Portage Learning BIOD 121 Nutrition Final Exam | Comprehensive Review & Practice Questions | Questions & Verified Answers | Graded A+ Guide 2026

Secure your success on the BIOD 121 Final Exam with this exhaustive Portage Learning study resource. This 2026 guide consolidates the most critical concepts from the entire nutrition course into one high-yield document. Master the ABCDEs of nutritional assessment (Anthropometrics, Biochemical, Clinical, Dietary, and Environmental) and the three states of nutritional health: desirable nutrition, over-nutrition, and under-nutrition. The document features precise verified answers for calculating macronutrient percentages, understanding the physiological roles of Ghrelin and Leptin in obesity, and distinguishing between organic micronutrients and energy-yielding macronutrients. Whether you are reviewing the six classes of nutrients or the impact of vitamins on metabolic work, these practice questions and detailed rationales are designed to mirror the actual final exam format. This is the definitive Graded A+ guide for students aiming for top marks in their nutrition finals. Portage Learning BIOD 121 Nutrition Final Exam | Comprehensive Review & Practice Questions | Verified Solutions | Graded A+ Guide 2026 An individual's health can be assessed using the ABCDE's of nutritional assessment. Indicate what each letter represents. _correct answer_ A - Athropometrics- measurements of body composition such as height and weightB - Biochemical- measurement of nutrients in blood, urine and fecesC - Clinical - physical exam and general appearanceD - Dietary- review of dietary intake and assessmentE - Environmental- background, family history, life style and living conditions List and define the three states of nutritional health. _correct answer_ Desirable nutrition is achieved by eating a variety of foods which provide all the essential nutrients to support normal body functions. Over-nutrition is the excess consumption of calories, fats, saturated fats and cholesterol which increase the risk for chronic disease. Under-nutrition occurs whennutrient intake does not meet nutrient needs and over time health begins to decline. There are six classes of nutrients. Name the three that supply energy. _correct answer_ carbohydrates, proteins, and fat The current recommendation to maintain your body weight is 2000 calories daily. If you are told that you should not consume any more than 52 % of your calories from carbohydrates, how many grams of carbohydrates should you eat in a day? _correct answer_ 2000 x .52 = calories / 4 = 260 grams of carbs If a fudge brownie has 9 grams of carbohydrates, 1 gram of protein and 12 grams of fat. How many calories are in the brownie? _correct answer_ Carb: 9 x 4 = 36 Pro: 1 x 4 = 4 Fat: 12 x 9 =108 36 + 4 + 108 = 148 calories If a fudge brownie has 12 grams of carbohydrates, 2 grams of protein and 10 grams of fat. How many calories are in the brownie?_correct answer_ Carb: 12 x 4 = 48 Pro: 2 x 4 = 8 Fat: 10 x 9 =90 48 + 8 + 90 = 146 calories There are six classes of nutrients. Name all that regulate body processes. _correct answer_ Proteins, fat, vitamins, minerals and water There are six classes of nutrients. Name all that are organic. _correct answer_ Carbohydrates, protein, fat and vitamins Describe in detail the role that the hypothalamus plays in determining whether or not you feel like eating. _correct answer_ Hunger center of the brain. Helps to determine hunger, appetite, and satiety. When we have not eaten for a period of time, the amount of nutrients in the blood begin to decline. This drop stimulates the feeding center in the hypothalamus which signals us to eat. When the nutrient level of the blood begin to rise, the satiety center is activated and our desire to continue to eat declines.If a fudge brownie has 22 grams of carbohydrates, 2 gram of protein and 16 grams of fat. How many calories are in the brownie? _correct answer_ Carb: 22 x 4 = 88 Pro: 2 x 4 = 8 Fat: 16 x 9 =144 88 + 8 + 144 = 240 calories Explain the differences between hunger and appetite. _correct answer_ hunger: internal drive, negative sensation appetite: external drive, positive sensation Hunger is the internal drive to find and eat food. It is often experienced as a negative sensation. Appetite is the external drive that encourages us to find and eat food. It is related to pleasant sensations associated with food. MyPlate illustrates 3 concepts. Name the concepts. _correct answer_ The three concepts: Balance, variety and moderation The three key dietary principles of the Dietary Guidelines are 1. Meet nutritional needs primarily from nutrient dense foods and beverages 2. Choose a variety of options from each food group 3. Pay attention to portion size The current recommendation to maintain your body weight is 2000calories daily. If you are told that you should not consume any more than 61 % of your calories from protein, how many grams of protein should you eat in a day? _correct answer_ 2000 x .61 = calories / 4 = 305 grams of protein There are six classes of nutrients. Name all that provide structure. _correct answer_ Protein, fat, mineral and water The current recommendation to maintain your body weight is 2000 calories daily. If you are told that you should not consume any more than 23 % of your calories from fat, how many grams of fat should you eat in a day? _correct answer_ 2000 x .23 = 460 460 calories / 9 = 51.1 grams of fat Name the key hormone that causes a feeling of hunger. Indicate where in the body it is produced and the process by which it operates. _correct answer_ Ghrelin is produced by the stomach and travels to the brain to stimulate the hunger center as it deactivates the satiety center.Name the key hormone that causes a feeling of satiety. Indicate where in the body it is produced and the process by which it operates. _correct answer_ Leptin is produced by the fat cells which are also known as adipose tissue. The role of leptin is to alert the brain to turn off the hunger center and activate the satiety center when consuming a meal. Name the four types of external forces that influence our eating habits and patterns and give an example of how you experience each in your life. _correct answer_ Sensory. Ex. smell of the food Cognitive. Ex. comfort foods or habits learned from parents Environmental. Ex. higher income families spend more going out to eat Health Status. ex. declining taste sensitivity related to age or medication There are six classes of nutrients. Name all that are considered macronutrients. _correct answer_ Carbohydrates, Protein, Lipids/Fats and WaterRecommended maximum % of calories from fat: _correct answer_ The recommended maximum % of calories from fat per day is 35%, with the recommended range being 20 - 35%. Recommended % of calories from carbs _correct answer_ Recommended % of calories from protein _correct answer_ MyPlate recommended food groups _correct answer_ whole fruits, vegetables, whole grains or low-fat dairy, etc myplate 7 simple tips _correct answer_ Benefits add up bite by bite Focus on whole fruits Vary your vegetables Make half your grains whole grains Vary your protein Move to low fat or fatfree dairy or yogurt (lactose-free dairy or fortified soy) Choose foods and beverages with less added sugars, saturated fat and sodium We know that Fred is sedentary; what additional information has Fred provided concerning his environmental assessment? Discuss 4 concerns. _correct answer_ We know that Fred is sedentary; what additional information has Fred provided concerning his environmental assessment? Discuss 4 concerns. (Single, limited income, Fred has cardiovascular disease, no friends or social support, fast food is convenient) and are often the 2 most important reasons specific foods are consumed in North America. _correct answer_ taste; texture True or False: Nutrition is the science that links foods to health and disease. _correct answer_ TrueExplain the internal and external drives that influence our desire to eat. List the positive and/or negative sensations associated with them. _correct answer_ Internal Drive: Hunger associated with churning, growling, or pain in stomach External Drive: Appetite associated with pleasant food sensations and leads us to eat when not hungry A pharmaceutical company is interested in designing a drug to combat obesity. First, list 2 hormones involved in the regulation of hunger and satiety and state their function. Then, explain why the pharmaceutical would target these to treat obesity. _correct answer_ Ghrelin is the hormone most closely associated with hunger. It is produced in the stomach and signals the hunger center to turn on and the satiety center to turn off. Leptin is the hormone most closely associated with satiety. It is produced in adipose cells and signals the satiety center to turn off and the hunger center to turn off. Obese people are sometimes found to have elevated levels of Leptin in their blood. Targeting Ghrelin and Leptin to tackle obesity would most directly be targeting the hormones which indicate to somebody when they should/shouldn't eat. If they could tap into these hormones and indicate to hunger and satiety centers to eat slightlyless, the pharmaceutical company may be able to tackle obesity. True or false. If false, explain why it is false. Vitamins promote growth and development, maintain tissues and cells, fuel the body for physical and metabolic work, and regulate body processes. _correct answer_ False. Nutrients promote growth and development, maintain tissues and cells, fuel the body for physical and metabolic work, and regulate body processes. Or, a vitamin is an organic micronutrient that regulates body processes. acronutrient _correct answer_ needed in large amounts in the body micronutrient _correct answer_ needed in small amounts in the body organic _correct answer_a compound that contains carbon and hydrogen inorganic _correct answer_ a substance that does not contain carbon True or False. If false, explain why it is false. A fat is an organic micronutrient that functions to regulate body processes and provide structure. _correct answer_ False. Fats are an organic MACRONUTRIENT. They are needed in large quantities in the body. Functionally, they are used for energy, regulation, and to provide structure. They can be found in dairy, legumes, nuts, meats, etc. Which of the following is an inorganic macronutrient? minerals water vitamins carbohydrates proteins _correct answer_ water List (A) the names for simple and complex forms of CARBOHYDRATES,(B) at least 2 of their functions, and (C) at least 2 common sources of the nutrient in the diet. _correct answer_ A. Sugars and starches B. Primary source of energy, spare protein or prevent ketosis C. grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and legumes True or False: Vitamins contain both water and fat soluble forms. _correct answer_ true True or false. If false, explain why it is false. Macro-minerals are needed in smaller amounts compared to trace minerals. _correct answer_ FALSE: Micro or trace minerals are needed only in small amounts. Or Macro-minerals are needed in larger amounts compared to trace minerals. Tom is on a diet restricting his consumption of cholesterol. Which macromolecule would he be limiting? _correct answer_ LipidsWhich of the 6 nutrient classes are sources of energy? (Select all that apply): fat Vitamins protein Carbohydrate Water Minerals _correct answer_ fat Protein Carbohydrate Explain how a calorie (the general term), a Calorie (the dietary term) and a kilocalorie are related. _correct answer_ A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. Food calories (Calories) is expressed in terms of kilocalories. Or Calorie = 1 kilocalorie = 1,000 calories What is the definition of a nutrient-dense food? List 1 example of a nutrient dense food. _correct answer_ Foods that contain a high amount of nutrients compared to the calories Examples: Any fruit or vegetable, lowfat/fat free milk, lean meat or complex carbohydrates would count as a nutrient dense food. Compare and contrast (i.e. explain the similarities and differences) between undernutrition and overnutrition. Include the terms' definitionsand how they influence health outcomes. _correct answer_ Undernutrition: not consuming enough nutrients to maintain the body's necessary functions. This can lead to slowed metabolic processes and deficiencies. Overnutrition: consuming an excess of calories including fats, cholesterol, and saturated fats. increases the risk of chronic disease and obesity, and can lead to toxicity. They are related because excess over- and under- nutrition over time can lead to chronic disease and long term health issues. They are different because nutrition tends to lead to obesity in America, while undernutrition can be much harder to initially diagnose; subclinical undernutrition is when the body is not receiving enough nutrients and is facing negative impacts, but it is not yet severe enough to be noticed or diagnosed by medical professionals Which of the ABCDE's of nutritional assessment has to do with measurements of body composition (weight, height, skin fold measurements, and body circumference)? _correct answer_ Anthropometric True or false. If false, explain why it is false. The MyPlate message ofbalance has to do with the idea increasing the consumption for some groups and limiting the consumption of others. _correct answer_ FALSE: The MyPlate message of moderation has to do with the idea of increasing the consumption for some groups and limiting the consumption of others. OR The MyPlate message of balance has to do with the concepts of calories and portion size. According to the MyPlate concept of Start Simple and Make Every Bite Count, give 2 examples of foods to increase and 2 examples of foods to reduce in the diet. _correct answer_ Increase: - Fruits and vegetables (Make half your plate fruits and vegetables). - Whole grains (Half of consumed grains should be whole grains.) - Fat-free or Low-fat (1%) milk instead of whole milk. Reduce: - High sodium foods (choose the foods with comparatively lower amounts of sodium) - Sugary drinks (drink water instead) - Foods with added fats and sugar. myplate variety _correct answer_myplate balance _correct answer_ myplate moderation _correct answer_ According to MyPlate, should make up 25% of the plate. _correct answer_ grains What is a biochemical assessment? _correct answer_ This is when measurements of nutrients in the blood, urine and feces are taken. You are grocery shopping and notice a box of breakfast bars that are calcium fortified. On the front of the box is the statement, " Calcium buildsstrong bones". Which type of claim would this advertising be? _correct answer_ Structure/function claim nutrient claim _correct answer_ regulated statement about a food product that relates to the nutrition content of the food, such as "low fat" or "fat free" preliminary health claim _correct answer_ These claims are also regulated by FDA, but a scientific link may not be established. Not many manufacturers have used this type of a claim. If it is used, a statement similar to "this evidence is not conclusive" must also appear on the label. health claim _correct answer_ statement that describes relationship between a food or food ingredient and reduced risk of a nutrition-related conditionstructure/function claim _correct answer_ a legal but largely unregulated claim permitted on labels of foods and dietary supplements, often mistaken by consumers for a regulated health claim List at least 3 items that are typically presented on a food product. _correct answer_ Product name Name and address of the manufacturer Serving size Amount of product in the package Ingredient listed in descending order Nutrition facts As a dietitian, a client comes to you because they have struggled to control their weight. Using the information you have learned in this module, (1) explain how you would assess the current status of this client (i.e. general health, weight, nutritional status, etc.), and then (2) what tools you would use to teach them better eating habits and recommendations. Be sure to include the name of tools and principles. _correct answer_ 1. Assessment can be done using the ABCDE's of nutrition 2. MyPlate; the principles of balance, moderation and variety should be covered OR how toread a food label is appropriate as well OR the Dietary Guidelines Which of the following is NOT a cognitive external force that influences our eating: comfort foods habits religious beliefs social factors nutritional value _correct answer_ religious beliefs In what portion of the GI tract is bile used for digestion of fats? _correct answer_ Small intestine Sphincters play an important role in the GI tract. Generally speaking, what is that role? Three key sphincters are the esophageal sphincter, the pyloric sphincter, and the ileocecal sphincter. Give the location of each and why each is important. _correct answer_ Sphincters maintain the "forward" flow through the digestive system. The esophageal sphincter - between the esophagus and stomach - prevents the contents of the stomach from reentering the esophagus The pyloric sphincter - separates the stomach and small intestine - controls the releaseof chyme into the small intestines from the stomach. The ileocecal sphincter - between the small and large intestine - prevents the contents of the large intestine from entering the small intestine. Examples of this include sucrose and maltose: _correct answer_ disaccharides Which of the following statements are NOT true concerning blood sugar regulation? hormones are responsible for control excess glucose is stored as glycogen glucagon helps to lower blood sugar levels high blood sugar is called hyperglycemia when blood sugar levels are low, insulin is released from the pancreas hypoglycemia refers to low blood sugar levels normal blood sugar levels are 70-100 mg/dl normal blood sugar leevls are 55-130 mg/dl hormones are responsible for control insulin is secreted by the gallbladder _correct answer_ glucagon helps to lower blood sugar levels when blood sugar levels are low, insulin is released from the pancreas normal blood sugar levels are 55-130 mg/dl insulin is secreted by the gallbladderBe familiar with health issues related to carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. _correct answer_ Examples of this include fructose and galactose: _correct answer_ monosaccharides What organs assist in digestion but are not considered to be a part of the GI tract? _correct answer_ Other organs such as the liver, gallbladder and pancreas aid in digestion but are not considered part of the GI tract. What is the difference between animal sources for proteins and plant sources for proteins? What is it called when several plant proteins combine? _correct answer_ The biological value of a protein is different in animal vs plant sources. Animal sources are considered high quality or complete proteins. Plant sources are considered lower quality or incomplete proteins. When two ormore plant proteins combine, the proteins are called complementary proteins. this dissolves in the GI tract _correct answer_ soluble fiber This is also called non fermentable fiber _correct answer_ insoluble fiber Hard dry stools related to a low fiber diet. _correct answer_ constipation. increase water and insoluble fiber intake Be familiar with the digestive process for carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, including the location and mechanisms of the digestion process for each. _correct answer_This organ stores bile to aid in digestion of fats in the small intestine: _correct answer_ gallbladder A burning sensation in the esophagus. _correct answer_ Heartburn, GERD Be familiar with the various forms of lipoproteins and what role they play in your health. _correct answer_ Which organ makes bile to be used for fat digestion in the small intestine? _correct answer_ Liver Remnant of VLDL that delivers cholesterol to cells _correct answer_ LDLTransports dietary fat from the small intestine to the cells _correct answer_ Chylomicron Have no double bonds _correct answer_ saturated fats Triglycerides that carry the lipids from the liver to the cell _correct answer_ VLDL Made of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule _correct answer_ triglycerides This is added to food for intestinal health: _correct answer_ FUNCTIONAL FIBERWhich of the following statements are NOT True concerning fats and lipids? Fats and oils in food are mostly in the form of triglycerides Lecithin is an example of a sterol Cholesterol is made by the body in adequate amounts to meet our needs Phospholipids are another class of fats Saturated fats can increase cholesterol levels Saturated fats are found mainly in animal sources Trans fats are naturally occurring fats that raise cholesterol levels Saturated fats are solid at room temperature Stick margarine is an example of a saturated fat Canola oil is an example of an unsaturated fat _correct answer_ Lecithin is an example of a sterol Trans fats are naturally occurring fats that raise cholesterol levels Stick margarine is an example of a saturated fat Be familiar with the various forms of a vegetarian diet including how to ensure proper protein consumption while on a plant-based diet. _correct answer_ An organ that is important in the digestion of fats that occurs in the small intestine is the: _correct answer_gallbladder What are the six major parts of the GI tract as outlined by this module? _correct answer_ mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum Which of the following statements are NOT true about protein and the diet? Most adults require 0.8 grams of protein per kg Weightlifters require protein supplements to build muscle Protein contains the nitrogen element Protein yields 4 kcal/g of energy A meal of beans and corn tortillas provides complete protein An essential amino acid can not be synthesized by the body Plant proteins are high quality protein Amino acids are the building blocks for protein Animal proteins are incomplete proteins An essential amino acid can not be synthesized by the body _correct answer_ Plant proteins are high quality protein Animal proteins are incomplete proteins Weightlifters require protein supplements to build muscle This disease is not well understood but causes bloating and abdominal pain. _correct answer_IBS Weak spots in the colon that result in the formation of small pouches. _correct answer_ Diverticulosis A burning sensation in the stomach or small intestine following a meal. _correct answer_ ulcer Which type of diffusion can move substances easily in and out of cells down concentration gradients through the cell membrane? _correct answer_ Passive diffusion esophagus _correct answer_ passageway for food stomacj _correct answer_hold volume of food and mechanically/chemically digests it small intestine _correct answer_ site of digestion and absorption large intestine _correct answer_ reabsorbs water rectum _correct answer_ passes undigested foodstuffs from body True or false. If false, re-write the statement to make a truth. The gallbladder produces bile for digestion and excess is stored in the liver. _correct answer_ FALSE: The liver produces bile for digestion and it is stored in the gallbladder. True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Gastrin is a vital glycoproteinproduced in the stomach and is necessary for the B12 to be absorbed. _correct answer_ FALSE: Intrinsic factor is a vital glycoprotein produced in the stomach and is necessary for the B12 to be absorbed. OR Gastrin is a hormone that increases the concentration of acid in the stomach. heartburn _correct answer_ gastric acid enters esophagus and damages epithelial lining constipation _correct answer_ slow movemnt of feces through digestive system diarrhea _correct answer_ loose, watery discharge of feces irritable bowel syndrome _correct answer_ bloating, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, constipationpeptic ulcer _correct answer_ sores that develop along GI tract due to H. pylori, nsaids, smoking, or stress List a dietary treatment for diverticulosis. _correct answer_ Increased fiber, secifically insoluble fiber is used as a treatment for diverticulosis. Insoluble fiber can soften and increase the mass of stools. This will help prevent straining and will help prevent or lessen the symptoms of diverticulosis. List a dietary treatment for diarrhea. _correct answer_ Treatment usually requires increased fluid consumption to prevent dehydration. A diet of broth, tea, toast, and low fiber foods should be consumed, as tolerated. Which of the following is NOT True concerning blood sugar regulation? Low blood sugar is called hyperglycemia The pancreas influences blood sugar regulation Glucagon helps to raise blood sugar levels Excess glucoseis stored as glycogen Glucagon and insulin are responsible for blood glucose control _correct answer_ Low blood sugar is called hyperglycemia The monomer (single unit that can be absorbed) proteins are digested into _correct answer_ amino acids suagr found in milk _correct answer_ lactose sugar found in table sugar _correct answer_ sucrose sweetest tastong sugar _correct answer_ fructosesugar rarely found in food, but used in liquor _correct answer_ maltose Explain what digestive ailments can be addressed by (1) soluble and (2) insoluble fiber. Make sure to address how each type of fiber works in your answer. _correct answer_ Soluble fiber cannot be dissolved in water or broken down by the GI tract. It slows the absorption of blood sugar into the cells and can help lower cholesterol. This means that increased soluble fiber can help prevent hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol). Insoluble fiber cannot be dissolved in water or broken down by the GI tract. It increases the mass of stools and softens stools. Increasing insoluble fiber is used as a treatment for diverticulosis. Which of the following does amylase digest? _correct answer_ starchThe process of is when the body converts protein derived from muscle into glucose for fuel. _correct answer_ Gluconeogenesis True or false. If false, explain why it is false. High blood sugar levels are referred to as hypoglycemia. _correct answer_ False: High blood sugar levels are referred to as hyperglycemia. OR Low blood sugar levels are referred to as hypoglycemia. (A) Explain how type 1 diabetes occurs and the disease's symptoms. (B) Detail at least 3 ways it is different from type 2 diabetes. _correct answer_ (A) Type 1 diabetes occurs when there is destruction of the beta cells in pancreas typically in childhood so they no longer secrete insulin and there is a rise in the blood glucose level (hyperglycemia). Symptoms are excessive thirst, urination, hunger, weight loss and ketosis. (B) Differences: Cause - Type 2 is caused by insulin resistance or when the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin. Typically associated with being overweight/diet On-set: type 2 has an adult onset whereas type 1 is childhood or early adultTreatment: type 2 is treated with oral medications (anti-diabetic drugs) whereas type 1 is treated with insulin What is the difference between essential vs nonessential amino acids? _correct answer_ Nonessential amino acids can be manufactured by the body or converted from other existing matter. There 11 are nonessential amino acids. Essential amino acids are 9 amino acids that we must consume through the diet as our bodies cannot naturally synthesize them. What term describes the state when protein loss is greater than intake? _correct answer_ Negative protein balance Hillary is having her diet evaluated. She commonly will only eat 1 item. Like a bowl of rice, or some green lentils. As it pertains to proteins, explain to Hillary the difference between complete and incomplete proteins. Would her way of eating introduce complementary proteins into her meal? _correct answer_ Complete proteins are derived from animals and contain all essential amino acids. Other than a few exceptions, plants provide incompleteproteins where more than 1 essential amino acid is lacking. Example of complete protein: Any animal product, soy, quinoa and buckwheat Example of incomplete protein: plants (except soy, quinoa and buckwheat) True or false. If false, explain why it is false. The type of fatty acid is dependent on the bonds that link the carbon units together. _correct answer_ true. It is the type of fat (e.g. saturated, or unsaturated) that is dependant on the bonds that link the carbon units together. A saturated fat contains only single bonds of the carbon molecules. Unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds of carbon. Explain why it is easier to get omega 6 in a typical diet than omega 3. _correct answer_ It has to do with the types of foods the essential fatty acids are present in. Omega 6 is present in vegetable oils and is more prevalent and convenient to obtain in our diets. lipoprotein _correct answer_ lipids surrounded by a shell of phospholipids, protein, and cholesterolcholesterol _correct answer_ a sterol that contains no glycerol backbone monounsaturated fatty acid _correct answer_ a fatty acid chain that contains a single double bond between carbon atoms polyunsaturated fatty acid _correct answer_ a fatty acid containing two or more carbon-carbon double bonds Describe why LDL is considered a marker of cardiovascular health. Explain where it is made, it's main components and function in your answer. _correct answer_ LDL is a remnant of VLDL; as VLDL loses triglycerides it becomes LDL. It's main compnents are mostly cholesterol, and some triglycerides. It's function is to deliver cholesterol from the liver into cells. It is commonly referred to as the "bad cholesterol". It is a marker of cardiovascular health because toomuch LDL can lead to athersclerosis, or the buildiing up of plaque in arteries. Plaque build up constricts blood flow and can increase the risk of both strokes and heart attacks. List at least 3 conditions that increase mortality risk for patients with metabolic syndrome. _correct answer_ Diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease You are volunteering with a medical relief group in a developing nation. A young child presents with edema in the legs and abdomen, a fatty liver, and his mother reports recent changes to his skin and hair. What type of malnutrition is he most likely suffering from? _correct answer_ Kwashiorkor True or false. If false, explain why it is false. Foods that are high in sugar are also good sources of fiber. _correct answer_ FALSE: Foods that are often high in starch are good sources of fiber.The pancreas plays a role in blood sugar regulation. For (A) the fasting, and (B) the fed states, list the hormones the pancreas releases and their effect on blood glucose. _correct answer_ (A) Fasting - pancreas releases glucagon, which breaks down glycogen stores to increase blood glucose levels (B) Fed - pancreas releases insulin, which increases cellular uptake of glucose, lowering blood glucose levels. Which macromolecule type plays a role in structural components, regulates body function, and enzyme production? _correct answer_ proteins The standard adult BMI chart is not applicable to everyone. Who are some groups to whom the standard BMI chart does not apply? ( List at least 4) _correct answer_ Children, teens, pregnant women, breast feeding women, short stature adults, very muscular individuals and the elderly. What are some factors that can influence an individual's BMR?_correct answer_ The BMR varies per person based on a number of factors such as; gender, lean body mass, body size, temperature, age, nervous system activity, caffeine, smoking, pregnancy, and diet. What type of obesity is typically found in females? What body shape is associated with this particular obesity? _correct answer_ gynoid, pear Direct calorimetry estimates a person's energy requirements by _correct answer_ Measuring the heat produced in a sealed chamber What shape has the greatest health risks and why? _correct answer_ Apple, because the fat in the abdominal tissues interferes with the liver's ability to use insulin. What range of BMI values represents a person that is obese? _correct answer_If BMI is equal to or greater than thirty What range of BMI values represents a person with a healthy weight? _correct answer_ 18.5 to 24.9 All of the following can be used to determine a person's body fat percentage except Calipers Underwater weighing Electrical resistance Direct calorimetry _correct answer_ Direct calorimetry Ignoring factors other than age, how does BMR change as a person grows older? What does this mean for their dietary intake? _correct answer_ As we age our BMR declines by 1-2% per decade. If no change in diet or activity level occurs from one decade to the next, a slow weight gain will be the result. Anthropometrics estimates a person's percentage of fat by: _correct answer_Using a caliper What type of obesity is typically found in males? What body shape is associated with this particular obesity? _correct answer_ Android, apple Which person is at a greater risk for health issues related to being overweight or obese?Janet has a BMI of 28 and a waist to hip ratio of 0.95. Fred has a BMI of 28.9 and a waist to hip ratio of 0.78. _correct answer_ Janet. Both have a BMI that indicates being overweight, but Janet has a more at-risk waist to hip ratio as her value is greater than 0.8. Bioelectrical impedance estimates a person's body fat _correct answer_ By measuring the degree of resistance to an electrical flow Indirect calorimetry estimates a person's energy requirements by _correct answer_ Comparing the amount of oxygen consumed with the amount of carbondioxide expired In order to meet minimal nutritional requirements, what guidelines are given for the minimum number of calories men and women should consume per day? _correct answer_ For females, no less than 1200 For males, no less than 1500 Understand the five important strategies in behavior modification. _correct answer_ What are the three main components of a healthy weight loss program? _correct answer_ Calorie control, exercise and behavior modification Name at least 2 examples of when negative energy balance occurs. _correct answer_ During illness or trauma that affects appetite or intake, healing, or as an intentional weight loss strategy.basal metabolic rate _correct answer_ number of calories used by body when in fasting state thermoc effect of food _correct answer_ energy used for the dugaestion and absorption of what we ingest thermogenesis _correct answer_ amount of energy used by body for regulatory processes like posture and shivering normal bmi range _correct answer_ 18.6 - 25 Which of the following populations would not be advised to use the general BMI? Children Pregnant/breastfeeding moms Short stature adults Muscular individuals Elderly _correct answer_all Which method below is used to determine a person's body fat by measuring the fat layer just under the skin at several locations using a caliper _correct answer_ Anthropometrics Other than weight and location of fat, name at least 2 other important indicators of obesity. _correct answer_ Amount (percentage) of body fat, waist circumference, waist-to-hip-ratio True or false. If false, rewrite to make the statement true. When fewer calories than normal are used to maintain body function it is referred to as set point theory. _correct answer_ False: When fewer calories than normal are used to maintain body function it is referred to as a thrifty metabolism OR The theory that states each of us has a genetically predetermined body weight and the body resists change beyond that point is referred to as set point theoryKai has always been a "yo-yo" dieter, in that he loses weight, but then eventually goes back to his previous overweight status. What is this concept called and name the hormone that is hypothesized to be involved. _correct answer_ Set point theory; leptin True and false. If the statement is false, rewrite the statement to make it true. The daily standards of calorie control for females is 1,300 and 1,600 for males. _correct answer_ FALSE: The daily standards of calorie control for females is 1,200 and 1,500 for males. Ryan was comparing two nutrition labels for snacks at the grocery store. Snack #1 had 130 calories per serving and 4 grams of total fat, while Snack #2 had 145 calories and 2 grams of fat. Which snack would be the better choice for Ryan's weight loss goals and why? _correct answer_ Snack #1 because when looking at labels and comparing products, remember that calories are important, regardless of whether they comefrom fat, carbohydrates, or protein. Along with nutrition label reading and keeping a food journal, what are at least 2 more recommended behaviors for controlling calories? (Note: Behavior modification and behavior-modification strategies are not to be listed as a recommendation.) _correct answer_ Measuring portion sizes limiting high fat foods limiting empty calorie foods/foods high in sugar Why can foods advertised as "low-fat" and "fat-free" really not be advantageous for weight loss? _correct answer_ The calorie difference between low-fat and its regular counterpart can be marginal as extra sugar (or salt) can be used to improve the taste. Additionally, the lack of fat or simply the knowledge that the product is lower in calories, may lead you to actually eat more of a low-fat product. The end result is often the consumption of more calories than if you had just ingested the regular product initially. Zoe enjoys going to the coffee shop and ordering coffee drinks withflavored syrups and treating herself to frozen coffee drinks with chocolate and whipped cream. Why are these habits detrimental to weight loss goals and/or maintenance? _correct answer_ Drinks can have high calories but not lead to a feeling of fullness or satiety, so people will also ingest food as well and exceed their calorie intake or allowance for weight loss and maintenance. Which of the following is linked to physical activity? Select all that apply. Increased stress level Mood improvement Increased productivity Decreased bone health Decreased lean body mass _correct answer_ Mood improvement Increased productivity True or false. If false, explain why it is false. Science now shows that individuals must be active for a continuous period of 60 minutes for it to be beneficial. _correct answer_ False. It is recommended people achieve 60-90 minutes of physical activity per day, and reach 10,000 steps per day, but the physical activity does not need to be continuous.Current recommendations state adults should have minutes of activity per day. _correct answer_ 60 - 90 Along with aerobic exercise, list the 2 other categories of physical exercise shown to be beneficial to overall health. _correct answer_ Resistance (or strength) training Stretching Controlling calories, physical activity, and are the three keys to weight loss and maintenance. _correct answer_ behavior modification On Fridays, Jill would meet her best friend at a restaurant close to where they both worked. They coined their tradition "cheesecake Fridays" because they always ordered cheesecake for dessert. Jill is now trying to reduce her calories and increase her activity level to lose weight. Jill feels if she meets her friend for lunch like normal, the temptation would be too great to stickto her eating plan. She asks her friend instead of having "cheesecake Fridays" if they could meet and walk the neighborhood together instead. What kind of behavior modification is Jill demonstrating? _correct answer_ chain breaking Which of the following would be an example of a social support that is part of a social program? Nutra system Physician Dietitian Community college with a cooking class Weight Watchers app to track calories _correct answer_ Community college with a cooking class True or false. If false, explain why it is false. An individual with a BMI of 26 is eligible for drastic weight loss measures like taking medications or surgery. _correct answer_ FALSE: An individual with a BMI of 30, or 27 with co-morbid health risks is eligible for drastic weight loss measures like taking medications or surgery. For individuals with a BMI of 30, drastic weight loss measures can betaken like surgery. Explain how bariatric surgery works to help someone lose weight and name a specific example and how it works. _correct answer_ Surgeries can restrict the size of the stomach so larger quantities of food make the patient uncomfortable or sick. Gastric banding is when an adjustable gastric band can be inflated or deflated to control the size of the stomach Gastroplastic or stomach stapling works by reducing the stomach capacity and bypassing a small portion of the small intestine Gastric balloon is an additional approach for weight loss surgery. A gastric balloon is made out of soft silicone and the deflated form is inserted through your esophagus into the stomach. True or false. If false, explain why it is false. For underweight individuals controlling calories is done in terms of increasing calories. _correct answer_ True! It is about mindfully increasing calorically-dense foods in their diets to healthily increase caloric intake and help them gain weight. Which of the following is NOT a reason why being underweight is detrimental to females. Loss of too much body fat can cause cessation of menstrual period Decrease in bone mass Risk of fractures Increase inlongevity _correct answer_ Increase in longevity A diet invented by two nutritionists in the UK is called the Sirtfood Diet. It has been touted by celebrities like Pippa Middleton and the singer Adele. The basis of the diet is to eat a group of foods the nutritionists' call "sirtfoods" because they believe they will activate "skinny genes" that mimic the effects of fasting and exercise. Not only will people on the diet lose weight quickly, but it will increase energy, health and decrease inflammation in the body. Along with eating the "sirt foods", dieters must restrict calories 1,000 for the majority of days in a week by drinking green juice (dieters will need a good juicer that generally costs about $100) and eating 1 meal a day. The other days, dieters must still replace 1 meal a day with green juice and only eat up to 1,500 calories per day. Part 1: Is the Sirtfood diet a fad diet? List at least 3 pieces of evidence to support your answer. Part 2: Based on the _correct answer_ Part 1: Yes, options for evidence include: quick weight loss, celebrity endorsement, limited selection of foods, expensive (juicer necessary), cure all (energy, better health, decreased inflammation), does not recognize roleof exercise Part 2: Novelty - it promotes specific foods for weight loss that are not scientifically proven. What are the two main classes of minerals and what determines which class a mineral is assigned? _correct answer_ Major minerals (minerals which are needed in amounts greater than 100 mg/day) and Trace minerals (minerals which are needed in amounts less than 100 mg/day) Choose two minerals, one from each major class. Describe the symptoms of a deficiency in the mineral and suggest a way in which the deficiency may be avoided. _correct answer_ Major: Magnesium. Deficiency symptoms include irregular heartbeats, weakness, muscle pain, and seizures. Milk and meat are high in magnesium, and consuming them can help prevent magnesium deficiency. Trace: Iodine. Symptoms include low white blood cell count, poor growth, bone loss, and anemia. Deficiency is not common as table salt in North America is fortified with it. Elsewhere in the world,Plant pigments that play an important role in preventing cardiovascular disease: . _correct answer_ Carotenoids Which vitamin(s) are produced by gut (intestinal) bacteria? Choose all that apply. _correct answer_ Both Biotin and Vitamin K are produced by gut (intestinal) bacteria. An antioxidant found in cell membranes that decreases the risk for cancer and cell damage is . _correct answer_ E What is bioavailability? _correct answer_ The degree to which a nutrient is absorbed and available to be used by the body It is important for women who may be pregnant or who are planning onbecoming pregnant to discuss their folate intake with their doctor. Why or why not? _correct answer_ In pregnant women a deficiency of folate can result in neural tube defects. Night blindness is an early sign of a deficiency of this vitamin: _correct answer_ Vitamin A For each fat soluble vitamin, provide the following information: the common forms of the vitamin, whether or not the body can produce the vitamin, what the vitamin does within the body, what are the results of a deficiency of the vitamin, whether or not an overabundance of the vitamin may be harmful, and what foods are rich in the vitamin? Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E _correct answer_ Your Answer: Vitamin A Common form: retinol, retinal, or provitamin A carotenoidWhat vitamin does within body:helps eyes adjust from bright to dim. also an antioxidant Results of a deficiency: eye loses ability to make mucus and keep eye most (xeriopthalmia), then eventually blindnessIs an overabundance harmful: yes. may result in hip fracture, liver toxicity, or fetalmalformationWhat foods are rich in this vitamin: liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, yogurt, eggs, dark green leafy vegetables, sweet potato, cantaloupes, apricots Vitamin D Common form: ergochalciferol (D2) and cholecalcierol (D3)What vitamin does within body: regulation of calcium and bone metabolismResults of a deficiency: bone problems in children and adultsIs an overabundance harmful: loss of calcium in urine, weakness, loss of appetite, confusion, calcium deposits in kidneysWhat foods are rich in this vitamin:fatty fish, fortified cereal, eggs, butter, fortified milk, yogurt Vitamin E Common form: tocopherol (alpha or gamma)What vitamin does within body: AntioxidantResults of a deficiency: rare, but can lead to cellular breakdown and hemorrhages (breaking down red blood cells)Is an overabundance harmful: yes. may lead to clotting and hemorrhagic responsesWhat foods are rich in this vitamin: oils, cereals, eggs, margaine, whole grains, nuts Be familiar with all outlined aspects of the B and C vitamins, including benefits, effects of deficiencies, and primary food sources containing each vitamin. _correct answer_When water is outside of a cell it is part of the _correct answer_ extracellular What six ions are listed as being responsible for your body's water balance? _correct answer_ sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, magnesium, calcium What are the eight B vitamins? _correct answer_ Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pyridoxine, folic acid, B-12, panthothneic acid, Acronym for the eight B vitamins _correct answer_ There R No Balloons **** Please B-12 B-6 (panthothenic acid) What two hormones help prevent dehydration and how do they function? _correct answer_Antiduretic hormone is released by the pituitary gland to signal the kidney to conserve water. Aldosterone is released from the adrenal glands signaling the kidneys to retain sodium which also leads to water retention When water moves from inside the cell to outside the cell it does so by which process? _correct answer_ Osmosis When water is inside of a cell it is part of the _correct answer_ intracellular What can be done to help the body absorb more iron? _correct answer_ Combining nonheme iron with heme iron or vitamin C with nonheme iron can aid in absorption. Choose one B vitamin. Describe in your own words the symptoms of the deficiency of that vitamin and which foods you'd recommend adding to a diet to prevent those symptoms._correct answer_ Riboflavin. found in enriched grains, meat, eggs, and milk. riboflavin deficiency is ariboflavinosis, but it is rare and often in conjunction with another vitamin deficiency. Be familiar with each mineral, what roles it plays in the body, food sources of each, and the result of deficiency. _correct answer_ List the four major functions of Vitamin C _correct answer_ Collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, assisting in iron absorption, and boosting immune functions True or False. If False, explain why it is false. Vitamins help to regulate and support a variety of processes. These include digestive processes, absorption and metabolism. _correct answer_ trueTrue or False. If False, explain why it is false. The majority of the essential vitamins are not synthesized by the body and must be consumed in the diet. _correct answer_ true Explain the process of Fortification. _correct answer_ Fortification is the process of adding a vitamin to a food which was not originally there. For example, adding vitamin D to orange juice. Which of the following are considered fat soluble vitamins? Choose all that apply. Vitamin B Vitamin C Vitamin A Vitamin E _correct answer_ Vitamin A Vitamin E What form of vitamin A is Beta-carotene considered to be? _correct answer_ Provitamin A or Carotenoids (either answer is appropriate) A friend recently had her annual physical, and her doctor informed her that her Vitamin A levels were too low. As a nurse, she comes to you foradvice on what foods to consume to increase her vitamin A intake. Provide 4 examples of foods that are rich in preformed Vitamin A. _correct answer_ All of the following are good sources of preformed Vitamin A- liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, yogurt and eggs Free radicals _correct answer_ damages cell membranes ergocalciferol _correct answer_ synthetic frm of vit d antioxidants _correct answer_ stops potential damage to cells coagulation _correct answer_ process of blood clottingTrue or False. If false, explain why it is false. The water soluble vitamins have a high likelihood of being toxic if consumed in high amounts. _correct answer_ False: The water soluble vitamins have a low likelihood of being toxic if consumed in high amounts. OR The fat soluble vitamins have a high likelihood of being toxic if consumed in high amounts. refers to the amount of a substance (like a vitamin) that is absorbed into the bloodstream and is available to the body to use. _correct answer_ bioavailability glossitis _correct answer_ inflammation of the tounge cheilosis _correct answer_ cracks around the mouthpellagra _correct answer_ rough skin anecephaly _correct answer_ lack of brain Name the vitamin that iron absorption and immunity are dependent upon. _correct answer_ Vit C What is Extracellular fluid? _correct answer_ Water found outside the cell What two ions control the extracellular water volume? _correct answer_ Extracellular water volume is controlled by sodium and chlorideJill enjoys walking and some group activities on the weekend. Jill wants to know how much water she should be consuming to stay hydrated. Explain to Jill the general recommendations for total fluid intake and the amount from fluids alone for females. _correct answer_ Females require 11 cups of total fluid a day and 9 cups from fluids alone. Which of the following individuals would be more likely to be dehydrated and not recognize that they are thirsty? Choose all that apply. Grace, a 90 year old widow Frank, a twenty five year old teacher Bailey, an active three year old Jill, a middle aged secretary _correct answer_ Bailey, an active three year old Explain the difference between major minerals and trace minerals. _correct answer_ Major minerals are required in amounts greater than 100 milligrams. Trace minerals are required in amounts less than 100 milligrams daily. Optional answer: Major minerals are required in larger amounts than trace minerals. The bioavailability (absorption) of minerals can be affected by severaltypes of interactions. (1) State the interaction from the list that best describes what is occurring in the situation below. (2) List whether the interaction increases or decreases bioavailability. Jess is a vegetarian and always has fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains to ensure adequate fiber intake. To ensure that she is getting all her nutrients, she takes an iron supplement with dinner. A. Mineral-mineral interactionB. Fiber-mineral interactionC. Vitamin-mineral interaction _correct answer_ B. Fiber - mineral interaction. This type of interaction decreases absorption. Certain minerals may contribute to high blood pressure. Choose all that apply. Calcium Sodium Magnesium Chloride _correct answer_ sodium chloride How does one's iron status impact the absorption of iron? Provide an example of an individual who would experience increased iron absorption. _correct answer_ Someone who is deficient in iron will have increased absorption. An individual who is going through a period of growth (infants, children and teens), an individual who is anemic (low iron levels) and pregnancy.An individual who has low numbers of red blood cells and a low hemoglobin would be diagnosed with what condition? _correct answer_ anemia Hypogeusia results when an individual is deficient in what mineral? Define the term hypogeusia. _correct answer_ zinc. reduced taste hyposma _correct answer_ reduced smell As you review Joy's lab work, you note that her hemoglobin level is low. This indicates insufficient intake of what mineral? _correct answer_ Inadequate intake of iron will lead to low hemoglobin levels. One of your patient's reports a reduced sense of smell. You suspect azinc deficiency and explain that a reduced sense of smell is a condition called . _correct answer_ Hyposmia (Anosmia is complete loss of smell) Briefly explain to Sam what is occurring in an individual who has a goiter. Include the mineral that is deficient. _correct answer_ Goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by a deficiency of iodide.