U1 Biochemistry
Chemistry for Biological Sciences 2 -
5
water
5 -
9
Functional Groups 10 -
12
Intro to Biomolecules & Enzymes 13 -
14
Enzyme 15 -
16
Protein 17 -
22
carbohydrates 23 -
25
Biochemical Reactions 25 -
27
Lipids 28 -
30
cell membrane 31 -
3 4
cell transport 34 -
37
Parts of the cell 38 -
41
Nucleic Acid 山
,02 Chemistry for Biological sciences
Subatomic
_
Protons Atomic Number
Mass/kg
=
Location Charge
particle
_
in a neutral atom .
P+ = e-
proton in the nucleus 十 1.673x10- 2kg ( (1)
p+ n =
mass number latomic mass)
electron outsidenualeus _
1. 6749X10-27kg
10 . 005(
_
neutron in the nucleus neutral .
9 109X10-3 kg (1)
Isostopes
Atoms of the (same protons) that different numbers of neutrons
·
same element have .
·
Because they have different neutron counts , isotopes of an element have different atomic masses but they
share nearly identical chemical properties .
ex Carbon-12 :
6pt , oN
Carbon-13 :
Opt .
TN
carbon - 14 :
6pt , ON
·
An element is defined ONLY by the number of protons it has
Proton =
Identity
Isotopes of the same element chemically behave the same since shemical behavior is determined by electrons
·
.
·
Atom is defined by its number of protons in the nucleus .
Even
though atoms
gain or lose electrons during a chemical reaction it'd be only charged and not
·
, ,
change the whole element .
Ionic & Molecular compounds
·
chemical bond is the force that holds atoms together in a
compound .
·
this interaction allows atoms to become more stabl . they obtain a full valence orbit
The Octet rule says that atoms tend lose share electrons so they obtain full valence orbit
to
gain or a
·
,
·
Metal atoms have less than 4 valence electrons -
easy to lose electrons
Non-metal atoms have more than 4 valence electrons easy to electrons
gain
·
-
When metal and a non-metal react to form compound the metal loses its valence electrons and non-metals
a a
gain
·
, ,
them.
·
the result is a
positively charged metal ion and a negatively charged non-metal ion .
The attraction called bond .
between oppositely charged ion is ionic
·
an
An ionic compound have overall charge of zero-the number of electrons lost is equal to the number of
·
an
elections that are gained .
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개
, When two nonmetals react they both have high affinity for electrons share pairs of electrons
, a so
they
and the bond that forms result of is
as a
sharing electrons a covalent bond .
·
A molecule contains more than one nonmetal atom
A molecular compound contains more than one type of non-metal in the compound .
·
How to Draw an Ionic Compound
write how
they are charged
NasI & Nav .. - [NaJt[ :
]
W Draw a lewis dot
must have brackets showing
diagram on an element
that elements hav gained
that has gained electrons
or lost electrons
Elements and Atoms
commonly found within the for life.
There are elements
building blocks
Hydrogen Carbon . Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus & Sulfur (CHONPS)
·
, .
,
organic molecules are molecules commonly found in
living organisms and often involve chains
·
of carbon atoms
·
These six elements are non-metals .
Non-Polar & Polar Covalent Bond
Nonpolar covalent bond :
Bonding electrons shared equally between two atoms
No
charges on atoms
Usually happens when both elements are the have very similar
electronegativity
:
same or
·
,
Polar Covalent Bond :
Bonding electrons shared unequally between two atoms
·
·
Partial charge on atoms
·
Happens when : have different electronegativity
Creates Partial negative (5) partial positive charge (St) depending the atom that has more
charge or on
·
electronegativity and it pulls the electrons clear .
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ー
, Electronegativity Difference
Electronegativity is the ability for an atom to attract elections in a chemical bond
·
.
Higher E- > atom pulls electrons strongly
·
The atom attracts the shared electrons closer to itself .
this happens when two of one atom has high electronegativity,
·
the elections spend more time near atom it becomes slightly negative
·
,
so .
The atom that pulls electrons more strongly gets &-
·
}
- wo atoms get opposite charges
·
the other one
gets
ST
·
Electronegativity difference is when two atoms form a bond , subtract the smaller EN from the
larger EN :
DEN =
/ENatomz-ENatomal
·
This difference tells
0 -
. 4
0 nonpolar
us how electrons are shared :
M'"l,,
0 5-1 7
. .
polar how electronegativity go up
" ionic
Practice Questions 2 .
Draw the following molecules
. What is the
2 bonding capacity of the following atoms ?
as Coz b3 EH 4
how many electrons do they want to share
시
a) ) >
- "
∴
: Wannashare u
.
℃=℃=¤ ↳=> - M
bl ㅐ it Wanna share one
计
C) NHz * look at bonding capacities
c) 01: .. Wanna share 2
H
= n - 4 * Oxygen wanna have 2 bonds ,
d) N N :=. Wanna share 3
wants 4 bonds
+:
carbon
↓
e ) s > :::.
- Wanna share 2
. Determine whether a bond would be ionic
3 , polar , or nonpolar covalent. If
polar , determine which is
slightly positive and
negative
is how a) H o
* Bonding capacity many electrons they need ,
b ) H.
に利 = } 5 川杯川 E 2 5
=
fill the full valence shell .
:
in order to We do not
2 5 2 1 : 0 4
る、 に 1 4
- .
5 . .
2 _
for polar
talk about bonding capacity cations because - _
-nonpolar
ist ℃
electrons they don't share .
they lose which means
C) H N d /H S
, ,
and become ionic N 3 0 11
小 S ≡ 11 6
=2
H
=
1 冲
“
.
-
.
, ”
* share elections covalent nonmetal 3 0 -
3 = ov 9 2 9 1 8 = 0 3
nonmetal
=
-
、
=
+ . . . .
- polar nompolar
*
Mg Ng-
ⓒ 2025. 먼시록moneyseedlog. All rights reserved.
ー
Chemistry for Biological Sciences 2 -
5
water
5 -
9
Functional Groups 10 -
12
Intro to Biomolecules & Enzymes 13 -
14
Enzyme 15 -
16
Protein 17 -
22
carbohydrates 23 -
25
Biochemical Reactions 25 -
27
Lipids 28 -
30
cell membrane 31 -
3 4
cell transport 34 -
37
Parts of the cell 38 -
41
Nucleic Acid 山
,02 Chemistry for Biological sciences
Subatomic
_
Protons Atomic Number
Mass/kg
=
Location Charge
particle
_
in a neutral atom .
P+ = e-
proton in the nucleus 十 1.673x10- 2kg ( (1)
p+ n =
mass number latomic mass)
electron outsidenualeus _
1. 6749X10-27kg
10 . 005(
_
neutron in the nucleus neutral .
9 109X10-3 kg (1)
Isostopes
Atoms of the (same protons) that different numbers of neutrons
·
same element have .
·
Because they have different neutron counts , isotopes of an element have different atomic masses but they
share nearly identical chemical properties .
ex Carbon-12 :
6pt , oN
Carbon-13 :
Opt .
TN
carbon - 14 :
6pt , ON
·
An element is defined ONLY by the number of protons it has
Proton =
Identity
Isotopes of the same element chemically behave the same since shemical behavior is determined by electrons
·
.
·
Atom is defined by its number of protons in the nucleus .
Even
though atoms
gain or lose electrons during a chemical reaction it'd be only charged and not
·
, ,
change the whole element .
Ionic & Molecular compounds
·
chemical bond is the force that holds atoms together in a
compound .
·
this interaction allows atoms to become more stabl . they obtain a full valence orbit
The Octet rule says that atoms tend lose share electrons so they obtain full valence orbit
to
gain or a
·
,
·
Metal atoms have less than 4 valence electrons -
easy to lose electrons
Non-metal atoms have more than 4 valence electrons easy to electrons
gain
·
-
When metal and a non-metal react to form compound the metal loses its valence electrons and non-metals
a a
gain
·
, ,
them.
·
the result is a
positively charged metal ion and a negatively charged non-metal ion .
The attraction called bond .
between oppositely charged ion is ionic
·
an
An ionic compound have overall charge of zero-the number of electrons lost is equal to the number of
·
an
elections that are gained .
ⓒ 2025. 먼시록moneyseedlog. All rights reserved.
개
, When two nonmetals react they both have high affinity for electrons share pairs of electrons
, a so
they
and the bond that forms result of is
as a
sharing electrons a covalent bond .
·
A molecule contains more than one nonmetal atom
A molecular compound contains more than one type of non-metal in the compound .
·
How to Draw an Ionic Compound
write how
they are charged
NasI & Nav .. - [NaJt[ :
]
W Draw a lewis dot
must have brackets showing
diagram on an element
that elements hav gained
that has gained electrons
or lost electrons
Elements and Atoms
commonly found within the for life.
There are elements
building blocks
Hydrogen Carbon . Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus & Sulfur (CHONPS)
·
, .
,
organic molecules are molecules commonly found in
living organisms and often involve chains
·
of carbon atoms
·
These six elements are non-metals .
Non-Polar & Polar Covalent Bond
Nonpolar covalent bond :
Bonding electrons shared equally between two atoms
No
charges on atoms
Usually happens when both elements are the have very similar
electronegativity
:
same or
·
,
Polar Covalent Bond :
Bonding electrons shared unequally between two atoms
·
·
Partial charge on atoms
·
Happens when : have different electronegativity
Creates Partial negative (5) partial positive charge (St) depending the atom that has more
charge or on
·
electronegativity and it pulls the electrons clear .
ⓒ 2025. 먼시록moneyseedlog. All rights reserved.
ー
, Electronegativity Difference
Electronegativity is the ability for an atom to attract elections in a chemical bond
·
.
Higher E- > atom pulls electrons strongly
·
The atom attracts the shared electrons closer to itself .
this happens when two of one atom has high electronegativity,
·
the elections spend more time near atom it becomes slightly negative
·
,
so .
The atom that pulls electrons more strongly gets &-
·
}
- wo atoms get opposite charges
·
the other one
gets
ST
·
Electronegativity difference is when two atoms form a bond , subtract the smaller EN from the
larger EN :
DEN =
/ENatomz-ENatomal
·
This difference tells
0 -
. 4
0 nonpolar
us how electrons are shared :
M'"l,,
0 5-1 7
. .
polar how electronegativity go up
" ionic
Practice Questions 2 .
Draw the following molecules
. What is the
2 bonding capacity of the following atoms ?
as Coz b3 EH 4
how many electrons do they want to share
시
a) ) >
- "
∴
: Wannashare u
.
℃=℃=¤ ↳=> - M
bl ㅐ it Wanna share one
计
C) NHz * look at bonding capacities
c) 01: .. Wanna share 2
H
= n - 4 * Oxygen wanna have 2 bonds ,
d) N N :=. Wanna share 3
wants 4 bonds
+:
carbon
↓
e ) s > :::.
- Wanna share 2
. Determine whether a bond would be ionic
3 , polar , or nonpolar covalent. If
polar , determine which is
slightly positive and
negative
is how a) H o
* Bonding capacity many electrons they need ,
b ) H.
に利 = } 5 川杯川 E 2 5
=
fill the full valence shell .
:
in order to We do not
2 5 2 1 : 0 4
る、 に 1 4
- .
5 . .
2 _
for polar
talk about bonding capacity cations because - _
-nonpolar
ist ℃
electrons they don't share .
they lose which means
C) H N d /H S
, ,
and become ionic N 3 0 11
小 S ≡ 11 6
=2
H
=
1 冲
“
.
-
.
, ”
* share elections covalent nonmetal 3 0 -
3 = ov 9 2 9 1 8 = 0 3
nonmetal
=
-
、
=
+ . . . .
- polar nompolar
*
Mg Ng-
ⓒ 2025. 먼시록moneyseedlog. All rights reserved.
ー
