Page | 1
NRSG 220 MIDTERM 2026 LATEST
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| ACE
YOUR GRADES.
pharmacokinetic properties
rapid absorption from small intestine
30 minute onset of action
half life 1-4 hours
no known effects on the fetus
excreted primarily from the kidneys
adverse effects of antacids
- constipation
- at high doses, aluminum products bind with phosphate in GI
tract = long term use can result in phosphate depletion
high risk of antacid
- malnourished people
- alcoholic
- renal disease
contraindications antacids
- prolonged use with low serum phosphate
-avoid with suspected bowel obstruction
drug interactions with antacids
- don't take with other meds --> interfere with absorption
- decrease absorption: cimetidine, fluoroquinolones, digoxin,
isoniazid, chloroquine, NSAIDs, iron salts, phenytoin, tetracycline,
and thyroxine
, Page | 2
- anticholinergic drugs increase effects of antacids
- aluminum and calcium antacids may inhibit absorption of dietary
iron
considerations of antacids
- PMH
- watch kidney laboratory values
- monitor for bowel changes and worsening symptoms
**HOLD DRUG AND NOTIFY PRESCRIBER if patients has
symptoms of appendicitis, undiagnosed GI bleeding, suspected
obstruction
Anicholinergic agents ( scopolamine) and antihistamines
(dimenhydrinate/diphenhydramine)
simple nausea, ex. nausea due to motion sickness
serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists (Zofran)
chemotherapy - induced nausea and vomiting (primary indictation
for the use of antiemetic meds)
Phenothiazine (Methotrimeprazine (Nozinan) orHydroxyzine
(Atarax)) and related drugs (dopamineantagonists -
Metoclopramide (Reglan))
Antineoplastic therapy
Benzodiazepines (clonazepam/Klonopin)
Used as monotherapy
Cannabinoids (marajiuana)
Relaxation
Corticosteroids
, Page | 3
Prevention of chemotherapy-induced and postsurgical nausea
and vomiting
Other drugs
Aprepitant (Emend)• Amitriptyline (Elavil)
ondansetron prototype drug
ondansetron zofran - safe
therapeutic classication
antiemtic
pharmacologic classifcation
serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonist
therapeutic effects and uses
treatment for serious n/v
used at least 30 min prior to chemotherapy and continued for
several days after
off- label for cholestatic or opioid- induced pruritus'
ondansetron mechanism of action
blocks serotonin receptors in chemoreceptor trigger zone
laxatives ( bulk forming - Metamucil and surfactant type -
ducstate sodium )
- promotes defecation
- prevents and treats constipation
saline cathartic - pulls water into stool (sennosides)
-implies accelerated, stronger and more complete bowel emptying
through osmosis
Laxatives treatment
, Page | 4
- simple, chronic constipation
- acceleration removal of ingested toxic substances
- accelerate removal of dead parasites
- cleanse the bowel prior to diagnostic or surgical procedures
- avoid increased colon pressure
possible bowel perforation
- monitor for for retrosternal pain
Metamucil considerations
Know PMHx
Assess bowel movements and GI functioning
Mix powder and granules with at least 8 ounces of a pleasant-
tasting liquid immediately before use and drink LOTS of WATER!
Immediately report complaints of retrosternal pain after
taking the drug to the prescriber*
Smaller, more frequent doses spaced throughout the day may be
indicated to relieve discomfort.
Monitor warfarin and digoxin levels closely
Diphenoxylate with Atropine adverse effects
Dizziness
Lethargy, drowsiness
Anticholinergic effects of atropine
diphenxolate/atropine considerations
- Know PMHx/Sx•
- Perform complete assessment of bowel movements and GI
functioning --> Monitor frequency and consistency of stools
- Report abdominal distention and signs of decreased peristalsis
to provider
- Monitor for signs and symptoms of dehydration esp. with young
NRSG 220 MIDTERM 2026 LATEST
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| ACE
YOUR GRADES.
pharmacokinetic properties
rapid absorption from small intestine
30 minute onset of action
half life 1-4 hours
no known effects on the fetus
excreted primarily from the kidneys
adverse effects of antacids
- constipation
- at high doses, aluminum products bind with phosphate in GI
tract = long term use can result in phosphate depletion
high risk of antacid
- malnourished people
- alcoholic
- renal disease
contraindications antacids
- prolonged use with low serum phosphate
-avoid with suspected bowel obstruction
drug interactions with antacids
- don't take with other meds --> interfere with absorption
- decrease absorption: cimetidine, fluoroquinolones, digoxin,
isoniazid, chloroquine, NSAIDs, iron salts, phenytoin, tetracycline,
and thyroxine
, Page | 2
- anticholinergic drugs increase effects of antacids
- aluminum and calcium antacids may inhibit absorption of dietary
iron
considerations of antacids
- PMH
- watch kidney laboratory values
- monitor for bowel changes and worsening symptoms
**HOLD DRUG AND NOTIFY PRESCRIBER if patients has
symptoms of appendicitis, undiagnosed GI bleeding, suspected
obstruction
Anicholinergic agents ( scopolamine) and antihistamines
(dimenhydrinate/diphenhydramine)
simple nausea, ex. nausea due to motion sickness
serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists (Zofran)
chemotherapy - induced nausea and vomiting (primary indictation
for the use of antiemetic meds)
Phenothiazine (Methotrimeprazine (Nozinan) orHydroxyzine
(Atarax)) and related drugs (dopamineantagonists -
Metoclopramide (Reglan))
Antineoplastic therapy
Benzodiazepines (clonazepam/Klonopin)
Used as monotherapy
Cannabinoids (marajiuana)
Relaxation
Corticosteroids
, Page | 3
Prevention of chemotherapy-induced and postsurgical nausea
and vomiting
Other drugs
Aprepitant (Emend)• Amitriptyline (Elavil)
ondansetron prototype drug
ondansetron zofran - safe
therapeutic classication
antiemtic
pharmacologic classifcation
serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonist
therapeutic effects and uses
treatment for serious n/v
used at least 30 min prior to chemotherapy and continued for
several days after
off- label for cholestatic or opioid- induced pruritus'
ondansetron mechanism of action
blocks serotonin receptors in chemoreceptor trigger zone
laxatives ( bulk forming - Metamucil and surfactant type -
ducstate sodium )
- promotes defecation
- prevents and treats constipation
saline cathartic - pulls water into stool (sennosides)
-implies accelerated, stronger and more complete bowel emptying
through osmosis
Laxatives treatment
, Page | 4
- simple, chronic constipation
- acceleration removal of ingested toxic substances
- accelerate removal of dead parasites
- cleanse the bowel prior to diagnostic or surgical procedures
- avoid increased colon pressure
possible bowel perforation
- monitor for for retrosternal pain
Metamucil considerations
Know PMHx
Assess bowel movements and GI functioning
Mix powder and granules with at least 8 ounces of a pleasant-
tasting liquid immediately before use and drink LOTS of WATER!
Immediately report complaints of retrosternal pain after
taking the drug to the prescriber*
Smaller, more frequent doses spaced throughout the day may be
indicated to relieve discomfort.
Monitor warfarin and digoxin levels closely
Diphenoxylate with Atropine adverse effects
Dizziness
Lethargy, drowsiness
Anticholinergic effects of atropine
diphenxolate/atropine considerations
- Know PMHx/Sx•
- Perform complete assessment of bowel movements and GI
functioning --> Monitor frequency and consistency of stools
- Report abdominal distention and signs of decreased peristalsis
to provider
- Monitor for signs and symptoms of dehydration esp. with young
