Software Engineering and Testing – 2025/2026 Key Concepts Overview and Testing Q&A Summary

This document summarizes core concepts used in software engineering and software testing, including object-oriented design elements, coupling and cohesion, and different testing approaches. It provides concise question-and-answer style definitions for topics such as classes, attributes, associations, CRC modeling, black-box testing, regression testing, and ISO quality standards. The material also covers types of coupling, cohesion principles, software validation and verification, and common software error categories. These notes function as a quick revision guide for understanding foundational software engineering and testing terminology. Keywords object oriented design class attribute association generalization aggregation multiplicity crc modeling responsibilities collaborators well formed design class data modeling principles user interface design rules coupling types data coupling stamp coupling control coupling common coupling content coupling routine call coupling type use coupling inclusion import coupling external coupling cohesion concept black box testing behavioral testing verification validation functional testing non functional testing regression testing alpha testing beta testing software error types initialization errors termination errors interface errors data structure errors performance errors quality management standards iso 9000 iso 9001 iso 9004 iso 19011 customer focus leadership engagement of people process approach improvement evidence based decision making relationship management