NUR 221 exam 2 MOST Recent
Tested,Actual Exam Questions (2026)
WITH Recent Newest Verified And Well
Analyzed Exam Questions (Actual Exam
2026-2027) Correct Detailed & Verified
ANSWERS (100% Accurate Solutions)
||ALREADY GRADED A+||Exam
Guarantee Pass!!.
CO2 transport in blood - ANSWERS--Waste product of cellular metabolism
-About 7% dissolved in plasma
-About 20% reversibly bound to hemoglobin
-Most diffuses into RBCs
basics of the pulmonary gas exchange - ANSWERS-inspired air to expired air = low to
high O2 and slightly higher CO2 content w/ inspired air
Factors affecting gas exchange - ANSWERS--Partial pressure gradient
-Thickness of respiratory membrane: fluid accumulation in alveoli/interstitial tissue
(blood, pneumonia)
-Total surface area for diffusion: alveolar wall destruction, decreased surface area
-Ventilation/Perfusion ratio: Ventilation & perfusion need to match for max gas
exchange (PE throws it off bc it blocks blood flow)
Oxygen transport in blood - ANSWERS--About 1% is dissolved in plasma
-Most reversibly bound to hemoglobin
,aging effects on the pulmonary system - ANSWERS--Loss of elastic recoil
-Stiffening of the chest wall
-Alterations in gas exchange
-Increases in flow resistance
-Decreased exercise tolerance
Pulmonary testing - ANSWERS--Spirometry: pulmonary function testing (PFT),
measures lung volumes
-ABG analysis
-Oximetry: measures oxygen saturation
-Chest radiographs (CXR)
-Chest CT (most accurate/clear
-Bronchoscopy: biopsy or check for bleeding/lesions
-Culture and sensitivity tests
important pulmonary volumes - ANSWERS-Vital capacity: max amount of air that can
be moved in/out of the lungs with a single forced inspiration and expiration (4600mL)
Total lung capacity: total air volume in the lungs after max inspiration (5800mL)
Hypercapnia - ANSWERS--excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
-causes increased rate and depth of respirations (hyperventilation)
Hypoxemia - ANSWERS--decreased level of oxygen in the blood
-increased respirations trying to get O2
-common in smokers and COPD pts
General manifestations of resp. disease - ANSWERS--sneezing (upper resp)
-coughing (lower resp)
, -Hemoptysis: blood-tinged (bright red) frothy sputum, usually associated with pulmonary
edema
types of breathing patterns and characteristics - ANSWERS--Eupnea: normal rate
-Kussmaul respirations: deep rapid respirations, typical for acidosis; may follow
strenuous exercise
-labored/prolonged: obstruction of airway
-wheezing/whistling: obstruction of small airways
-stridor: high-pitched noise, upper airway obstruction, common in kids who swallowed
coin
purpose of the respiratory tract - ANSWERS-- carbon dioxide exhaled out of lungs
- oxygen inhaled into lungs
- oxygen to blood
- remove carbon dioxide from blood
lobes of the lungs - ANSWERS-Right lung: 3 lobes
Left lung: 2 lobes
types of lung sounds - ANSWERS--rales: crackles, means smaller airways, fluid in
lungs (CHF, pneumonia)
-rhonchi: large airways, obstruction or fluid accumulation (COPD, pneumonia)
-stridor
-wheezing (asthma, bronchitis)
organs of the upper respiratory tract + function - ANSWERS--nasal cavity:
warms/moistens air, traps foreign material
-nasopharynx: contains tonsils
-oropharynx: passage for air and food, contains epiglottis (protects larynx)
-larynx: two pairs of vocal cords
Tested,Actual Exam Questions (2026)
WITH Recent Newest Verified And Well
Analyzed Exam Questions (Actual Exam
2026-2027) Correct Detailed & Verified
ANSWERS (100% Accurate Solutions)
||ALREADY GRADED A+||Exam
Guarantee Pass!!.
CO2 transport in blood - ANSWERS--Waste product of cellular metabolism
-About 7% dissolved in plasma
-About 20% reversibly bound to hemoglobin
-Most diffuses into RBCs
basics of the pulmonary gas exchange - ANSWERS-inspired air to expired air = low to
high O2 and slightly higher CO2 content w/ inspired air
Factors affecting gas exchange - ANSWERS--Partial pressure gradient
-Thickness of respiratory membrane: fluid accumulation in alveoli/interstitial tissue
(blood, pneumonia)
-Total surface area for diffusion: alveolar wall destruction, decreased surface area
-Ventilation/Perfusion ratio: Ventilation & perfusion need to match for max gas
exchange (PE throws it off bc it blocks blood flow)
Oxygen transport in blood - ANSWERS--About 1% is dissolved in plasma
-Most reversibly bound to hemoglobin
,aging effects on the pulmonary system - ANSWERS--Loss of elastic recoil
-Stiffening of the chest wall
-Alterations in gas exchange
-Increases in flow resistance
-Decreased exercise tolerance
Pulmonary testing - ANSWERS--Spirometry: pulmonary function testing (PFT),
measures lung volumes
-ABG analysis
-Oximetry: measures oxygen saturation
-Chest radiographs (CXR)
-Chest CT (most accurate/clear
-Bronchoscopy: biopsy or check for bleeding/lesions
-Culture and sensitivity tests
important pulmonary volumes - ANSWERS-Vital capacity: max amount of air that can
be moved in/out of the lungs with a single forced inspiration and expiration (4600mL)
Total lung capacity: total air volume in the lungs after max inspiration (5800mL)
Hypercapnia - ANSWERS--excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
-causes increased rate and depth of respirations (hyperventilation)
Hypoxemia - ANSWERS--decreased level of oxygen in the blood
-increased respirations trying to get O2
-common in smokers and COPD pts
General manifestations of resp. disease - ANSWERS--sneezing (upper resp)
-coughing (lower resp)
, -Hemoptysis: blood-tinged (bright red) frothy sputum, usually associated with pulmonary
edema
types of breathing patterns and characteristics - ANSWERS--Eupnea: normal rate
-Kussmaul respirations: deep rapid respirations, typical for acidosis; may follow
strenuous exercise
-labored/prolonged: obstruction of airway
-wheezing/whistling: obstruction of small airways
-stridor: high-pitched noise, upper airway obstruction, common in kids who swallowed
coin
purpose of the respiratory tract - ANSWERS-- carbon dioxide exhaled out of lungs
- oxygen inhaled into lungs
- oxygen to blood
- remove carbon dioxide from blood
lobes of the lungs - ANSWERS-Right lung: 3 lobes
Left lung: 2 lobes
types of lung sounds - ANSWERS--rales: crackles, means smaller airways, fluid in
lungs (CHF, pneumonia)
-rhonchi: large airways, obstruction or fluid accumulation (COPD, pneumonia)
-stridor
-wheezing (asthma, bronchitis)
organs of the upper respiratory tract + function - ANSWERS--nasal cavity:
warms/moistens air, traps foreign material
-nasopharynx: contains tonsils
-oropharynx: passage for air and food, contains epiglottis (protects larynx)
-larynx: two pairs of vocal cords
