BIOD 121 Module 2 Exam: Digestion, Lipids, Lipoproteins & GI Tract | 2026 Verified Answers

Ace your BIOD 121 Module 2 Exam with this expert-verified study guide from Portage Learning. This 2026 resource provides precise answers to essential nutrition questions, focusing on the anatomy of the GI tract and the complex world of lipids. Master the functions of critical sphincters like the pyloric and ileocecal valves, and understand the roles of the liver and gallbladder in bile production and storage. The document features detailed explanations of lipoproteins, including VLDL, LDL, and HDL, and their roles in transporting cholesterol and triglycerides. You will also find practice on distinguishing between saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats, as well as understanding digestive disorders like diverticulosis and heartburn. This Graded A+ guide is meticulously organized to ensure you have a deep understanding of macronutrient metabolism and digestive physiology for the modern academic year. Portage Learning BIOD 121 Module 2 Exam Questions & Verified Answers | Graded A+ Guide 2026 Specific parts of the GI tract include the mouth, esophagus, (A) , small intestine, (B) and (C) . Other organs such as the liver, gallbladder and pancreas aid in digestion but are not considered part of the GI tract. _correct answer_ A. Stomach, B. Large Intestine, C. Rectum Explain the cause and symptoms of heartburn _correct answer_ Heartburn is a burning sensation in the esophagus due to an improper closer of the sphincter that allows stomach acid to enter the esophagus. Name two sphincters discussed in the module and using your own words, briefly describe their functions._correct answer_ The esophageal sphincter prevents the contents of the stomach from reentering the esophagus. The pyloric sphincter controls the release of chyme into the small intestines from the stomach. The ileocecal sphincter prevents the contents of the large intestine from entering the small intestine. Name the 6 parts of the GI tract _correct answer_ The specific parts of the GI tract include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum Monosaccharides _correct answer_ The simplest form of carbohydrates Disaccharides _correct answer_ Sucrose and lactose are examples Insoluble Fiber _correct answer_Improves passage through the large intestine Soluble Fiber _correct answer_ Slows glucose absorption and lowers cholesterol Functional Fiber _correct answer_ Promotes intestinal health and is not naturally occuring Which of the following is NOT true concerning blood sugar? _correct answer_ When blood sugar drops below 70 insulin is released from the pancreas What is the role of the pancreas in blood sugar regulation? _correct answer_ The pancreas releases insulin that takes glucose into the cells Name the food groups that lacto vegetarians will include in their diets and those that they will avoid _correct answer_Lacto vegetarians will consume dairy products but not eggs or animal flesh The biological value of a protein is different in(A) vs plant sources.(B) sources are considered high quality or complete proteins. Plant sources are considered lower quality or (C) protein. When two or more plant proteins combine, the proteins are called complimentary proteins. A condition resulting from regularly consuming insufficient amounts of proteins and calories is called protein- calorie malnutrition. _correct answer_ A. Animal, B. Animal, C. incomplete Which of the following is NOT true concerning fats and lipids? _correct answer_ Trans fatty acids have less of an impact on cholesterol levels than saturated fats What is the function of low density lipoproteins? _correct answer_ Low Density Lipoproteins deliver cholesterol to cells Identify these initials: HDL. Is this considered good or bad cholesterol?_correct answer_ High density lipoproteins. Good cholesterol What is the function of Sphincters? _correct answer_ To maintain the "forward" flow through the digestive system. Esophageal Sphincter _correct answer_ Between the esophagus and stomach- prevents the contents of the stomach from reentering the esophagus Which type of diffusion can move substances down concentration gradients utilizing a transporter? _correct answer_ Facilitated transport Esophagus _correct answer_ Passageway for foodStomach _correct answer_ Hold volume of food Small intestine _correct answer_ site of digestion and absorption Large intestine _correct answer_ reabsorbs water Rectum _correct answer_ passes undigested food List one of the GI tracts accessory organs and its function for digestions _correct answer_ Liver- produces bile to break down fat True or false: Intrinsic factor is the hormone responsible for controllingthe concentration of acid in the stomach? _correct answer_ False, gastrin is the hormone responsible for controlling the concentration of acid in the stomach List a dietary treatment for constipation _correct answer_ Eating high fiber food such as whole grains to stimulate the large intestine muscles, paired with an increase consumption of water List a dietary treatment for diarrhea _correct answer_ Increased fluid consumption to prevent dehydration. Diet of broth, tea, and low fiber foods. Which of the following is NOT true concerning blood sugar regulation? _correct answer_ The thyroid controls blood sugar regulation Glycogen is broken down into _correct answer_Glucose Galactose _correct answer_ Found in milk Sucrose _correct answer_ example of disaccharide Glucose _correct answer_ monosaccharide Fructose _correct answer_ monosaccharide When the body converts protein derived from muscle into glucose for energy _correct answer_glycogenolysis True of False: Low blood sugar levels are referred to as hyperglycemia _correct answer_ False: Low blood sugar levels are referred to as hypoglycemia Carbohydrates provide kcal of energy/grams _correct answer_ 4 Which enzyme primarily digests lactose? _correct answer_ Lactase Explain how type 2 diabetes occurs and the disease's symptoms _correct answer_ Type 2 diabetes is caused when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or insulin resistance. Symptoms include excessive thirst, urination, hunger, weight loss and ketosis. What are 3 differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes._correct answer_ Cause- Type 1 is caused by the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells that secrete insulin, Onset- Type 1 has a childhood/early onset where type 2 is typically adulthood, Treatment- Type 1 is treated with insulin, where type 2 is treated with oral medications What is the difference between essential vs. non-essential amino acids? _correct answer_ Nonessential amino acids can be manufactured by the body where Essential must be consumed. What term describes the state when protein intake is equivalent to the amount of protein lost? _correct answer_ Protein equilibirum You are advising a client who only eats a plant based diet. How would you explain complete vs incomplete proteins and how would they make sure to have complementary porteins? _correct answer_ Complete proteins are derived from animals and contain all essentialamino acids. Other than soy, plants provide incomplete protiens where more than 1 essential amino aid is lacking. For someone who is on a plant-based diet they need to consume a combination of at least 2 incomplete proteins True or false: The type of fatty acid is dependent on the bonds that link the hydrogen units together _correct answer_ False the type of fatty acid is dependent on the bonds that link the carbon units together Sources of omega Fatty acids include soybeans, canola oils, walnuts flaxseed, salmon. Sources of omega are vegetable oils _correct answer_ 3, 6 Heartburn/GERD _correct answer_ A burning sensation in the esophagus. 6 major parts of the GI tract as outlined by this module?_correct answer_ 1. mouth 2. esophagus 3. stomach 4. small intestine 5. large intestine 6. rectum What organs assist in digestion but are not considered to be a part of the GI tract? _correct answer_ Other organs such as the liver, gallbladder and pancreas aid in digestion but are not considered part of the GI tract. What are responsible for control of blood sugar regulation? _correct answer_ hormones What is excess glucose (blood sugar) stored as? _correct answer_ glycogen does not help to lower blood sugar levels _correct answer_ glucagonHigh blood sugar levels is called _correct answer_ hyperglycemia When blood sugar is high, is released from the pancreas. _correct answer_ insulin refers to low blood sugar levels _correct answer_ hypoglycemia normal blood sugar levels are _correct answer_ 70-100 mg/dl Bile is secreted in the small intestine for the digestion of: _correct answer_ fatsHard dry stools related to a low fiber diet _correct answer_ constipation examples of this include fructose and galactose: _correct answer_ Monosaccharides What is the difference between animal sources for proteins and plant sources for proteins? What is it called when several plant proteins combine? _correct answer_ The biological value of a protein is different in animal vs plant sources. Animal sources are considered high quality or complete proteins. Plant sources are considered lower quality or incomplete proteins. When two or more plant proteins combine, the proteins are called complementary proteins. Examples of this include sucrose and maltose: _correct answer_ disaccharidesSphincters play an important role in the GI tract. Generally speaking, what is that role? _correct answer_ Sphincters maintain the "forward" flow through the digestive system. The esophageal sphincter _correct answer_ between the esophagus and stomach, prevents the contents of the stomach from reentering the esophagus The pyloric sphincter _correct answer_ separates the stomach and small intestine, controls the release of chyme into the small intestines from the stomach The ileocecal sphincter _correct answer_ between the small and large intestine, prevents the contents of the large intestine from entering the small intestine This organ stores bile to aid in digestion of fats in the small intestine:_correct answer_ gallbladder Most adults require of protein per kg _correct answer_ 0.8 grams Protein contains the element _correct answer_ nitrogen Protein yields of energy _correct answer_ 4 kcal/g an can not be synthesized by the body _correct answer_ essential amino acid are the building blocks for protein _correct answer_amino acids are incomplete proteins _correct answer_ plant protein high quality protein _correct answer_ animal sources low quality protein _correct answer_ plant sources (aka incomplete protein) an can not be synthesized by the body _correct answer_ essential amino acid This disease is not well understood but causes bloating and abdominal pain: _correct answer_Irritable Bowel Syndrom (IBD) This is added to food for intestinal health: _correct answer_ Fictional Fiber A burning sensation in the stomach or small intestine following a meal _correct answer_ ulcer This is also called non fermentable fiber: _correct answer_ Insoluble Fiber This dissolves in the GI tract: _correct answer_ Soluble Fiber An organ that is important in the digestion of fats that occurs in the small intestine is the: _correct answer_gallbladder fats and oils in food are mostly in the form of: _correct answer_ triglycerides lecithin is an example of a _correct answer_ phospholipid is made by the body in adequate amounts to meet our needs _correct answer_ cholesterol phospholipids are another class of _correct answer_ fats saturated fats can _correct answer_increase cholesterol levels are found in mainly animal sources _correct answer_ saturated fats a type of partially hydrogenated unsaturated fat that is largely a byproduct of the food industry _correct answer_ trans fats ( trans unsaturated fatty acids) stick margarine is an example of _correct answer_ trans fats canola oil is an example of _correct answer_ unsaturated fat in what portion of the GI tract is bile used for digestion of fats? _correct answer_small intestine weak spots in the colon that result in the formation of small pouches _correct answer_ diverticulosis which organ makes bile to be used for fat digestion in the small intestine? _correct answer_ liver delivers cholesterol to cells _correct answer_ LDL delivers the lipids to the liver _correct answer_ chylomicron have no double bonds _correct answer_saturated fats triglycerides that carry the lipids from the liver to the cell _correct answer_ VLDL made of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule _correct answer_ triglycerides