Nurs 5315 Exam1 2026 MOST
RecentTested,Actual Exam Questions
(2026) WITH Recent Newest Verified
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Detailed & Verified ANSWERS (100%
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Repolarization - ANSWERS-K⁺ ions flow out of the cell through opened potassium
channels, making the inside of the cell more negative and returning towards resting
potential.
Cell membrane damage - ANSWERS-Damage to cell membrane proteins, ATP, nucleic
acids, and ribonucleic acids.
Intracellular enzyme activation - ANSWERS-Leads to cellular death.
Potassium Imbalance - ANSWERS-Potassium imbalances can also significantly affect
the action potential of neurons.
Resting Potential - ANSWERS-The neuron is in a resting state with a voltage of
approximately -70 mV, maintained by the sodium-potassium pump.
Threshold - ANSWERS-A certain threshold (usually around -55 mV) is reached when a
stimulus causes slight depolarization, triggering an action potential.
,Depolarization - ANSWERS-Voltage-gated sodium channels open rapidly, allowing Na⁺
ions to rush into the cell, causing the membrane potential to reach up to +30 mV.
Cellular injury indicators - ANSWERS-Lysosomes digest cytoplasmic reticulum and
nuclear components—lysosomes leak into the blood.
Laboratory Indicators - ANSWERS-Increases in lactate, troponin, and transaminases
indicate cellular injury.
Neurotransmitter Release - ANSWERS-Calcium is critical in neurotransmitter release at
synaptic terminals.
Spontaneous Action Potentials - ANSWERS-Low extracellular calcium can lead to
spontaneous action potentials due to increased excitability.
Calcium Stabilization - ANSWERS-Calcium stabilizes the membrane, making neurons
less excitable and requiring stronger stimuli to trigger action potentials.
Chronic Depolarization - ANSWERS-A condition where persistent depolarization can
inactivate sodium channels, impairing action potentials.
Hyperpolarization - ANSWERS-The potassium channels are slow to close, causing an
overshoot where the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting
potential.
Return to Resting Potential - ANSWERS-The sodium-potassium pump restores the
resting potential by transporting Na⁺ ions out and K⁺ ions back into the neuron.
Calcium Imbalance - ANSWERS-Calcium imbalances can significantly affect the action
potential of neurons.
Hypercalcemia - ANSWERS-High extracellular calcium levels can increase the
threshold required to initiate an action potential and enhance synaptic release.
, Hypocalcemia - ANSWERS-Low extracellular calcium reduces the threshold for action
potential initiation, increasing excitability and leading to symptoms like muscle spasms.
Peak Phase - ANSWERS-At the peak of the action potential, the inactivation gates of
sodium channels close, stopping Na⁺ influx, while voltage-gated potassium channels
open.
Hyperkalemia - ANSWERS-High potassium levels decrease the resting membrane
potential, bringing it closer to the threshold but can impair action potential firing over
time.
Hypokalemia - ANSWERS-Low potassium levels make the membrane potential more
negative, reducing excitability and making it harder for neurons to fire action potentials.
Muscle Weakness - ANSWERS-Chronic depolarization from hyperkalemia can lead to
long-term paralysis or weakness due to inactivation of sodium channels.
Neuromuscular Effects of Hypocalcemia - ANSWERS-Hypocalcemia can lead to
increased neuromuscular excitability, muscle cramps, and tingling sensations.
Muscle Weakness and Cramps from Hypokalemia - ANSWERS-Hypokalemia can lead
to muscle weakness, cramps, and in severe cases, paralysis due to reduced neuronal
and muscular activity.
Refractory Period - ANSWERS-The period during hyperpolarization where the neuron is
less likely to fire another action potential.
Sodium-Potassium Pump - ANSWERS-A mechanism that actively transports Na⁺ ions
out of the cell and K⁺ ions into the cell to maintain resting potential.
Atrophy - ANSWERS-Decrease in size and function
RecentTested,Actual Exam Questions
(2026) WITH Recent Newest Verified
And Well Analyzed Exam Questions
(Actual Exam 2026-2027) Correct
Detailed & Verified ANSWERS (100%
Accurate Solutions) ||ALREADY
GRADED A+||Exam Guarantee Pass!!
Repolarization - ANSWERS-K⁺ ions flow out of the cell through opened potassium
channels, making the inside of the cell more negative and returning towards resting
potential.
Cell membrane damage - ANSWERS-Damage to cell membrane proteins, ATP, nucleic
acids, and ribonucleic acids.
Intracellular enzyme activation - ANSWERS-Leads to cellular death.
Potassium Imbalance - ANSWERS-Potassium imbalances can also significantly affect
the action potential of neurons.
Resting Potential - ANSWERS-The neuron is in a resting state with a voltage of
approximately -70 mV, maintained by the sodium-potassium pump.
Threshold - ANSWERS-A certain threshold (usually around -55 mV) is reached when a
stimulus causes slight depolarization, triggering an action potential.
,Depolarization - ANSWERS-Voltage-gated sodium channels open rapidly, allowing Na⁺
ions to rush into the cell, causing the membrane potential to reach up to +30 mV.
Cellular injury indicators - ANSWERS-Lysosomes digest cytoplasmic reticulum and
nuclear components—lysosomes leak into the blood.
Laboratory Indicators - ANSWERS-Increases in lactate, troponin, and transaminases
indicate cellular injury.
Neurotransmitter Release - ANSWERS-Calcium is critical in neurotransmitter release at
synaptic terminals.
Spontaneous Action Potentials - ANSWERS-Low extracellular calcium can lead to
spontaneous action potentials due to increased excitability.
Calcium Stabilization - ANSWERS-Calcium stabilizes the membrane, making neurons
less excitable and requiring stronger stimuli to trigger action potentials.
Chronic Depolarization - ANSWERS-A condition where persistent depolarization can
inactivate sodium channels, impairing action potentials.
Hyperpolarization - ANSWERS-The potassium channels are slow to close, causing an
overshoot where the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting
potential.
Return to Resting Potential - ANSWERS-The sodium-potassium pump restores the
resting potential by transporting Na⁺ ions out and K⁺ ions back into the neuron.
Calcium Imbalance - ANSWERS-Calcium imbalances can significantly affect the action
potential of neurons.
Hypercalcemia - ANSWERS-High extracellular calcium levels can increase the
threshold required to initiate an action potential and enhance synaptic release.
, Hypocalcemia - ANSWERS-Low extracellular calcium reduces the threshold for action
potential initiation, increasing excitability and leading to symptoms like muscle spasms.
Peak Phase - ANSWERS-At the peak of the action potential, the inactivation gates of
sodium channels close, stopping Na⁺ influx, while voltage-gated potassium channels
open.
Hyperkalemia - ANSWERS-High potassium levels decrease the resting membrane
potential, bringing it closer to the threshold but can impair action potential firing over
time.
Hypokalemia - ANSWERS-Low potassium levels make the membrane potential more
negative, reducing excitability and making it harder for neurons to fire action potentials.
Muscle Weakness - ANSWERS-Chronic depolarization from hyperkalemia can lead to
long-term paralysis or weakness due to inactivation of sodium channels.
Neuromuscular Effects of Hypocalcemia - ANSWERS-Hypocalcemia can lead to
increased neuromuscular excitability, muscle cramps, and tingling sensations.
Muscle Weakness and Cramps from Hypokalemia - ANSWERS-Hypokalemia can lead
to muscle weakness, cramps, and in severe cases, paralysis due to reduced neuronal
and muscular activity.
Refractory Period - ANSWERS-The period during hyperpolarization where the neuron is
less likely to fire another action potential.
Sodium-Potassium Pump - ANSWERS-A mechanism that actively transports Na⁺ ions
out of the cell and K⁺ ions into the cell to maintain resting potential.
Atrophy - ANSWERS-Decrease in size and function
