ASU BIO 340 EXAM 3 ACTUAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Gregor Mendel (1822-1884). Answer: Amateur botanist who
published an explanation of hereditary transmission in plants in 1866.
Known for his pea-plant experiments and commonly referred to as the
"father of genetics"
⩥ modern genetics. Answer: the study of heredity and the variation of
inherited characteristics
⩥ bacterial transforming principle. Answer: an experiment proposed by
Frederick Griffith in 1928 which suggested that a "transforming
principle" from a heat-killed virulent Pneumococcus strain can transform
a non-virulent strain into a pathogenic one.
⩥ Avery, McCarty, MacLeod (1944). Answer: biological researchers
who identified DNA as the likely transforming principle in Griffith's
experiment.
⩥ Hershey and Chase (1952). Answer: concluded that the genetic
material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein.
,⩥ Edwin Chargaff. Answer: Austrian biochemist who discovered that
identical quantities of A and T, C and G were present in DNA (developed
the complementary base-pairing rule for DNA).
⩥ Frederick Griffith (1928). Answer: British bacteriologist; the first
person to show that hereditary information could be transferred from one
cell to another horizontally rather than vertically
⩥ genome. Answer: the complete set of genetic information carried by a
species
⩥ vertical transmission. Answer: gene transmission between organisms
without parental reproduction
⩥ horizontal transmission. Answer: gene transmission from parents to
their offspring through reproduction (aka person-to-person)
⩥ DNA replication. Answer: the process in which DNA makes a
duplicate copy of itself.
⩥ transcription. Answer: synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA
template
⩥ mRNA (messenger RNA). Answer: a single-stranded RNA molecule
that encodes the information to make a protein
, ⩥ hereditary material. Answer: the information which is passed from
one cellular generation to the next (encoded in DNA in humans).
⩥ Pauling and Corey (1951). Answer: biological researchers who
provided the basis for research on DNA structure (proposed an alpha
helix model as a structure for nucleic acid)
⩥ Watson and Crick (1953). Answer: the two scientists who discovered
the structure and shape of DNA
⩥ nucleotide. Answer: a building block of DNA, consisting of a five-
carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate
group.
⩥ genes. Answer: DNA segments that serve as the key functional units
in hereditary transmission.
⩥ chromosomes. Answer: a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and
protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic
information in the form of genes.
⩥ nucleoid. Answer: a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
PAPER 2026 COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Gregor Mendel (1822-1884). Answer: Amateur botanist who
published an explanation of hereditary transmission in plants in 1866.
Known for his pea-plant experiments and commonly referred to as the
"father of genetics"
⩥ modern genetics. Answer: the study of heredity and the variation of
inherited characteristics
⩥ bacterial transforming principle. Answer: an experiment proposed by
Frederick Griffith in 1928 which suggested that a "transforming
principle" from a heat-killed virulent Pneumococcus strain can transform
a non-virulent strain into a pathogenic one.
⩥ Avery, McCarty, MacLeod (1944). Answer: biological researchers
who identified DNA as the likely transforming principle in Griffith's
experiment.
⩥ Hershey and Chase (1952). Answer: concluded that the genetic
material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein.
,⩥ Edwin Chargaff. Answer: Austrian biochemist who discovered that
identical quantities of A and T, C and G were present in DNA (developed
the complementary base-pairing rule for DNA).
⩥ Frederick Griffith (1928). Answer: British bacteriologist; the first
person to show that hereditary information could be transferred from one
cell to another horizontally rather than vertically
⩥ genome. Answer: the complete set of genetic information carried by a
species
⩥ vertical transmission. Answer: gene transmission between organisms
without parental reproduction
⩥ horizontal transmission. Answer: gene transmission from parents to
their offspring through reproduction (aka person-to-person)
⩥ DNA replication. Answer: the process in which DNA makes a
duplicate copy of itself.
⩥ transcription. Answer: synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA
template
⩥ mRNA (messenger RNA). Answer: a single-stranded RNA molecule
that encodes the information to make a protein
, ⩥ hereditary material. Answer: the information which is passed from
one cellular generation to the next (encoded in DNA in humans).
⩥ Pauling and Corey (1951). Answer: biological researchers who
provided the basis for research on DNA structure (proposed an alpha
helix model as a structure for nucleic acid)
⩥ Watson and Crick (1953). Answer: the two scientists who discovered
the structure and shape of DNA
⩥ nucleotide. Answer: a building block of DNA, consisting of a five-
carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate
group.
⩥ genes. Answer: DNA segments that serve as the key functional units
in hereditary transmission.
⩥ chromosomes. Answer: a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and
protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic
information in the form of genes.
⩥ nucleoid. Answer: a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
