NSG 501 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS 2026 EDITION
What factors contribute to the work of breathing - ANS The effort required to expand and
contract the lungs.
Inspiration and expiration
Surfactant
Atelectasis
Compliance and airway resistance
The amount of energy expended on breathing depends on? - ANS 1-the rate and depth of
breathing, the ease with which the lungs can be expanded (compliance)
2-airway resistance.
Inspiration - ANS an active process, stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta.
Expiration - ANS passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs,
requiring little or no muscle work
Surfactant - ANS a chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the
alveoli and keep them from collapsing
Atelectasis - ANS a collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide.
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,What can cause atelectasis? - ANS 1-lungs collapse-can be caused by puncture of lungs
2-asthma that irrigates airways,
3-pneumonia,
4-tb,
4-pneomothorax,
5-hemothorax,
6-surgery due to anesthesias
7-premature birth before 34 weeks
What are the Accessory muscles - ANS -overuse of the diaphragm can increase lung volume
during inspiration
-Traps
-sternocleidomastoid
-intern/external intercostals
Respiratory compliance - ANS normal elasticity during breathing
decreased compliance - ANS occurs in asthma and other respiratory issues, you don't have
the same elasticity
Impact of increased airway resistance and decreased lung compliance - ANS -sob
-reduced perfusion
-ineffective gas exchange
-increase RR
-increase in respiratory metabolism due to decreased oxygen levels
Decreased perfusion leads to: - ANS Brain-Stroke
@COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Kidney-renal failure
Liver-failure
Heart-MI
Prolonged use of the accessory muscles - ANS does not promote effective ventilation and
causes fatigue.
Accessory muscles of respiration can - ANS increase lung volume during inspiration
During assessment of accessory muscles check for - ANS observe for elevation of the
patient's clavicles during inspiration
Elevation of clavicle indicates? - ANS ventilatory fatigue
air hunger
decreased lung expansion.
Tidal volume is - ANS the amount of air exhaled following a normal inspiration.
Residual volume - ANS the amount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration
Forced vital capacity - ANS the maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs
during forced expiration.
Carbon dioxide transport - ANS rapidly hydrated into carbonic acid (H2CO3)
then dissociates into hydrogen (H) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions
Hemoglobin buffers the hydrogen ion, the (HCO3-) diffuses into the plasma
Central nervous system controls the - ANS respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm
@COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 3
, Cerebral cortex regulates - ANS the voluntary control of respiration
Chemoreceptors - ANS sense changes in the chemical content and stimulate neural
regulators to adjust
How do chemoreceptors work - ANS Maintains the rate and depth of respirations based on
changes in the blood concentrations of CO2 and O2, and in hydrogen ion concentration (pH).
S1 - ANS mitral and tricuspid close
lub
S2 - ANS aortic and pulmonic close dub
Steps of Cardiac Conduction - ANS 1-impulse is generated at the SA node, when the SA node
fires it contracts both atrias.
2-The impulse from SA node travels to the AV node, they are delayed for about a tenth of a
second. This delay allows atria to contract and empty their contents into the ventricles prior to
ventricle contraction.
3- The impulse now travels to the purkinje fibers, they trigger the muscle fibers in the ventricles
to contract. The right ventricle sends blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The left
ventricle pumps blood to the aorta.
4-
EKG Graph - ANS
How would you analyze hypoxia in an African American pt. - ANS Inspect mucous membranes
Atrial fibrillation - ANS top of heart is fluttering, cannot empty ventricles causes blood clots,
most likely to go to the brain cause ischemic stroke
@COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 4
ANSWERS 100% PASS 2026 EDITION
What factors contribute to the work of breathing - ANS The effort required to expand and
contract the lungs.
Inspiration and expiration
Surfactant
Atelectasis
Compliance and airway resistance
The amount of energy expended on breathing depends on? - ANS 1-the rate and depth of
breathing, the ease with which the lungs can be expanded (compliance)
2-airway resistance.
Inspiration - ANS an active process, stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta.
Expiration - ANS passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs,
requiring little or no muscle work
Surfactant - ANS a chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the
alveoli and keep them from collapsing
Atelectasis - ANS a collapse of the alveoli that prevents normal exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide.
@COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 1
,What can cause atelectasis? - ANS 1-lungs collapse-can be caused by puncture of lungs
2-asthma that irrigates airways,
3-pneumonia,
4-tb,
4-pneomothorax,
5-hemothorax,
6-surgery due to anesthesias
7-premature birth before 34 weeks
What are the Accessory muscles - ANS -overuse of the diaphragm can increase lung volume
during inspiration
-Traps
-sternocleidomastoid
-intern/external intercostals
Respiratory compliance - ANS normal elasticity during breathing
decreased compliance - ANS occurs in asthma and other respiratory issues, you don't have
the same elasticity
Impact of increased airway resistance and decreased lung compliance - ANS -sob
-reduced perfusion
-ineffective gas exchange
-increase RR
-increase in respiratory metabolism due to decreased oxygen levels
Decreased perfusion leads to: - ANS Brain-Stroke
@COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Kidney-renal failure
Liver-failure
Heart-MI
Prolonged use of the accessory muscles - ANS does not promote effective ventilation and
causes fatigue.
Accessory muscles of respiration can - ANS increase lung volume during inspiration
During assessment of accessory muscles check for - ANS observe for elevation of the
patient's clavicles during inspiration
Elevation of clavicle indicates? - ANS ventilatory fatigue
air hunger
decreased lung expansion.
Tidal volume is - ANS the amount of air exhaled following a normal inspiration.
Residual volume - ANS the amount of air left in the alveoli after a full expiration
Forced vital capacity - ANS the maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs
during forced expiration.
Carbon dioxide transport - ANS rapidly hydrated into carbonic acid (H2CO3)
then dissociates into hydrogen (H) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions
Hemoglobin buffers the hydrogen ion, the (HCO3-) diffuses into the plasma
Central nervous system controls the - ANS respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm
@COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 3
, Cerebral cortex regulates - ANS the voluntary control of respiration
Chemoreceptors - ANS sense changes in the chemical content and stimulate neural
regulators to adjust
How do chemoreceptors work - ANS Maintains the rate and depth of respirations based on
changes in the blood concentrations of CO2 and O2, and in hydrogen ion concentration (pH).
S1 - ANS mitral and tricuspid close
lub
S2 - ANS aortic and pulmonic close dub
Steps of Cardiac Conduction - ANS 1-impulse is generated at the SA node, when the SA node
fires it contracts both atrias.
2-The impulse from SA node travels to the AV node, they are delayed for about a tenth of a
second. This delay allows atria to contract and empty their contents into the ventricles prior to
ventricle contraction.
3- The impulse now travels to the purkinje fibers, they trigger the muscle fibers in the ventricles
to contract. The right ventricle sends blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The left
ventricle pumps blood to the aorta.
4-
EKG Graph - ANS
How would you analyze hypoxia in an African American pt. - ANS Inspect mucous membranes
Atrial fibrillation - ANS top of heart is fluttering, cannot empty ventricles causes blood clots,
most likely to go to the brain cause ischemic stroke
@COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 4
