Portage Learning BIOD 121 Nutrition Module 6 Exam Review | Pregnancy, Lactation & Geriatric Care | Questions & Verified Answers | Graded A+ Guide 2026

Excel in your BIOD 121 Module 6 Exam with this expert-verified study guide from Portage Learning. This 2026 resource provides precise answers to essential questions regarding nutrition across the lifespan, focusing on pregnancy, lactation, and aging. Master critical concepts such as weight gain recommendations for various BMIs, the development of the placenta, and the distinction between zygote, embryo, and fetus. The guide also covers geriatric nutrition, including the DASH diet for hypertension, the impacts of sarcopenia, and the DETERMINE screening tool for malnutrition risk in the elderly. Learn the physiological differences between usual and successful aging and how heredity, environment, and lifestyle influence the process. This Graded A+ resource is the ultimate tool for students seeking a deep understanding of life-cycle nutrition and clinical assessment for the modern academic year. Portage Learning BIOD 121 Module 6 Exam. Questions & Verified Answers | Graded A+ Guide 2026 Explain why the quality of food is more important than the quantity of food in older adults. _correct answer_ As we age our calorie needs decline but nutrient needs are still important. To prevent weight gain and disease, the quantity of food needs to decline. DETERMINE can be used to evaluate what _correct answer_ an elder individual's risk for malnutrition Sarcopenia is a loss of what type of tissue? _correct answer_ Lean muscle or muscle mass Jill has been diagnosed with high blood pressure. What diet might her physician recommend she follow to lower her blood pressure? _correct answer_ The DASH Diet, The Mediterranean Diet or a plant based dietAccording to the module, three factors affect an individual's aging process. These factors are lifestyle, environment and . _correct answer_ Heredity Shelly is 40 years old and has been diagnosed as being overweight and hypertensive. She relies on processed foods and fast food for the majority of her meals. Shelly rarely exercises and prefers binge watching shows on weekends. _correct answer_ Usual aging Define the term Middle Adulthood. Provide two unique needs that occur during this period of life. _correct answer_ Middle Adulthood occurs between the ages of 51 to 70 years. Two unique needs include: juggling schedules, adjusting to "empty nest syndrome" and dealing with elderly parents. List 2 vitamins or minerals that are lacking in a child's diet who is avegetarian. _correct answer_ Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, calcium, iron and zinc are all correct Dana is a 4-year old who wants chicken nuggets at every meal. By definition, the desire to eat the same food at each meal is called a . _correct answer_ food jag Jake is 5 months old. You have started to offer baby cereal on a spoon, but Jake continues to push the food out of his mouth. What is the name for what Jake is doing, and why is it occurring? _correct answer_ Jake is experiencing the Extrusion reflex, and is not ready to eat the cereal. (1) Hydration is important while breastfeeding. How many cups of fluid will allow adequate milk production? (2) Are calorie needs while breastfeeding higher or lower than needs during pregnancy? _correct answer_ 1. 13 cups 2. higher than during pregnancyTrue or False. If false, explain why it is false. Prolactin stimulates the lobules in the breast, which in turn stimulates the letdown reflex. _correct answer_ False, Oxytocin stimulates the lobules in the breast, which in turn stimulates the letdown reflex. Stella is in her first trimester of pregnancy and is concerned about a special health concern that her friend experienced, Preeclampsia. List 2 symptoms Stella should be aware of that might indicate that she has Preeclampsia. _correct answer_ Edema, or swelling occurs, increased blood pressure, protein in the urine and changes in blood clotting. Why is extra iron required during pregnancy? Provide 2 reasons. _correct answer_ 1. Increased blood volume 2. To provide iron stores for the fetus Jenn is a pregnant female. During her recent OB appointment, her obstetrician expressed concern because she had ketones in her urine. Whatwould be causing the ketones in her urine? _correct answer_ Jenn's intake of carbohydrates as an energy source is too low and she is using fat for energy. Ketones are a byproduct of fat being used as an energy source. Angela is a pregnant female who was in a healthy weight range prior to her pregnancy. At her clinic visit, she wanted to know what an appropriate weight gain during pregnancy would be. _correct answer_ 25-35 pounds Define the term Small for Gestational Age. _correct answer_ an infant small in size relative to its gestational age. Why is it important for older adults to consume adequate amounts of fluid? What are some of the symptoms of inadequate fluid intake? _correct answer_ As we age we lose our thirst sensation and by the time we realize we are thirsty we are dehydrated. If inadequate fluids are consumed over a periodof time, symptoms of dehydration occur. These include disorientation and mental confusion, constipation, bowel impaction and eventually death. Name 3 common feeding problems that occur among preschoolers _correct answer_ 1. picky eaters / food jags 2. won't eat vegetables 3. always wanting a snack Name three strategies used to manage the symptoms of constipation during pregnancy. _correct answer_ Constipation- Increased fiber in the diet as well as increased fluid consumption will help. Regular, moderate exercise with your physician's approval will help to keep the GI tract functioning properly. fertilization _correct answer_ day 0 - an egg and sperm unite and produce a zygote blastogenic stage _correct answer_ day 1 to 14 - period of rapid cell division - day 14 an embryo is formedembryonic stage _correct answer_ week 2 to 8 - the organ system develops - week 5 the heart begins to beat - week 8 the embryo is now known as a fetus end of first trimester _correct answer_ most organs are formed and the fetus can move fetal stage _correct answer_ week nine to 40 - period of continual growth and development first trimester _correct answer_ 1 to 13 weeks - cell division and crucial periods of growth have already occured second trimester _correct answer_14 - 26 weeks - hands, feet, arms, and legs develop third trimester _correct answer_ fetus will double in length and will increase weight to approximately 7 to 9 pounds low birth weight (lbw) _correct answer_ an infant weighing less than 5.5 pounds, regardless of their gestational stage small for gestational age (sga) _correct answer_ an infant small in size, measured relative to its gestational stage calories in pregnancy _correct answer_ 1st trimester no change, 2/3rd increase 20% pregnancy recommended weight gain_correct answer_ 25 to 35 pounds - 1 to 4 first trimester and 1 pound a week after weight gain during pregnancy underweight _correct answer_ 28 to 40 pounds weight gain during pregnancy normal _correct answer_ 25 to 35 pounds weight gain during pregnancy overweight _correct answer_ 15 to 25 pounds weight gain during pregnancy obese _correct answer_ 11 to 20 pounds vitamin needs during pregnancy _correct answer_- vitamin d - folate to prevent neural tube defects increased mineral needs during pregnancy _correct answer_ - increased iron - increased calcium low iron during pregnancy _correct answer_ preterm delivery, low birth weight, fetal death calcium in pregnancy _correct answer_ baby takes mom's calcium if there isn't enough stored pregnancy diet recommendations _correct answer_ - whole grains, variety of fruits, colorful vegetables, low-fat or fat-free dairy products, healthy fats and protein - avoid processed meat and fish - take the prenatal vitamin heartburn_correct answer_ occurs when the backflow of stomach acid enters the esophagus and causes a burning sensation morning sickness _correct answer_ also known as pregnancy related nausea may interfere with a women's intake of foods - avoid greasy foods, eating smaller meals, having good ventilation when cooking and avoiding large amounts of liquid at one time constipation in pregnancy _correct answer_ difficulty in emptying the bowels - relaxed muscles hinder the process physiological anemia _correct answer_ the normal increase in blood volume in pregnancy that dilutes the concentration of red blood cells, resulting in anemia; also called hemodilution gestational diabetes_correct answer_ after 20th week, hormones interfere with insulin production, increased risk in women over 35, family history, overweight preeclampsia _correct answer_ abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache - pregnancy induced hypertension pica _correct answer_ abnormal craving for both food and nonfood items education and breastfeeding _correct answer_ misinformation about breastfeeding can cause a woman to choose formula over breast milk social concerns and breastfeeding _correct answer_related to feeing the baby in public places: women should be assured that breastfeeding can be done modestly and successfully almost anywhere working and breastfeeding _correct answer_ breast pumps can be used to secrete milk that can be stored for the baby physical inability to nurse _correct answer_ working with consultants can help a women who is struggling to nurse due to breast or nipple structure low numbers in breastfeeding _correct answer_ - education - social concerns - working - physical inability lobules _correct answer_ sac-like structures in the breast for milk storage prolactin_correct answer_ secreted by the pituitary gland to produce milk letdown reflex _correct answer_ causes the release of milk from the milk ducts in the breasts oxytoxin _correct answer_ stimulates the lobules in the breast which in turn stimulates the letdown reflex colostrum _correct answer_ thick, yellowish liquid produced by mammalian mothers during the first days following birth, extremely rich in protein and antibodies that strengthen the baby's immune system breastfeeding nutrition needs _correct answer_ - increase vitamin A,E, C, riboflavin - 13 cups water - 1800 caloriesinfant during the first year of life _correct answer_ requires more nutrients and calories per pound of body weight during any other time of life rapid growth in an infant _correct answer_ double their weight during the first 4 to 6 months of life failure to thrive _correct answer_ describes a condition in children younger than 2 years of age where poor growth is observed - in some cases inadequate intake is due to a disease such as constant diarrhea, intestinal issues or some other physical health problem arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid _correct answer_ long chain fatty acids essential for brain and eye devlopmentextrusion reflex _correct answer_ thrusting of the tongue forward to push food out of the mouth foods to avoid during the 6-12 month age range _correct answer_ - honey - choking hazard foods (small round foods, sticky foods and hard foods) - excess juice - cow, goat and unpasteurized milk ages 2 to 5 _correct answer_ toddler's growth slows and appetite declines food jags _correct answer_ desire to eat same food, certain color, etc the one bite rule _correct answer_ encourages the child to try one bite of each foodpicky eater _correct answer_ - 1 tbs fruits, veggies, meats, beans per year of life - limit milk child always wants snacks _correct answer_ - 6 small meals a day - limit juice and soda child wont eat vegetables _correct answer_ encourage the child to eat the rainbow, more color on the plate signs of nutrient deficiency in children _correct answer_ - iron deficiency anemia - constipation - dental caries (cavities) preteen concerns _correct answer_ - lack of regular meal times - excess consumption of saturated fat - increasing incidence of overweight and obesity - early onset of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetespreteen lack of regular meals _correct answer_ particularly true of breakfast preteen excess consumption of saturate fat _correct answer_ most children are consuming excess fat in their daily diet preteen increasing incidence of overweight and obesity _correct answer_ approximately 40% of obese children become obese adults preteen early onset of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes _correct answer_ physicians are diagnosing a high number of children with both type 2 diabetes and high cholesterol levels the teenage years in females _correct answer_ - grow in height - begin to accumulate both lean and fat tissues - sexualdevelopment and menstruation begins teenage years in males _correct answer_ - growth of height approximately one foot - appetites increase substantially - programs available to ensure that families have access to healthy food _correct answer_ - SNAP - WIC - school lunch and breakfast programs young adult _correct answer_ 19 to 50 middle adulthood _correct answer_ 51 to 70 older adulthood _correct answer_71 plus aging _correct answer_ after 30, cell breakdown is faster than cell synthesis unusual aging _correct answer_ cell death and physical changes related to unhealthy lifestyle choices successful aging _correct answer_ physical and physiological changes that occur related to growing older but not related to poor lifestyle choices compression of morbidity _correct answer_ a shortening of the time a person spends ill or infirm, accomplished by postponing illness affect aging process_correct answer_ - heredity - lifestyle - environment heredity and aging process _correct answer_ genetic composition (genes) play a role in how long an individual lives lifestyle and aging process _correct answer_ includes eating and exercise habits and lifestyle choices such as alcohol or tobacco use environment and aging process _correct answer_ any of our decisions are based on our environment and circumstances DASH _correct answer_ dietary approach to stop hypertension dehydration symptoms_correct answer_ - disorientation - constipation - bowel impaction - death 2 main factors nutrient needs in adults _correct answer_ physiological, psychosocial usda recommendations in adulthood _correct answer_ - increased nutrient density - adequate Fluid and fiber intake - lean meats - mulit-vitamin, mineral - physical activity physiological factors that impact aging _correct answer_ - sarcopenia - skeletal system changes - digestive system changes - chronic disease - medications aging and sarcopenia _correct answer_ loss of lean muscle, leading to a decreased metabolic rateaging and skeletal system changes _correct answer_ occur as bone loss related to osteoporosis and decreased bone mass progresses in both males and females aging and digestive system changes _correct answer_ common in older adults related to lactose malabsorption and decreased stomach acid aging and chronic disease _correct answer_ releated to malnutrition, altered nutrient utilization and altered nutrient needs affect many of the elderly aging and medications _correct answer_ negatively impact nutrition status - can lead to loss of taste or smell, induce anorexia or interact and inhibit the absorption of nutrients psychosocial factors factors that impact aging_correct answer_ - social isolation - depression - alzheimers disease or dementia - economic factors social isolation and aging _correct answer_ related to lack of support from family and friends lead to poor intake depression and aging _correct answer_ can lead to social withdrawal, poor appetite, weight loss and malnutrition alzheimers disease and dementia and aging _correct answer_ causes loss of memory, confusion and decreased social contact economic factors and aging _correct answer_ can lead to an inability to purchase food or nutrient-dense food choices affecting both the quality and quantity of the dietDETERMINE _correct answer_ D - disease E - eating poorly T - tooth loss E - economic hardship R - reduced social contact M - medications I - involuntary weight loss N - needs assistance E - elderly, older than 80 years of age nutrition programs for individuals over 60 _correct answer_ - meals-on-wheels - SNAP - food coops - religious and social organizations usda recommended a specific intake of the food groups to meet unique nutrient needs of older popualtions _correct answer_ - increased nutrient density - adequate fluid and fiber intake - lean meats to provide vitamins and minerals - use of multivitamin and mineral support - modified physical activity to prevent unwanted weight gain children activity level _correct answer_ 60 mins a dayvegetarian kids _correct answer_ protein, vitamin d, vitamin b-12, calcium, iron, zinc 2 fatty acids in the brain and eyes of newborns _correct answer_ arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)