PSYC101 / PSYC 101 Module 3 – General Psychology (Latest 2026/2027 Update) | Verified Questions & Correct Answers | Grade A | Portage Learning

PSYC101 / PSYC 101 Module 3 – General Psychology (Latest 2026/2027 Update) | Verified Questions & Correct Answers | Grade A | Portage Learning 2026 / 2027 Academic Year Q: Janelle has five brothers who are 5, 7, 7, 10, and 16 years of age. The mean age of Janelle's brothers is: Answer 9 Q: The mean, median, and mode are measures of _____. Answer central tendency Q: Differences between two samples are MOST likely to be statistically significant if the samples are: Answer large Q: The mean, median, and _____ are all measures of central tendency. Answer mode Q: To measure variation in a set of data, one could calculate the _____ by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score. Answer range Q: The _____ is a measure of _____. Answer median; central tendency Q: In terms of variation in data, averages that are derived from scores with _____ variability are more reliable than averages based on scores with _____ variability. Answer low; high Q: When trying to interpret a bar graph, it is important to check the _____ and note their _____. Answer scale labels; range Q: Rayshawn is trying to decide between two schools for his 8-year-old daughter. The Einstein School states that the average intelligence test score of its students is 125, with a standard deviation of 5.3. The Marie Curie School reports that the average intelligence test score of its students is 125, with a standard deviation of 15.6. If he is MOST interested in finding a school that has children with diverse abilities, which school should he choose for his daughter? Answer the Marie Curie School Q: Ahmed has five sisters who are 4, 4, 5, 9, and 10 years old. The _____ of his sisters' ages is 5. Answer median Q: The _____ is a measure of variation that uses information from each score. Answer standard deviation Q: Dr. Perry is examining academic performance based on parental income level. Dr. Jian finds that the sample variances are small and the differences between the groups are large. Which is MOST likely? Answer results are significant Q: _____ statistics can be used to determine the generalizability of results. Answer Inferential Q: Consider this set of numbers: 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 7, 7, 7, 8, 15. The mode of the set is: Answer 7 Q: Roderick is trying to decide between two schools for his 9-year-old daughter. Two schools state that the average intelligence test score of its students is 125, which is higher than the norm of 100. If Roderick is MOST interested in finding a school that has children with diverse abilities, which statistic about the intelligence test scores would he want to know from both these schools? Answer the standard deviation Q: Regina has five brothers who are 4, 6, 6, 9, and 15 years of age. The mean age of Regina's brothers is _____. Answer 8 Q: Using these scores, identify the range: 5, 7, 7, 10, 11, 15. Answer 10 Q: Consider this set of numbers: 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 7, 7, 7, 9, 10. The mean of the set is: Answer 5 Q: Today is the sixteenth birthday party for Danielle. Her younger brother, age 14, and older sister, age 21, are in attendance. The median age of this family is: Answer 16 Q: A fast-food restaurant has recently placed a large advertisement in several national newspapers. It claims that people who eat at this restaurant lose more weight than do people eating at a competing restaurant. The advertisement includes a simple bar graph displaying this information. What should you look for in the bar graph to make sure their claims are accurate? Answer the scale labels and their range Q: Cory creates a bar graph for a sales meeting. The graph MOST likely displays _____ statistics Answer descriptive Q: One person in a group of 12 people is 10 times older than any of the other members. With respect to age, it is MOST likely that the majority of group members are younger than the group's: Answer mean Q: Differences between two samples are LEAST likely to be statistically significant if the samples are _____ and the variability of the samples is _____. Answer small; large Q: Which statement does NOT contain a gross statistical underestimate or overestimate? Answer About 4 percent of the population is gay or lesbian. Q: The _____ is the score that divides a set of scores exactly in half. Answer median Q: An individual uses which type of memory when executing the ability to ride a bike? Answer Procedural Q: The concept that "practice makes perfect" refers to influencing your: Answer Implicit Memory Q: The notion that strong emotions cause strong memories while weaker emotional experiences produce weaker memories is due to the: Answer Arousal Theory Q: According to the equipotentiality hypothesis, if memory is lost due to damage to one part of the brain, another part of the same area will take over that memory function. Answer True Q: You are telling your friend about a great movie you just saw, but you're having trouble remembering the name of the movie. The title of the movie is one you've seen and heard several times, and your recollection of the title is on the tip-of-your-tongue. This is referred to as which type of memory error: Answer Blocking Q: The act of retrieving a memory makes it much more likely that the memory can be retrieved again due to the: Answer Testing effect Q: Racial differences in IQ scores may be explained by: Answer Stereotype Threat Q: Norms are expectations of what a given group should know and demonstrate. Answer False Q: Divergent thinking is measured by IQ and achievement tests. Answer False Q: When you board a plane and proceed to find your assigned seat on the boarding pass, this is an example of a: Answer Cognitive script Q: ___________________ helps people coordinate their language for use. Answer Common Ground Q: You have just ended a long-term relationship, and you are so frustrated that you have decided that you are done with dating forever. This is an example of: Analogy heuristic [answer1] take in light energy as it enters the eye and they use it to enable the eye to see color. Cones Q: After light is converted to an electrical impulse it is sent to the [answer1] lobe in the brain. Answer occipital Q: Hawks have better visual acuity than humans, partly due higher concentrations of these photoreceptors on their retinas: [answer1]. Answer Cones Q: [answer1] enable the eye to see in dim light. Answer Rods Q: Animals that are nocturnal have an abundance of which photoreceptors? [answer1] Answer Rods Q: The Optic Nerve consists of axons of which type of cells? [answer1] Answer Ganglion cells Q: Define Binocular and Monocular cues. Then, describe a specific example of each type of cue. Binocular cue is when we use both eyes, between each eyes there is disparity which has a role in the depth perception. like dark and light , we tend to see light object close and the dark ones far away. Monocular cue is when we use one eye only, like when we see close mail box passing by fast because they are close, in the other hand far away object seems moving slow. OR Binocular cues we are seeing out of both eyes but there is a disparity between the eyes. Monocular cues are the way we perceive things in size and distance. an example is the film lord of the rings. There are many scenes with the hobbits next to humans or in this specific example gandoff the wizard. In order to make the hobits look smaller they were films at different angles, close up and far away. [TEACHERS NOTE] 2.5 points for correctly defining and providing an example of Binocular (uses both eyes).Examples should focus on depth information being communicated because of the disparity between the eyes. 2.5 points for correctly defining and providing an example of Monocular (uses one eye). Examples should focus on light, shadow, and depth perception (darker perceived as farther) or distance (slower perceived as distant). Q: For the following scenarios, indicate whether each is an example of Bottom-up or Top down processing. Answer Your child tentatively takes a lick of gelato to see whether she likes the taste. Bottom-up Q: For the following scenarios, indicate whether each is an example of Bottom-up or Top down processing. Answer Someone is rude to you and you spend the next day ruminating over what may have caused this rudeness and trying to remember whether you did anything to offend this person. Top-Down The brain making sense of neural impulses is known as [answer1]. Answer Perception Fill in the blank: What is the law that states that a Just Noticeable Difference will be large when the stimulus energy level is large and small when the energy level is small? [answer5] Answer Weber's Law Fill in the blank: If Sam needs to speak up slightly louder in order for Max to hear him, the difference between the first and second levels of loudness is known as the [answer1]. JND True or false? Psychological factors such as one's expectations of the pain one might experience can affect the actual experience of pain. True Fill in the blank: The [answer1] theory of pain states that certain pain signals on larger nerves can be let in, while smaller ones are blocked entrance. gate control Describe the process of transduction, as it occurs in the inner ear. The sound waves enter the inner ear where they strike the eardrum, which transmits the sound waves to the cochlea which is filled of fluid, so the waves creates another waves inside the cochlea, the sound waves travel to the basilar membrane which transform the sound waves into neural impulse, therefore it travels to the brain (temporal lobe) to interpret the information sent. OR Sound waves enter the inner ear going through the hammer,anvil, and stirrup. The sound waves then move on to the inner ear to the chochlea that is filled with fluid. The Cochlea has a basilar membrane which is a thin tissue that converts the vibrations from the tiny hairs to electricity and this information then travels to the brain. [TEACHERS NOTE] 3 points for mentioning Tympanic Membrane/eardrum, Cochlea, and Basilar membrane. 2 points for correct description of each structure's function Based on what you learned about the loudness of common sounds, what is your reaction? Were you surprised? Why or why not? Do you think that if this information was generally known that people would change their behavior? Do you plan on changing yours? Based on what I learned on the loudness of common sounds I was not suprised. Having a backgroung in music I am very familiar that sounds have a varity of different decibal that one would not think are as loud as they are. I don't think ig this information was generally known that people would change their behavior. I don't plan on changing my behavior. [TEACHERS NOTE] Answers will vary, but 5 points given to answers that fully address each question and do so by giving specific details. To which lobe in the cerebral cortex is auditory information primarily sent? [answer1] temporal lobe What three bones make up the eardrum, or tympanic membrane: hammer, anvil, stirrup The [answer1] is a tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid. When sound waves enter the ear, they cause this fluid to vibrate. Cochlea Fill in the blank: The [answer1] is a thin tissue in the Cochlea of the ear that converts vibrations into bioelectricity. Basilar Membrane Multiple choice: _____________ is the psychological property corresponding to the frequency of a sound wave. Pitch True or false? Research in perception indicates that humans appear to be designed or wired to see patterns. True Multiple choice: The ________________ states that humans tend to group similar objects. Law of similarity Multiple choice: The _________________ states that humans tend to group nearby objects. Law of proximity Multiple choice: The _______________ states that humans make more sense of connected and continuous objects than disconnected ones. Law of Continuity Fill in the blank: The Gestalt concept of Figure and Ground illustrates that when we focus on the figure or pattern, everything else in the background becomes [answer1]. ground ground Thoroughly answer the essay question. Essay answers should be in clearly written in full sentences. (10 points) 1. Briefly describe where visual information is sent in the brain after traveling down the Optic Nerve. In your answer, be sure to explain the roles and responsibilities of each brain region discussed. Once the light waves enter in the eye, the retina cells make transduction, the information are sent first to the thalamus through the optical nerve, which is like switchboard, then to the occipital lobe where the information sent by the retina cells will be interpreted. The occipital lobe in the brain is where the vision center in located. Some information are sent to the brain stem which control the pupils dilatation, some eyes movements as saccades when the eye focus on an object. OR The visual information is sent to the optic nerve when light waves reflect off an object and travels into the eye then travels to the cells in the back of the eye where the photoreceptors are located which are rods that enable the eye to see in dim light and cones that enable the eye to see color. It is in the back of the eye that the retina and gagnilon cells are located. The ganglion cells have axons. The light energy information is then converted to electrical in pulse in the optic nerve by bundles of axons from the ganglion cells. The electric energy leaves the optic nerve and moves to the brain and the thalmus ( the thalmus is the switchboard center ) it then mover on to the cerbreal cortex mostly to the visual cortext in the occiputal lobe, some information goes to the brain stem to control pupil size and eye movement. [TEACHERS NOTES] 3 points for correct identification of the following pathways: Optic Nerve to Thalamus, Thalamus to Primary Visual Cortex in the Occipital Lobe, Thalamus to Brainstem. 7 points for correct description of the roles and responsibilities of: Thalamus, Visual Cortex/Occipital Lobe, Brainstem (2 pts each, 1 pt for overall level of detail in describing the process of visual information being sent to these regions) 13- Thoroughly answer the essay question. Essay answers should be in clearly written in full sentences. (10 points) 1. Choose three out of the four Gestalt principles: Figure and Ground, Law of Similarity, Law of Proximity, Law of Continuity. Describe each of these in your own words. Then, based on the module and the link to the graphic design website, choose one of these principles and describe how this principle can be applied, such as to art, graphic design, or everyday life. Figure and Ground: The figure is what we focus on when we look at picture and every other thing becomes the background. A typical example would be when you focus on an image and you are able to see a figure and if you look at the image from another direction, you tend to see another figure Law of similarity: This is a case where we put similar objects together. It is assumed that things that look alike are actually alike. It may help us to work better but can also make cause perceptual issues. Law of continuity- Our brains make sense of connected objects rather than disconnected ones. We expect people to stay the same every time we see them even though we understand that change is constant. Using Amazon logo as an example, The logo has an arrow which points from A to Z this could help us understand that Amazon has got everything we may need from A to Z [TEACHERS NOTE] 6 points for describing the principles and 4 points for application. If a stimulus is very large, will the Just Noticeable Difference be large or small? large large Signal Detection Theory states that sensation depends on the_____________, the degree of background simulation, and the current physical or psychological of the person receiving the stimulus. intensity of the stimulus Rods and cones are examples of photoreceptors Diane is so used to the sounds of trains traveling back and forth near her house that she no longer notices the sound. Which term from the module best describes this phenomenon? Sensory Adaption Regarding hearing, the softest level of sound that can be detected by the human ear is known as the absolute threshold. Describe the process of transduction, as it occurs in the inner ear. (6 points) When sound waves enter the inner ear, it strikes the tympanic membrane that has three little bones called the hammer, the anvil and the stirrup due to their sizes. The sound waves keeps moving to the snail like tube called the cochlea which is filled with fluid. The sound waves will send vibrations through the fluid in the cochlea. There is a thin tissue in the cochlea called the basilar membrane which converts the vibrations caused by the sound waves into electricity through the stimulation of tiny hair cells. This impulse is then carried to the brain. Of the following terms, which are psychological qualities rather than physical: Frequency, Pitch, Amplitude, Loudness. (2 points) Pitch and loudness. Of the above terms (frequency, pitch, etc.), which are physical qualities rather than psychological? (2 points) Frequency and Amplitude Which one of the following statements accurately represents the stability of an individual's sexual orientation? Sexual orientation remains fairly consistent throughout the average person's life Which one of the following is an accurate characteristic of the mental health of homosexuals? They are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression Which of the following developmental stages spans from birth to one year? Infancy Which one of the following terms refers to culturally constructed distinctions between male and female characteristics? Gender Which one of the following is the most accurate representation of the dynamic relationship of a mother and her child? Difficult children may illicit more negative parenting The passage of physical and psychological traits through genes from parents to offspring is called Heredity Which of the following statements describes how a drive differs from an incentive? Drive is the state of tension that arises from an unmet need, while incentive is a specific reward that motivates behavior Which of the following is a characteristic of people high in the need of achievement? They strive to do well anytime they are evaluated The study of how and why human beings experience transformations in behavior that occur during every stage of life from conception to death is known as Developmental Psychology Which of the following parts of the brain regulates emotional behaviors and basic biological needs, including hunger, thirst, and the sex drive? Hypothalamus __________ is the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology,and treatment. Psychopathology A condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors is known as a______________. Psychological disorder Psychological disorders are tied closely to ________________. Meaning that whilesymptoms like hallucinations are seen as a disorder, there are other places in the worldwhere they are highly valued. cultural expectations Wakefield proposed an influential concept in which he defines psychological disorders as a _______________. harmful dysfunction According to the APA what three things are required for a diagnosis of a disorder? 1. Significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors 2. The disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction. 3. The disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one's life. What is the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders (DSM)? DSM-5 What are the categories describing each disorder in the DSM are? a. Diagnostic features b. Diagnostic criteria c. Prevalence d. Risk Factors There are two major systems for the classification of mental disorders. The DSM is one and the World Health Organization (WHO) publishes the International Classification of Diseases According to the text, what is the definition of diathesis? Diathesis is a predisposition for a disorder. The prevalence of all anxiety disorders appears to be 25-35% __________________ is the most frequently occurring class of mental disorders. Avoidant and schizoid personality disorders __________________ involves excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation Anxiety Disorders What are the three major learning pathways for acquiring a phobia? a. Classical Conditioning b. Vicarious Learning c. Verbal transmission of information ________________ is characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety of social situation in which the person could be evaluated negatively by others. Social Anxiety Disorder ______________ percent of a sample of tested adults with social anxiety disorderreported a history of teasing in childhood 92 ________________ recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of persistent concerns about additional panic attacks Panic Disorder What is the percentage of the U.S. population that dies each year as a result of panic attacks? 0% What are the three casual theories of Panic Disorder? a. Neurobiological b. Conditioning c. Cognitive _____________ is a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension. Generalized Anxiety Disorder What are the three diagnostic criteria of Generalized Anxiety Disorder? a. The diffuse worrying and apprehension is not part of another disorder. b. Symptoms occur more days than not for at least 6 months. c. Symptoms are accompanied by any three of the following symptoms: Restlessness, difficulty concentrating, being easily fatigued, muscle tension, irritability, and sleep difficulties. _______________ involves thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted(obsession) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsion). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) ______________ is persistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that arehighly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing Obsessions _____________ are repetitive and ritualistic acts, typically carried out primary as a means to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or the likelihood of a feared event. Compulsions ____________ involves a preoccupation with a perceived flaw in the individual'sphysical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people. Body Dysmorphic Disorder ____________ involves great difficulty in discarding possessions, regardless of how valueless/useless they are, usually resulting in an accumulation of items that clutter living or work areas. Hoarding Disorder In what area of the brain is hoarding disorder thought to be localized? Anterior Cingulate In what area of the brain is body dysmorphia thought to be localized? Prefrontal cortex In what area of the brain is obsessive-compulsive disorder thought to be localized OCD circuit What are the two diagnostic criteria for diagnosing PTSD? a. Individual was exposed to, witnessed, or experienced the details of a traumatic experience ("actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence") b. Symptoms occur for at least one month. What are the two mood disorders covered in the text and in class? a. Depressive Disorder b. Bipolar and Related Disorders What are the four diagnostic criteria for diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder? a. "Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day" b. Loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities. c. At least 5 symptoms for at least a two-week period. d. Symptoms cause significant distress or impair normal functioning and are not caused by substances or a medical condition What are the three subtypes of depression? a. Seasonal Pattern b. Peripartum onset (postpartum depression) c. Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) In bipolar disorder mood states fluctuate between ___________ and ___________. depression; mania List three of the symptoms of mania. a. Excessively irritable b. Easily distracted. c. Engage in reckless behavior. The neurotransmitter most closely associated with depression is _____________. Serotonin The neurotransmitter most closely associated with bipolar is _________________. Dopamine _______________ states that cognitive vulnerability + stressful life events lead to depression. Diathesis-Stress model ______________ contains themes of loss, failure, rejection, worthlessness, and inadequacy. Depressive schemas In the Hopelessness Theory of Depression ___________ and _________ lead to depression specific negative thinking style; sense of hopelessness ______________ is repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed anddwelling on depressive symptoms. Rumination What is the percentage of individuals who complete suicide having at least one mental disorder (most frequently a mood disorder)? 90% What are the five major symptoms of schizophrenia? a. Hallucinations b. Delusions c. Disorganized Thinking d. Catatonic Behaviors e. Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior What is the neurotransmitter most significantly associated with schizophrenia? Prefrontal Cortex _____________ is characterized by an individual becoming split off or dissociated, from their core sense of self - memory and identity become disturbed. Dissociative Disorder What are the three Dissociative Disorders? a. Dissociative Amnesia b. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder c. Dissociative Identity Disorder ____________ is characterized by a pervasive and inflexible personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture and causes distress or impairment. Personality Disorder What are the four cluster B personality disorders? a. Antisocial personality disorder b. Histrionic personality disorder c. Narcissistic personality disorder d. Borderline personality disorder ______________ is characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self image,and mood, as well as marked impulsivity. Borderline Personality Disorder ____________ is characterized by a complete lack of regard for other people's rights or feelings. Antisocial Personality Disorder Research has revealed two things about brain anatomy in relation to antisocial personality disorder. a. Less activation in brain regions involved in the experience of empathy and feeling concerned for others. b. Greater activation in a brain area involved in self-awareness, cognitive function and interpersonal experience. ______________ is a constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning. ADHD What is the neurotransmitter most significantly associated with ADHD? Dopamine What are the three symptoms of autism spectrum disorder? a. Deficits in social interaction (e.g., do not make eye contact, turn head away when spoken to, prefer playing alone). b. Deficits in communication (e.g., one-word responses, difficulty maintaining conversation, echoed speech, and problems using and understanding nonverbal cues). c. Repetitive patterns of behavior or interests. Clues to the important roles both nature and nurture play in development is seen in infants as they begin to gain the ability to actively perceive the distance from themselves to objects in the environment. This ability is also known as what term? Depth perception A preschooler who watches an adult empty a small pitcher of water into a glass believes that: The poured volume increases or decreased depending on the appearance of the container Adam is upset that his twin brother Ryan has two pieces of pie while he only has one. His Mom rightly states that it's the same amount of pie it's just that Ryan's piece fell apart into two pieces as it was transferred onto the plate. Still not satisfied, Adam begins to throw a temper tantrum. In a moment of desperation, Adam's Mom cuts his piece in half saying: "There, Adam, now you have two pieces!" This worked. Adam is now happy. What Piagetian Stage is Adam in? Preoperational Which of the following is a potential problem with Piaget's theory of cognitive development? All are potential issues. The idea that on the object permanence task, infants perform better when the waiting period is shorter at just six months of age supports which of the following problems with Piaget's theory? Cognitive development is more continuous than Piaget thought Piaget's stage theory can be described as which of the following? Discontinuous and qualitative What measure might a psychologist use to demonstrate that an infant does not know that his teddy bear exists when it is removed from his field of vision? The object permanence task According to Piaget, the developmental processes that explain children's cognitive development are measured by: How children reason, with fundamental changes tin thinking occurring in each stage The relation of nature to nurture is the same as the relation of _______. genetics to environment Farrah is in kindergarten and is learning about _____. To track her progress, her teacher presents her with pairs of words and asks her which of them rhyme. phonemic awareness The ______ model describes how financial difficulties are associated with parents' depressed moods, which can cause problems with a child's normal adjustment. Family stress Hector is a strict father who demands and expects obedience from his children. What is his style of parenting known as? authoritarian When Rachel, a toddler, visits a neighbor's home with her mother, she explores the room where the adults are sitting, but she will not leave the room. When her mother leaves to inspect the garden, she gets agitated and later rushes to her immediately when mother returns. Rachel's behavior demonstrates _____ attachment. Secure Julee's mom has noticed that her daughter has been especially good at resisting the cookies in the kitchen so she doesn't spoil her dinner each night. Julee knows if she can wait until after dinner she can eat two cookies. This successful experience of motivated self-regulation can also be referred to as what? effortful control Nick and Brenda are attentive parents. They are encouraging and warm, yet they are firm with boundaries, and make sure the rules of the home are clearly communicated. When their children make mistakes, Nick and Brenda try to use the mistakes a learning experiences, even when punishment is administered. What kind of parenting style is this? Authoritative Allison has been described by her parents, teachers, and friends as hyperactive. Therefore, her parents try to modify her environment by taking her to the park and signing her up for sports teams in order to fit her temperament. This is an example of which of the following: Goodness of fit One element that shapes personality is temperament, which is related to self-regulation and is: biologically based According to research referenced in your text, babies who are _____ tend to elicit more sensitive and affectionate care from their parents compared with babies who lack these attributes. easygoing and attractive Marcellus has an 8-year old daughter. He showers her with love and gifts and generally lets her make her own decisions. Baumrind (2013) would suggest that Marcellus has a(n) ____ parenting style Permissive Which of the following is NOT a challenge associated with peer relationships during childhood? Poor conflict management Lilly is trying different sports throughout the summer to determine which team she would like to try out for in high school. Lilly would likely fall in which of Marcia's identity statuses? Moratorium Family adversity, abuse, and parental psychopathology are predictors of _____________ during adolescence. Suicide Risky behavior may be due, in part, to an underdeveloped part of the adolescent brain that controls ________. self-regulation Researchers have suggested that certain genetic variations make adolescents more or less susceptible to environmental influences. This is known as: Differential susceptibility model Beth's father often invalidates her feelings and pressures her to think in certain ways. What is the term for parents' manipulation of adolescents' emotional and cognitive world? psychological control Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the creation of emerging adulthood as a distinct life stage? Starting careers at an earlier age Erikson believed that individuals should strive to reach identity formation during adolescence. This is similar to what stage in Marcia's identity theory? identity achievement Precious has several friends who look, act, and think in ways similar to her. This similarity is known as ________. homophily The biological changes of puberty and the cognitive changes that occur during adolescence: Are universal, occurring in all adolescents What is one intrapersonal factor that affects adolescents' academic achievement? intrinsic motivation Global subjective well-being is highest during ______ and lowest in ______. Early and later adulthood; middle adulthood According to Carstensen, the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory explains what about older adults and their social support? Older adults restrict their social life to include emotionally close friends Although older adults experience cognitive decline, they perform just as well as younger adults on tasks that require expert knowledge because: Their life experience compensates for slower processing speed Which of the following personality traits has been found to predict important life outcomes, such as job success, health, and longevity? Conscientiousness Opal has learned a lot about housing construction in her 20 years as a realtor. Recalling facts about siding and insulation would be an example of Opal's _____ intelligence crystallized Gary is not fast when completing a vocabulary test but if given enough time can get nearly 100% on the test. While Gary's old age may influence his reaction time, his _______ intelligence is fully intact due to his large amount of life experience and knowledge. crystallized Instead of socializing with large groups of acquaintances, Nancy spends her time with a few people with whom she is emotionally close. Choosing to keep a smaller social circle is in line with the: socioemotional selectivity theory Joe and Morris have been friends for over 50 years. Now in their seventies, Joe still plays golf 3 times a week but Morris has physical limitations that prevent him from doing so. The differences in the way that these men are aging reflects the concept of __________. heterogeneity Why is it that older adults tend to demonstrate worse performance on memory tasks that involve recall when compared to younger individuals? Recall tasks draw on working memory skills, which become less efficient as we age. Research on cognitive abilities in late adulthood suggests that as we age, fluid intelligence will decline and crystallized intelligence will remain steady. Personality traits are defined as: relatively enduring dispositions in behavior that characterize individuals across varying types of situations Hans Eysenck suggested that two traits are the most important traits of the Five-Factor Model. More recently, Jeffrey Gray has suggested that these two traits are important because they are related to fundamental reward and avoidance systems in the brain. Which two traits of the Five-Factor Model are Eysenck and Gray referring to, and how do they map onto the reward and avoidance systems? Extroverts approach rewards while Neurotic individuals avoid punishment. According to the Lexical Hypothesis, which of these traits do not "go together"? Generous - Selfish _____ means that similar behaviors or tendencies occur across different situations. This explains why it is often easy to predict how a person will act in a given context. Consistency Factor analysis allowed personality theorists to: analyze the correlations among traits and identify the most important ones In the "person-situation debate" amongst psychologists, what was Walter Mischel's side of the argument? Traits are an illusion. People may not be consistent across situations and thus it would be fruitful to study the distinct reactions in specific situations Kyle has a reputation for being very calm during an emergency. He copes very well with stress and is able to think clearly and make effective decisions. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Kyle likely score low in? Neuroticism A person does not "have" or "not have" a personality trait but instead can possess varying amounts of it. This is because personality traits reflect ____________________ rather than distinct personality types. continuous distributions Adam tries to convince others to give him money for lunch, and one time he influenced his boss into letting him have a promotion despite the other candidate being more qualified than he was. Machiavellian Walter Mischel (1968, 2009) pointed out this apparent fact about the predictability of individuals' behavior through personality tests People's behavior varies greatly situation by situation, but tests can reveal their average behavior across many situations. Clint is a very confident person who tends to take charge when he has been assigned to a group task. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Clint likely score high in? extraversion Personality refers to ______. characteristic ways that people differ from one another Which two traits of the Five-Factor Model does Eysenck consider the most important traits? Extraversion and Neuroticism The night before a midterm exam, Wayne is invited to a party by his friends. He decides not to go to the party because doing well in the course is important to his career goals. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in? Conscientiousness Istvan is well liked by his friends because he is trusting, considerate, compassionate, loyal, and easy to get along with. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Istvan likely score high in? agreeableness