ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY AND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2 COMPREHENSIVE TEST
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT
◉ Etiology. Answer: Causative factors in a particular disease
◉ Iatrogenic. Answer: produced by treatment
◉ Epidemiology. Answer: risk factors and distribution in
populations
◉ Incidence. Answer: number of new cases
◉ Prevalence. Answer: number of existing cases both new and old
◉ clinical manifestations. Answer: signs, symptoms, and diagnostic
criteria
◉ how are symptoms and signs different. Answer: symptoms are
what the patient reports
signs are objective or measurable
,◉ outcomes. Answer: cure, remission, chronicity, or death
◉ primary prevention. Answer: Efforts to prevent an injury or
illness from ever occurring.
◉ secondary prevention. Answer: -focuses on early identification of
individuals or communities experiencing illness, providing
treatment, and conducting activities that are geared to prevent
worsening health status
-examples: communicable disease screening and case finding; early
detection and treatment of diabetes; exercise programs for older
adult clients who are frail
◉ Tertiary prevention. Answer: -aims to prevent the long-term
consequences of a chronic illness or disability and to support
optimal functioning
-examples: prevention of pressure ulcers as complication of a spinal
cord injury; promoting independence for the client who has
traumatic brain injury
◉ Atrophy. Answer: Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.Most
common in skeletal muscle, heart, secondary sex organs, and brain.
,◉ Physiologic atrophy. Answer: occurs with early development. Ex.
Thymus gland gets physiologic atrophy during childhood.
◉ pathologic atrophy. Answer: occurs as a result of decreases in
workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal
stimulation, and nervous stimulation
◉ hypertrophy. Answer: Increase in the size of the cells that increase
the size of the affected organ. Heart and kidneys (responsive to
enlargement) and skeletal muscle.
◉ physiologic hypertrophy. Answer: occurs with increased demand,
stimulation of hormones, and growth factors. Ex. Pregnancy causes
hormone induced hypertrophy of the uterus, in skeletal muscle
occurs as a response to heavy workload.
◉ pathologic hypertrophy. Answer: results from chronic
hemodynamic overload. Ex. Hypertension or heart valve
dysfunction. Hypertrophic cells have increased accumulation of ER,
plasma membrane, myofilaments, mitochondria (not cellular fluid).
Nucleus is also hypertrophic with increased DNA synthesis. Triggers
for cardiac hypertrophy include mechanical signals (stretch) and
trophic signals (growth factors and vasoactive agents).
, ◉ Hyperplasia. Answer: increase in number of cells in an
organ/tissue as a response to injury that results from an increased
rate of cellular division
◉ compensatory Physiologic hyperplasia. Answer: is an adaptive
mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. Occurs in skin,
intestines, hepatocytes, bone marrow, and fibroblasts. Ex. Is when
skin gets callus in response to mechanical stimulus.
◉ Hormonal physiologic hyperplasia. Answer: Hormonal occurs
mainly from estrogen dependent organs such as uterus and
breasts.Ex- after ovulation estrogen stimulates endometrium to
grow/thicken for fertilized ovum.
◉ Pathologic hyperplasia. Answer: he abnormal proliferation of
normal cells and can occur as a response to excessive hormonal
stimulation or the effects of growth factors on target cells. These
cells have enlargement of the nucleus, clumping of chromatin
(package and protect DNA), and the presence of one or more large
nucleoli. Ex. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and endometriosis-
both the result of hormonal imbalance.
◉ Metaplasia. Answer: reversible replacement of one mature cell
type (epithelial or mesenchymal) by another, sometimes less
differentiated, cell type.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2 COMPREHENSIVE TEST
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT
◉ Etiology. Answer: Causative factors in a particular disease
◉ Iatrogenic. Answer: produced by treatment
◉ Epidemiology. Answer: risk factors and distribution in
populations
◉ Incidence. Answer: number of new cases
◉ Prevalence. Answer: number of existing cases both new and old
◉ clinical manifestations. Answer: signs, symptoms, and diagnostic
criteria
◉ how are symptoms and signs different. Answer: symptoms are
what the patient reports
signs are objective or measurable
,◉ outcomes. Answer: cure, remission, chronicity, or death
◉ primary prevention. Answer: Efforts to prevent an injury or
illness from ever occurring.
◉ secondary prevention. Answer: -focuses on early identification of
individuals or communities experiencing illness, providing
treatment, and conducting activities that are geared to prevent
worsening health status
-examples: communicable disease screening and case finding; early
detection and treatment of diabetes; exercise programs for older
adult clients who are frail
◉ Tertiary prevention. Answer: -aims to prevent the long-term
consequences of a chronic illness or disability and to support
optimal functioning
-examples: prevention of pressure ulcers as complication of a spinal
cord injury; promoting independence for the client who has
traumatic brain injury
◉ Atrophy. Answer: Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size.Most
common in skeletal muscle, heart, secondary sex organs, and brain.
,◉ Physiologic atrophy. Answer: occurs with early development. Ex.
Thymus gland gets physiologic atrophy during childhood.
◉ pathologic atrophy. Answer: occurs as a result of decreases in
workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal
stimulation, and nervous stimulation
◉ hypertrophy. Answer: Increase in the size of the cells that increase
the size of the affected organ. Heart and kidneys (responsive to
enlargement) and skeletal muscle.
◉ physiologic hypertrophy. Answer: occurs with increased demand,
stimulation of hormones, and growth factors. Ex. Pregnancy causes
hormone induced hypertrophy of the uterus, in skeletal muscle
occurs as a response to heavy workload.
◉ pathologic hypertrophy. Answer: results from chronic
hemodynamic overload. Ex. Hypertension or heart valve
dysfunction. Hypertrophic cells have increased accumulation of ER,
plasma membrane, myofilaments, mitochondria (not cellular fluid).
Nucleus is also hypertrophic with increased DNA synthesis. Triggers
for cardiac hypertrophy include mechanical signals (stretch) and
trophic signals (growth factors and vasoactive agents).
, ◉ Hyperplasia. Answer: increase in number of cells in an
organ/tissue as a response to injury that results from an increased
rate of cellular division
◉ compensatory Physiologic hyperplasia. Answer: is an adaptive
mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. Occurs in skin,
intestines, hepatocytes, bone marrow, and fibroblasts. Ex. Is when
skin gets callus in response to mechanical stimulus.
◉ Hormonal physiologic hyperplasia. Answer: Hormonal occurs
mainly from estrogen dependent organs such as uterus and
breasts.Ex- after ovulation estrogen stimulates endometrium to
grow/thicken for fertilized ovum.
◉ Pathologic hyperplasia. Answer: he abnormal proliferation of
normal cells and can occur as a response to excessive hormonal
stimulation or the effects of growth factors on target cells. These
cells have enlargement of the nucleus, clumping of chromatin
(package and protect DNA), and the presence of one or more large
nucleoli. Ex. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and endometriosis-
both the result of hormonal imbalance.
◉ Metaplasia. Answer: reversible replacement of one mature cell
type (epithelial or mesenchymal) by another, sometimes less
differentiated, cell type.
