bio 201 unit 1 questions and answers Graded
A+
Who is Louis Pasteur?
A French chemist who demonstrated that different types of fermentation were
caused by different types of microbes and invented pasteurization.
What is pasteurization?
A process used to kill microorganisms responsible for spoilage.
What nutrients do humans obtain energy from?
Sugar (including glucose, lactose), proteins (made of amino acids like tryptophan),
and fats (lipids).
Why do nutrients have energy?
Nutrients are molecules with chemical bonds that store energy.
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate, often called the 'energy currency' of the cell, used to
store and release energy.
What is a covalent bond?
A chemical bond that links atoms together with electrons to form molecules, each
with associated energy.
What are reactants and products in a chemical reaction?
Reactants are the starting molecules, and products are the final molecules of a
chemical reaction.
What are metabolic pathways?
Connected chemical reactions where the product of one reaction acts as the
reactant of another.
What is anabolism?
,The biosynthesis of complex molecules from simple building blocks, requiring
energy.
What is catabolism?
The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.
What is the relationship between catabolism and anabolism?
Catabolism provides energy (as ATP) for anabolism.
What makes ATP a good energy currency?
ATP has three high-energy phosphate groups and can easily lose phosphate
groups to release energy.
What is oxidation in terms of electron transfer?
A reaction that removes electrons from donor molecules.
What is reduction in terms of electron transfer?
A reaction that adds electrons to acceptor molecules.
What does OIL RIG stand for?
Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).
What is a half-reaction?
A reaction that shows the transfer of electrons, such as Na -> Na+ + e-.
How can you recognize oxidized and reduced molecules?
Molecules with more oxygen/less hydrogen are more oxidized; those with more
hydrogen/less oxygen are more reduced.
What role do enzymes play in biological reactions?
Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being changed
themselves.
Why can't cells use nutrients directly for energy?
Cells have not evolved to use nutrients directly; they rely on ATP to manage
energy release.
,What is the main way to collect energy in cells?
Cellular respiration, which is composed of three metabolic pathways.
What is the goal of catabolism?
To free up energy for other processes by breaking down complex molecules.
What are the four anabolic processes mentioned?
DNA replication, transcription, translation, and photosynthesis.
What happens to energy when ATP is used?
Energy is released when one or two phosphate bonds are broken, and excess
energy becomes heat.
What is the significance of high-energy electrons in cellular functions?
They are the form of energy most commonly used to fuel cell functions.
What is the importance of metabolic pathways?
They allow for the efficient transfer and utilization of energy through a series of
interconnected reactions.
What is the function of a catalyst?
To speed up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
How do enzymes work?
Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions, facilitating metabolic
pathways.
What is the primary function of enzymes in chemical reactions?
Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions to occur.
What is activation energy?
The minimum kinetic energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur between
colliding molecules.
How does temperature affect reaction rates?
, Higher temperatures increase the average kinetic energy of molecules, leading to
more successful collisions.
What effect does increased concentration have on reaction rates?
Increased concentration leads to more collisions, which increases the reaction
rate.
How do enzymes stabilize the transition state?
Enzymes stabilize the transition state by orienting reactants in ideal positions,
lowering activation energy.
What is a substrate in enzymatic reactions?
The reactant an enzyme acts upon.
What is the induced-fit model of enzyme action?
The active site of the enzyme undergoes conformational changes upon substrate
binding.
What are competitive inhibitors?
Molecules that compete with the natural substrate for binding sites on the
enzyme.
What distinguishes noncompetitive inhibitors from competitive inhibitors?
Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a different allosteric site, changing the
enzyme's shape and active site.
What is feedback inhibition?
A process where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme
involved in its production.
What is an allosteric activator?
A molecule that binds to an allosteric site and increases the enzyme's ability to
bind to substrates.
What is the primary process of cellular respiration?
The extraction of energy from glucose and its conversion into ATP.
A+
Who is Louis Pasteur?
A French chemist who demonstrated that different types of fermentation were
caused by different types of microbes and invented pasteurization.
What is pasteurization?
A process used to kill microorganisms responsible for spoilage.
What nutrients do humans obtain energy from?
Sugar (including glucose, lactose), proteins (made of amino acids like tryptophan),
and fats (lipids).
Why do nutrients have energy?
Nutrients are molecules with chemical bonds that store energy.
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate, often called the 'energy currency' of the cell, used to
store and release energy.
What is a covalent bond?
A chemical bond that links atoms together with electrons to form molecules, each
with associated energy.
What are reactants and products in a chemical reaction?
Reactants are the starting molecules, and products are the final molecules of a
chemical reaction.
What are metabolic pathways?
Connected chemical reactions where the product of one reaction acts as the
reactant of another.
What is anabolism?
,The biosynthesis of complex molecules from simple building blocks, requiring
energy.
What is catabolism?
The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.
What is the relationship between catabolism and anabolism?
Catabolism provides energy (as ATP) for anabolism.
What makes ATP a good energy currency?
ATP has three high-energy phosphate groups and can easily lose phosphate
groups to release energy.
What is oxidation in terms of electron transfer?
A reaction that removes electrons from donor molecules.
What is reduction in terms of electron transfer?
A reaction that adds electrons to acceptor molecules.
What does OIL RIG stand for?
Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).
What is a half-reaction?
A reaction that shows the transfer of electrons, such as Na -> Na+ + e-.
How can you recognize oxidized and reduced molecules?
Molecules with more oxygen/less hydrogen are more oxidized; those with more
hydrogen/less oxygen are more reduced.
What role do enzymes play in biological reactions?
Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being changed
themselves.
Why can't cells use nutrients directly for energy?
Cells have not evolved to use nutrients directly; they rely on ATP to manage
energy release.
,What is the main way to collect energy in cells?
Cellular respiration, which is composed of three metabolic pathways.
What is the goal of catabolism?
To free up energy for other processes by breaking down complex molecules.
What are the four anabolic processes mentioned?
DNA replication, transcription, translation, and photosynthesis.
What happens to energy when ATP is used?
Energy is released when one or two phosphate bonds are broken, and excess
energy becomes heat.
What is the significance of high-energy electrons in cellular functions?
They are the form of energy most commonly used to fuel cell functions.
What is the importance of metabolic pathways?
They allow for the efficient transfer and utilization of energy through a series of
interconnected reactions.
What is the function of a catalyst?
To speed up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
How do enzymes work?
Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions, facilitating metabolic
pathways.
What is the primary function of enzymes in chemical reactions?
Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions to occur.
What is activation energy?
The minimum kinetic energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur between
colliding molecules.
How does temperature affect reaction rates?
, Higher temperatures increase the average kinetic energy of molecules, leading to
more successful collisions.
What effect does increased concentration have on reaction rates?
Increased concentration leads to more collisions, which increases the reaction
rate.
How do enzymes stabilize the transition state?
Enzymes stabilize the transition state by orienting reactants in ideal positions,
lowering activation energy.
What is a substrate in enzymatic reactions?
The reactant an enzyme acts upon.
What is the induced-fit model of enzyme action?
The active site of the enzyme undergoes conformational changes upon substrate
binding.
What are competitive inhibitors?
Molecules that compete with the natural substrate for binding sites on the
enzyme.
What distinguishes noncompetitive inhibitors from competitive inhibitors?
Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a different allosteric site, changing the
enzyme's shape and active site.
What is feedback inhibition?
A process where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme
involved in its production.
What is an allosteric activator?
A molecule that binds to an allosteric site and increases the enzyme's ability to
bind to substrates.
What is the primary process of cellular respiration?
The extraction of energy from glucose and its conversion into ATP.
