Hassles Ex. forgetting keys, running late Which of the following would be an example of a memory one might deliberately try not to remember? a. Graduating from high school. b. Losing the championship game. c. Getting a puppy as a child. d. Falling on the dance floor during your first school dance. d. Falling on the dance floor during your first school dance. You have lost the keys to your car. You mentally walk through your day, thinking of each place you visited, and when you last used your car. You finally realized that you must have left them at the desk in the library when you checked out your book. Without your "mental walk" through your day your forgetting would best be characterized as: a. decay b. interference c. inadequate retrieval cues d. reconstruction c. inadequate retrieval cues When Will is reflecting on different colleges he visited before applying and making his final decision, he get some of the details of the dorm room sizes and configurations confused. Will is probably experiencing: a. interference b. interruption of memory consolidation c. memory decay d. encoding failure a. interference Owen has trouble remembering a friend's new phone number; he keeps recalling the old number instead. Owen is experiencing __________ interference. b. proactive ______ amnesia is associated with a history of trauma, autobiographical memories, and is controversial in the world of psychology. a. Functional b. Total c. Dissociative d. Retrograde c. Dissociative ______ failures occur because we are distracted or are not paying attention to specific details of information. a. Decay b. Retrieval cue c. Encoding d. Interference c. Encoding Chuck was an accomplished helicopter pilot, but he developed a brain tumor and had to have surgery. The tumor was close to his hippocampus, and now he has problems with short-term memory. For instance, he could still fly his helicopter, but he would forget where he needs to go. Chuck has: a. retrograde amnesia b. anterograde amnesia c. psychogenic amnesia d. proactive interference b. anterograde amnesia Two years after graduating from college, Allison is trying to remember what she learned in her class on analytical chemistry. She is experiencing ______, caused by nonuse. a. proactive interference b. retroactive interference c. cue-dependent forgetting d. memory decay d. memory decay Troy was playing football when he was tackled and knocked unconscious. After he awoke, he could not remember anything about the football game. This is an example of: a. retroactive interference b. anterograde amnesia c. retrograde amnesia d. proactive interference c. retrograde amnesia During lecture Wayne is busy texting on his cell phone, while kind of half paying attention to what the professor is saying. A few minutes after making a point, the professor gives an unannounced quick quiz on the material. Wayne can't remember the information the professor gave in the lecture and does poorly on the quiz. A likely factor in Wayne's not being able to retrieve the information is: a. cue overload b. encoding failure c. encoding elaboration d. context dependent memory b. encoding failure Which of the following is the best example of a retrieval cue? a. Seeing other people with their recycling by the road the night before it is to be picked up. b. When someone's name is on the tip of your tongue. c. Getting a hint for one of your account passwords. c. Getting a hint for one of your account passwords. Well-known amnesia patien H.M. suffered from which type of amnesia? a. anterograde amnesia and a version of retrograde amnesia called temporally graded b. temporal amnesia c. anterograde amnesia d. retrograde amnesia a. anterograde amnesia and a version of retrograde amnesia called temporally graded Justin's new telephone number is 663-7589. He frequently tells people that it is 633-7589. He is puzzled as to why he keeps doing that until he realizes that the first three digits of his social security number are 633. Justin realizes that his problem is caused by: a. memory reconstruction b. serial positioning c. decay d. interference d. interference Brian has suffered from several concussions playing contact sports, and after the latest one, he has trouble remembering different events from his early childhood, including his parents' divorce. Which type of amnesia might he be suffering from? a. functional b. anterograde c. retrograde d. dissociative c. retrograde This is the idea that as time passes, memories become more difficult to recall. a. retrieval errors b. memory decay c. encoding errors d. memory consolidation b. memory decay Kevin handles cash all the time at his job as a bartender. He rarely looks at the actual bills other than to count them. Because of that, he would be completely unable to tell you who is on the $1 bill. This is an example of which reason of forgetting? a. Encoding failure b. Interference c. Deliberately trying not to remember d. Memory decay a. Encoding failure Nadia is taking a Spanish final at the end of the spring semester. The problem is, the French vocabulary she learned the semester before keeps getting in the way, causing her to forget Spanish words. Nana is experiencing ________ interference. b. proactive It is very rare for someone to experience significant ______ amnesia without also experiencing ______ amnesia. a. functional; dissociative b. dissociative; functional c. retrograde; anterograde d. anterograde; retrograde c. retrograde; anterograde Jess spent three hours in the morning studying for an exam she had that same afternoon. While running errands before her exam, Jess was in a car accident. Although she was not hurt in the accident, Jess did poorly on her exam. What error might have happened to cause her to forge the material? lacking appropriate retrieval cues memory consolidation was interrupted memory decay interference memory consolidation was interrupted The _____ areas of the cortex are the last brain areas to develop. association. During this stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children are able to think logically about events, grasp analogies, and perform arithmetical operations. concrete operational Beginning at around 8 months, children may greet _____ by crying and reaching for their familiar caregivers. strangers. Which of the following explains why babies learn to stand before walking? Growth is gradual and continuous. According to Jean Piaget, during the _____ stage of cognitive development, object permanence and stranger anxiety are the developmental phenomena that occur. sensorimotor Within minutes, an infant girl born to an Efe woman in Zaire is handed over to another woman. That woman then passes the newborn to a third woman. This infant will be fed and held by many women during the coming weeks. This type of caregiving may result in: an emotionally healthy child with multiple strong attachments. Carolyn Rovee-Collier's research on infants revealed what conclusion? Infants retained specific motor learning, but not generalized motor learning Two sealed, pyramid-shaped beakers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one beaker is inverted. The child apparently lacks a concept of _____. conservation Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter. She frequently ignores her daughter's cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of _____ attachment. insecure Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to neural _____ sprouting in her frontal lobes. networks. The Markowitz family has a son, Noah, who is exceptionally intelligent and excels in math. However, he lacks social and communicative skills, which limits his ability to sustain normal peer relationships. Noah has been diagnosed with: autism spectrum disorder. Marcus is the son of a teenage mother. His mother could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Marcus was placed in a foster home where he was abused. He was never adopted. It is most likely that Marcus will: become an abusive parent with aggressive tendencies. Bill learned to stand before walking because growth is _____ and fragmented. gradual. Juan is 3 years old. His brother jumped out the closet and frightened him. A few seconds later, Juan realized that it was his brother that scared him. What response would you expect Juan to have at this stage in his development? He continued to cry, since he could not reverse the mental image. According to Vygotsky, teaching children phrases like, "no, no" and "please wait" gives them self-control tools that allow them to internalize cultural language and rely on _____ when they need to resist temptation later. inner speech. Ten-year-old Marie is sad. She is crying. Her older brother Paul looks at her and then continues watching TV. Paul may be showing signs of: impaired theory of mind. Authoritarian parenting is to authoritative parenting as strict rules are to _____. clear guidelines Parker is 3. He after he finishes his meals with his family. He likes to pretend to feed his stuffed animals and toys. His mother laughs and joins in on the fun. Why isn't Parker's mother bothered by his behavior? Pretend play is a normal phenomenon in his development. Imagine that 10-year-old children were shown photographs of 3-year-old preschoolers and asked to spot former classmates. What were the probable results? They forgot all of their classmates. After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of _____. accommodation Nikki is 2 years old. Her older sister placed the same amount of juice into two glasses that were the same size and shape. She then poured one of the glasses of juice into a glass that was shorter and wider. What reaction would you expect Nikki to have at this stage in her development? She may think her sister used magic to make some of the juice disappear. Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in the _____ lobe. frontal Mary's inability to toilet train her 10-month-old infant is most likely due to _____. maturation As a 5-year-old, Ivis suffered a brain injury and lost his ability to speak. With help he was able to relearn how to speak. As an adult, Ivis experienced a stroke and he lost his ability to speak again. This time, however, he could not relearn speech. His inability to relearn how to speak after the stroke was most likely due to: the pruning process Chaya is 3 years old. Her father gave her a cookie. Before accepting the cookie, Chaya began to cry, stating that she wanted more than one cookie. Chaya watched as he cut the cookie in four pieces. What response would you expect Chaya to have at this age? smile and thank him for more cookies Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to: neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes. Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter. She frequently ignores her daughter's cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of: insecure attachments Ian is 4 years old. He awoke to the sound of branch knocking against his window. He immediately thought there was a monster outside and began to cry. He then saw the shadow of the branch as it knocked at his window for a second time. What response would you expect Ian to have at this stage in his development? He continued to cry since he could not reverse the mental image Claire's mother is crying. Claire's mother always gives Claire a teddy bear when she cries. 2 year-old Claire hands her mother her teddy bear. What is Claire thinking? If a teddy bears works for me, it must work for everyone else. Three-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room while his mother is in the room. However, if she briefly leaves and then returns, he will periodically go to her side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of _____ attachment. secure Stanley is the son of a teenage mother. His mother could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Stanley was moved from one foster family to another. He was never adopted. It is most likely that Stanley will become a(n) _____ adult. insecure Infants are unstable when they walk because: fiber pathways supporting agility continue to improve into puberty. Every time 2-year-old Rosa goes near the stove, her mother stops her and says, "No, hot!" Rosa's mother is: providing her with a scaffold. Authoritative parenting is to permissive parenting as clear guidelines are to _____. few demands Permissive parenting leads to children: immature and aggressive