Page | 1
NSG233 HESI FINAL 2026 LATEST
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| ACE
YOUR GRADES.
Sepsis- drug abuse
Each time they inject a drug, they increase their risk of contracting
infections and developing sepsis, whether they use these drugs
occasionally or they are addicted to them. Sepsis, which was
often called blood poisoning, is the body's life-threatening
response to infection
Hepatic failure- ascites
As a result of liver damage, large amounts of albumin-rich fluid,
20 L or more, may accumulate in the peritoneal cavity as ascites
Shock- hypovolemic prevention
closely monitoring patients who are at risk for fluid deficits and
assisting with fluid replacement before intravascular volume is
depleted
HIV (candidiasis) in Oropharyngeal and esophageal & how is
it characterized?
common in patients with HIV infection. Oropharyngeal candidiasis
is characterized by painless, creamy white, plaque like lesions
that can occur on the buccal surface, hard or soft palate,
oropharyngeal mucosa, or tongue surface
Esophageal varices- repair
, Page | 2
variceal banding, a modified endoscope loaded with an elastic
rubber band is passed through an overtube directly onto the varix
(or varices) to be banded
Colon cancer- intestinal polyps
It may start as a mutation of the adenomatous polyposis gene
(APC), leading to malignancy. The genetic mutations are
associated with the transformation of a benign polyp to invasive
adenocarcinoma, which can invade and destroy normal tissues
and extend into surrounding structures.
AAA- tests
A systolic bruit may be heard over the mass. Duplex
ultrasonography or CTA is used to determine the size, length, and
location of the aneurysm. When the aneurysm is small,
ultrasonography is conducted at 6-month intervals until the
aneurysm reaches a size so that surgery to prevent rupture is of
more benefit than the possible complications of a surgical
procedure
Dissecting abdominal aneurysm s/s of impending rupture
severe back or abdominal pain, which may be persistent or
intermittent. Abdominal pain is often localized in the middle or
lower abdomen to the left of the midline.
Esophageal varices- repair benefits?
effective in controlling acute bleeding. Compared with
sclerotherapy, EVL also significantly reduces the rebleeding rate,
mortality, procedure-related complications, as well as number of
sessions needed to eradicate varices and thus has replaced
sclerotherapy as the treatment of choice in the management of
esophageal varices
, Page | 3
Gastric cancer- NGT
A more sensitive examination is an enteroclysis, in which an NG
tube is advanced into the small bowel to a position above the area
in question; the area is then studied by single- and double-
contrast techniques
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy may offer cure in a small percentage of patients
with lung cancer. It is useful in controlling neoplasms that cannot
be surgically resected but are responsive to radiation. Relief of
cough, chest pain & dyspnea, hemoptysis & bone & liver pain
Esophageal cancer- aspiration? How do you prevent it?
common postoperative complication is aspiration pneumonia, so
patient is placed on vigorous pulmonary plan of care (incentive
spirometry, sitting up in chair & nebulizer tx if necessary. Temp is
also monitored for elevation that may indicate aspiration.
Pneumonectomy- chest tube
Pneumonectomy- chest tube- After pneumonectomy, a patient is
usually turned every hour from the back to the operative side and
should not be completely turned to the unoperated side. This
allows the fluid left in the space to consolidate and prevents the
remaining lung and the heart from shifting (mediastinal shift)
toward the operative side. A patient with a pneumonectomy
usually does not have water-seal chest drainage because it is
desirable that the pleural space fill with an effusion, which
eventually obliterates this space. Some surgeons do use a
modified water-seal system
Thoracotomy- water seal functionality
NSG233 HESI FINAL 2026 LATEST
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| ACE
YOUR GRADES.
Sepsis- drug abuse
Each time they inject a drug, they increase their risk of contracting
infections and developing sepsis, whether they use these drugs
occasionally or they are addicted to them. Sepsis, which was
often called blood poisoning, is the body's life-threatening
response to infection
Hepatic failure- ascites
As a result of liver damage, large amounts of albumin-rich fluid,
20 L or more, may accumulate in the peritoneal cavity as ascites
Shock- hypovolemic prevention
closely monitoring patients who are at risk for fluid deficits and
assisting with fluid replacement before intravascular volume is
depleted
HIV (candidiasis) in Oropharyngeal and esophageal & how is
it characterized?
common in patients with HIV infection. Oropharyngeal candidiasis
is characterized by painless, creamy white, plaque like lesions
that can occur on the buccal surface, hard or soft palate,
oropharyngeal mucosa, or tongue surface
Esophageal varices- repair
, Page | 2
variceal banding, a modified endoscope loaded with an elastic
rubber band is passed through an overtube directly onto the varix
(or varices) to be banded
Colon cancer- intestinal polyps
It may start as a mutation of the adenomatous polyposis gene
(APC), leading to malignancy. The genetic mutations are
associated with the transformation of a benign polyp to invasive
adenocarcinoma, which can invade and destroy normal tissues
and extend into surrounding structures.
AAA- tests
A systolic bruit may be heard over the mass. Duplex
ultrasonography or CTA is used to determine the size, length, and
location of the aneurysm. When the aneurysm is small,
ultrasonography is conducted at 6-month intervals until the
aneurysm reaches a size so that surgery to prevent rupture is of
more benefit than the possible complications of a surgical
procedure
Dissecting abdominal aneurysm s/s of impending rupture
severe back or abdominal pain, which may be persistent or
intermittent. Abdominal pain is often localized in the middle or
lower abdomen to the left of the midline.
Esophageal varices- repair benefits?
effective in controlling acute bleeding. Compared with
sclerotherapy, EVL also significantly reduces the rebleeding rate,
mortality, procedure-related complications, as well as number of
sessions needed to eradicate varices and thus has replaced
sclerotherapy as the treatment of choice in the management of
esophageal varices
, Page | 3
Gastric cancer- NGT
A more sensitive examination is an enteroclysis, in which an NG
tube is advanced into the small bowel to a position above the area
in question; the area is then studied by single- and double-
contrast techniques
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy may offer cure in a small percentage of patients
with lung cancer. It is useful in controlling neoplasms that cannot
be surgically resected but are responsive to radiation. Relief of
cough, chest pain & dyspnea, hemoptysis & bone & liver pain
Esophageal cancer- aspiration? How do you prevent it?
common postoperative complication is aspiration pneumonia, so
patient is placed on vigorous pulmonary plan of care (incentive
spirometry, sitting up in chair & nebulizer tx if necessary. Temp is
also monitored for elevation that may indicate aspiration.
Pneumonectomy- chest tube
Pneumonectomy- chest tube- After pneumonectomy, a patient is
usually turned every hour from the back to the operative side and
should not be completely turned to the unoperated side. This
allows the fluid left in the space to consolidate and prevents the
remaining lung and the heart from shifting (mediastinal shift)
toward the operative side. A patient with a pneumonectomy
usually does not have water-seal chest drainage because it is
desirable that the pleural space fill with an effusion, which
eventually obliterates this space. Some surgeons do use a
modified water-seal system
Thoracotomy- water seal functionality
