PSYC140 Module 6 Exam | Developmental Psychology | Portage Learning | 2026 / 2027 Latest Exam Questions & Correct Answers | Guaranteed A

PSYC140 Module 6 Exam | Developmental Psychology | Portage Learning | 2026 / 2027 Latest Exam Questions & Correct Answers | Guaranteed A Q: Who tends to experience more positive social outcomes as a result of their maturation: early-maturing adolescent boys or late-maturing adolescent boys? Answer Early maturing boys Q: At what age do most girls in North America finish growing? Answer Approximately Age 16 Q: Which sex hormones does LH trigger the production of? Answer Estrogens and androgens Q: Mia is a junior in high school and has not yet had her first period. Her seventeenth birthday is in three months. Based on this information, answer the following questions: Is Mia earlier than average, later than average, or neither in regard to menarche? Answer Later than average Q: True or false? Most adults and adolescents never achieve Piaget's final stage of cognitive development, using Piaget's original methodology Answer True Q: According to research, teens in which of Marcia's identity statuses are most likely to show inflexible thinking patterns? Answer Foreclosure Q: True or false? Poor school performance can be a warning sign of teen depression. Answer True Q: True or false? The majority of people who attempt suicide mention their suicidality to someone else before the attempt. Answer True Q: Garbarino identifies four factors that lead to child violence. What are they? Answer -depression -attachment problems -abandonment by mother or father (2) Q: Describe how formal operational thought differs from concrete operational thought. Be sure to focus on the key differences and explain them Answer 1) increased ability for abstract reasoning- having the ability to think about things that one can't see, taste, or touch. ie: math problems, ability to understand and use sarcasm. 2) achievement of hypothetico-deductive reasoning- thinking systematically and scientifically for example the process of systematically going through each hypotheses in Piaget's Pendulum Problem. Q: Negative of abstract thought? Answer The ability to overthink. For example adolescents engaging in imaginary audience: Imagining people are always watching and observing them. Q: What problems are early maturing girls at risk for, and explain why this may be the case. Answer Problems: early sexual activity, eating disorders, poor body image. Reasons: attention from older boys, dissatisfaction with changed body. Q: Purging is not an effective way to lose weight. Neither or laxatives. Briefly explain why. Answer 1. Vomiting immediately afterward only eliminates 50% of calories at best. 2. Laxatives only get rid of around 10% of calories, mainly water loss. Q: Describe in detail the two courses of juvenile delinquency. Then, describe in detail two of Garbarino's recommendations for how to intervene in the life of an individual troubled teenage boy. Do you think these recommendations are likely to work? Why or why not? Answer 1. Adolescence-limited—more common, more benign, only occurs during adolescence. Teens engage in delinquent behaviors but go on to be responsible adults. 2. Life-course persistent—more serious, starts before adolescence and continues afterward, social and biological causes most likely. The individual becomes a repeat offender. Recommendations: 1. Stimulate spirituality. Spirituality aids in the individual finding meaning and purpose in their life. Gives them a moral compass that can direct and lead them in positive direction throughout life. 2. Promote education and build self-esteem. Success at school raises self esteem, leads to more options in life, and gives the individual higher earning potential which can elevate them from difficult circumstances. 3. Positive social groups- Adolescents are looking for esteem and support if positive social groups are not available to them they will likely seek out esteem and support from negative social groups like gangs that offer them this but also come with detrimental consequences for their future. 4. Decrease macho sterotypes Q: Who is more likely to be overweight despite purging behaviors? Answer Bulimia Nervosa Q: Who is likely to be impulsive and abuse alcohol or other drugs? Answer Bulimia Nervosa Q: What region in the brain begins increasing production of GnRH after middle childhood? Answer hypothalamus Q: Allison is a college student who has been having a rough time lately. She gained a little weight at college and is feeling depressed about it. Sometimes in her dorm she eats everything she can find, but then feels terrible. When this happens, she runs to the gym to sweat off the pounds, then rushes to a bathroom to induce vomiting. What type of an eating disorder does she most likely have? Answer Bulimia Nervosa Q: According to experts, adolescents' increase in sarcastic humor may be tied to what increased cognitive ability during adolescence? Be specific Answer improvements in abstract thinking Q: Which of Marcia's identity statuses results in the teen being essentially lost or floundering in terms of identity? Answer Identity Diffusion Q: True or false? Insomnia can be a warning sign of teen depression. Answer True Q: True or false? Teens with good problem-solving abilities are at a higher risk for a suicide attempt. Answer False Q: Nathan has always been fairly well-behaved, but he suddenly begins shoplifting. His teachers feel that he's not focusing on his schoolwork like he used to—he seems distracted and restless. Instead of hanging out with his friends, he now keeps to himself. Is Nathan at risk for a suicide attempt? Why or why not? Answer Yes. Risk factors for suicide include depression as well a change in school performance (ability to focus) and social isolation. Q: According to Piaget, how should adolescents work through the pendulum problem? Be detailed in your answer. Also, be sure to discuss the variables that might affect pendulum speed, and use Piaget's terminology for this stage. Answer Adolescents need to work logically and systematically through the experiment, using hypothetico-deductive reasoning. Adolescents were expected to come up with 4 hypotheses to determine its affect on the pendulum speed. Those hypotheses included how high the object was raised, weight of object, string length, and how forcefully the object was pushed. Adolescents who successfully demonstrated hypothetico-deductive reasoning systematically tested each variable while holding all other variables constant to truly observe the cause of the variable. Q: Name two subtypes of anorexia nervosa. Answer Restricting type & Binge-eating/Purging Q: What is the "imaginary audience" during adolescence? Answer The belief that adolescents may have, that everyone is paying attention to them and watching them. Q: In the module, you read an APA article on early puberty. It discussed the difficulties of early puberty in terms of: Answer -fitting in with peers -experiencing social pressures -the role of unstable environments -recommendations for helping with pubertal transitions Choose three of the above areas, and: 1) Summarize what the article says about each area and 2) Describe in detail your reaction to what the article said about this area. Fitting in: Challenges with looking different from one's peers, and affects disproportionately more difficult for girls. Social pressures: Peers and adults treating early maturing kids differently, hanging out with older friends. Unstable environments: Early life stress, absent fathers, conflict, and low SES are all associated with early puberty. Some difficulty untangling environmental and genetic causes. Recommendations: increase coping skills, adaptability, and planfulness Amy is 10 years old and experiencing menarche. Is she earlier than average, later than average or neither? Answer Earlier than average (average age is 12.5) When does adolescence end? Answer When an adult role is taken on Mia is a junior in high school and has not yet had her first period. Her seventeenth birthday is in three months. Based on this information, answer the following questions: Is Mia more likely or less likely to have a good body image compared to girls who experienced early menarche? Answer More likely True or false? A teen who is struggling with her sexual orientation is at a higher risk for a suicide attempt. Answer True Liz, a junior in high school, has been so busy with sports and other activities that she hasn't given much thought to whether she'll be attending college or working after high school. She's really not sure what her skills and interests are beyond her day-to-day activities in high school. Which of Marcia's identity statuses describe her? Answer Identity diffusion Julian decided to major in music in college because his father is a musician. Answer Identity foreclosure Recently, a teen begins acting like she's never hungry. When she gets home from school, she heads up to her room, closes the door, and lies on her bed for hours. She doesn't return her friends' calls. When her parents try to get her to do the things she used to enjoy doing, she says she's too tired. Is she at risk for a suicide attempt? Why or why not? Answer Yes. Symptoms of depression put teens at risk for suicide. Do individuals with anorexia nervosa engage in purging behaviors? Explain Answer Some do: if they have the restricting type they do not BUT if they have the binge eating/purging subtype of the disorder. What is the secular trend regarding menarche? To what do experts attribute this trend? Answer Decreased average age of menarche for most members of a society. Attributed to better healthcare and nutrition. True or false? It is not unusual for adolescent girls to continue growing until age 18. Answer False. (Girls finish growing ~age 16) Which eating disorder, Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa, tends to start at a younger age? Answer Anorexia Nervosa What is the average age for the pubertal growth spurt for girls in North America? Answer Age 10 Jen has switched her college major three times. Right now, she's working with the career counseling center to really get a good handle on what she'd like to do in the future. Which of Marcia's identity statuses describe her? Answer Identity Moratorium True or false? The majority of completed suicides occur with a firearm. Answer True Who is more likely to be perfectionistic? (anorexia nervosa or bulimia?) Answer Anorexia Nervosa Who typically shows more extreme weight loss? Answer Anorexia Nervosa What is the fourth and final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Answer Formal operations True or false? Teenage break-ups are common causes of teenage suicides. Answer True Which of Marcia's identity statuses results in the teen being essentially lost or floundering in terms of identity? Identity diffusion Who is more likely to think that they look fat when they are dangerously thin? Anorexia Nervosa Which protein hormone is thought to trigger the hypothalamus' increased production of GnRH? Leptin Describe the domino effect: -Various hormones are released triggering development of secondary sex characteristics 1. Pre-puberal growth spurts result in pre-teens achieving threshold of body fat - causes leptin levels to increase - triggering hypothalamus to produces more GnRH - GnRH is sent to pituitary gland in the brain - 2. when GnRH reaches the pituitary gland it stimulates production of gonadotrophins (hormones) which include FSH & LH -FSH: stimulates ovarian follicle maturation & aids in sperm production -LH: triggers production of sex hormones (androgens & estrogen) in blood 3. sex hormones are responsible for development of 2ndary sex characteristics (breast, pubic hair) (at this point & afterward, boys have more androgens & females more estrogen) (first visible signs of puberty usually occur around of puberal growth spurt) Domino effect (summed up) Hypothalamus sends GnRH to pituitary - pituitary releases FSH, LH into blood - increase production of sex hormones What is the average age for the pubertal growth spurt for boys in North America? Age 12.5 FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) results in? Maturation of ovarian follicles & aids in sperm production At what age do most boys in North America finish growing? Age 18 What is spermache? Age of onset for sperm emission (average age 13) True or false? It is important to take someone seriously if they start talking about suicide? True Eli is a senior in high school and he's spent the past year researching colleges and academic majors. After speaking with his parents and a guidance counselor at school, he's feel pretty good about his decisions about school and major. Identity achieved True or false? Poor school performance can be a warning sign of teen depression. True Who tends to experience more healthy social outcomes as a result of their maturation: early-maturing adolescent girls or late-maturing adolescent girls? late-maturing girls Who is more likely to experience amenorrhea? Anorexia Nervosa Examples of secondary sexual characteristics: breast development, pubic hair, testicular and scrotal sac growth. True or false? Males are more likely to complete a suicide than females. True According to Marcia and Erikson, what is commitment, in terms of one's identity? Plan of action (making a decision) Choose either Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa. Give an overview description. Then describe in detail the signs and long-term consequences. Next, describe in detail possible causes of this disorder. Finally, describe in detail the interventions available for this disorder, being sure to include the special concerns with treatment for this disorder. To conclude, indicate your views about the most difficult aspect of overcoming this disorder and what intervention is most likely to be successful. Be sure to be organized in your essay. It may help to label each section (e.g. Description, Consequences, etc.) to make sure that you cover each question. Anorexia: Description: inability to maintain 15% of ideal body weight/intense fear of gaining weight/distorted body image. Signs: ritualistic eating behaviors, not eating with others, excessive exercise, purging behaviors, rapid weight loss Consequences: lanugo, brittle nails and hair, thyroid changes, heart problems, calcium depletion, decreased brain volume, amenhoria, death. Causes: cultural imperative for thinness, family or personal pressure to achieve Interventions: Outpatient or hospitalization—depending on severity, nutritional counseling, therapy to recognize the thoughts that cause this, Maudsley approach: outpatient and is successful for long term, individuals eat with their family at a picnic. Bulimia: Description: overly concerned with weight/binge eating. Signs: tooth decay, scabs on their fingers Consequences: damage to esophagus and stomach, dehydration, changes in electrolytes, heart damage, death. Causes: cultural imperatives, lack of control/mental health issues, low confidence. Interventions: Psychotherapy: cognitive behavioral therapy to address negative thoughts and behaviors, interpersonal psychotherapy: improve quality of relationships & learn to address conflicts. Important maturation process in brain development between adolescence and adulthood. Shift from using limbic system (emotion center) to frontal lobe for decision making and judgement. Limbic system used by adolescents and children instead of frontal lobe may explains what type of behaviors we see mainly in children and adolescents? Explains why adolescents and children have difficulty with impulse control and emotion regulation What significant period happens in early puberty in regards to brain development? 2nd period of overproduction occurs around ages 11 or 12 What may cause overproduction of neural connections in early puberty (11 or 12)? Child's learning and new experiences in early childhood. In regards to brain development what is completed by the end of adolescence? How does this affect the adolescent? Myelination is complete, meaning cognitive processes become faster by the end of adolescence. Two patterns in suicidal teens. - intelligent, perfectionist, isolated - impulsive, risky behaviors Average age for spermarche? age 13 Average age for menarche? 12.5 Decrease in average age of menarche is known as? secular trend Female: Puberal growth spurt: Breast growth: between Average age of menarche (1st period): Early puberty is considered: Late puberty is considered: Puberal growth spurt: 10-16 Breast growth: between 8-13 Average age of menarche (1st period): 12.5 Early puberty is considered: before age 10 Late puberty is considered: menarche after age 16 Male: Puberal growth spurt: Teste growth & scrotal sac: between Average of of spemarche: Early puberty is considered: Late puberty is considered: Puberal growth spurt: 12.5-18 Teste growth & scrotal sac: between 9.5-13.5 Average of of spemarche: 13 Early puberty is considered: before age 12 Late puberty is considered: lack of testicular development by 14 what is spemarche? average age? onset of sperm emission 13 what is menarche? average age? first menstrual period 12.5 Summarize the possible consequences for being an early maturing girl and boy and a late-maturing girl and boy The most recent evidence indicates that early maturing girls are at risk for a number of social, behavioral, and self-image problems (see the Module for details), while early maturing boys typically receive positive attention for being the tallest and strongest in their class. This positive attention is often from both girls and other boys, who may look up to early maturing boys who have a natural advantage in sports and other activities. Late-maturing girls have not been identified for being at risk for major problems, although these individuals may feel annoyed at being behind their peers regarding sexual development. Late-maturing boys may be at-risk for problem behaviors if their appearance and behavior, paired with an unsympathetic and bullying school situation, results in their being rejected by their peers. However, the poor outcomes for late maturing boys and early-maturing girls are by no means inevitable In what ways do profiles of individuals with anorexia nervosa differ from profiles of individuals with bulimia nervosa? While every individual is unique, people with anorexia nervosa are more likely to come from middle- to upper-class families that are highly controlling. It is common for there to be other individuals with this disorder in the family. Also, individuals with AN are more likely to be very perfectionistic and tightly controlling of their own behaviors. Bulimia nervosa may also run in families. However, these individuals are more likely to be impulsive and engage in other reckless behaviors. Research has found connections between bulimia and depressive disorders, indicating a possible biochemical problem. However, it important to note that people with anorexia may also have low levels of key neurotransmitters. In summary, a variety of social, genetic, neurochemical, and personality variables play a role in eating disorders. However, younger and more perfectionistic individuals are more likely to develop anorexia, while older and more impulsive individuals are more likely to develop bulimia What are the health consequences of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa? Anorexia can be fatal, and it is the deadliest mental disorder. Anorexia damages all major organs, and heart problems can linger for the rest of the individual's life. Nutritional deficiencies also affect the brain and bones. Amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation) is also common. While bulimia nervosa is less costly from a health standpoint, it can result in heart failure and stomach rupture. More benign consequences are from purging behaviors, which can noticeably affect cheeks and hands. However, consequences of bulimia are less noticeable than the consequences of anorexia, particularly since many bulimic individuals are of normal weight or are overweight (purging is an inefficient means of losing weight) How does formal operational thought differ from concrete operational thought? Individuals in formal operations are more likely to be able to engage in abstract and hypothetico-deductive reasoning Describe the pendulum problem In the pendulum problem, Piaget would test students' success at thinking logically and systematically through what causes a pendulum to swing more rapidly. The adolescents are expected to come up with a hypothesis and then systematically test it Create profiles of teens who exemplify each of the identity statuses. To do so, choose some aspect of identity (such as vocational identity, ethnic identity) to address and flesh out a scenario for the teen Identity diffusion- teen has had no crisis and has had no decision, teen doesn't have a crisis picking a career or college but also hasn't made a plan to change that either. they are kind of in limbo. Identity moratorium- teen is in a crisis, but has not made a decision yet, student trying to pick out a major in college but can't decide so they stay undecided while they explore further Identity foreclosure- teen makes a decision but without prior exploration, say someone picks a degree path because someone said they would be good at it not that they took time to study about the degree and what attributes should they have Identity achievement- exploration followed by a commitment, a student wanting to be a biologist is going to major in biology in college and has already applied and been accepted to their school What are the two courses of juvenile delinquency? What are Garbarino's recommendations for how to help troubled boys? Adolescence-limited and Life-course persistent. Some recommendations include: encourage and teach empathy, shelter boys from abuse as well as harmful media, encourage spirituality and meaning in life. See the website link for more ideas What are common symptoms of adolescent depression? -Feelings of sadness, which can include crying spells for no apparent reason -Frustration or feelings of anger, even over small matters -Feeling hopeless or empty -Irritable or annoyed mood -Loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities -Loss of interest in, or conflict with, family and friends -Low self-esteem -Feelings of worthlessness or guilt -Fixation on past failures or exaggerated self-blame or self-criticism -Extreme sensitivity to rejection or failure, and the need for excessive reassurance -Trouble thinking, concentrating, making decisions and remembering things -Ongoing sense that life and the future are grim and bleak -Frequent thoughts of death, dying or suicide Describe gender differences in suicide patterns Girls are more likely to attempt suicide, while boys are more likely to complete it Describe the pendulum problem. Piaget would test students' success at thinking logically and systematically through what causes a pendulum to swing more rapidly. The adolescents are expected to come up with a hypothesis and then systematically test it. How does formal operational thought differ from concrete operational thought? Individuals in formal operations are more likely to be able to engage in abstract and hypothetico-deductive reasoning. What are the health consequences of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa? Anorexia - can be fatal, damages all major organs, chronic heart problems, nutritional deficiencies, Amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation) Bulimia - heart failure, stomach rupture, tooth decay How do profiles of individuals with anorexia nervosa differ from profiles of individuals with bulimia nervosa? younger and more perfectionistic individuals are more likely to develop anorexia, while older and more impulsive individuals are more likely to develop bulimia. What are Garbarino's recommendations for how to help troubled boys? encourage and teach empathy, shelter boys from abuse as well as harmful media, positive mentoring by a trustworthy adult, positive social support What are the two courses of juvenile delinquency? Adolescence-limited (more common, less severe) Life-course persistent (more problematic, result of childhood troubles) What are common symptoms of adolescent depression? feelings of sadness and anger, hopelessness, irritably mood, loss of interest in family and friends, changes in sleep or appetite, use of alcohol or drugs, social isolation, poor school performance, and self-harm. Describe gender differences in suicide patterns. Girls are more likely to attempt suicide, but boys are more likely to die from suicide. Describe the domino effect of the development of secondary sex characteristics that is triggered by hormones. 1) In middle childhood, hypothalamus slowly produces GnRH which is then sent to pituitary gland in brain and 2) stimulates release of gonadotropins (LH, FSH) which trigger release of sex hormones, androgens, and estrogens which 3) are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics restricting type of anorexia nervosa Refusing to eat and/or engaging in excessive exercise as a way of preventing weight gain binge-eating/purging type of anorexia Anorexia in which the individual loses weight by bingeing and purging but still meets the other qualities of anorexia which separates it from bulimia Maudsley approach a family treatment for anorexia nervosa that focuses on supporting parents as they determine how to lead their child to eat appropriately bulimia nervosa an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise two types of psychotherapy to treat bulimia Cognitive-behavioral therapy helps individuals change the unrealistically negative thoughts they have about their appearance and change their eating behaviors. Interpersonal psychotherapy helps individuals improve the quality of their relationships, learn how to address conflicts head-on and expand their social networks. describe the period of brain development during adolescence The 2nd period of overproduction happens in early puberty, around ages 11 or 12. Throughout childhood, learning and new experiences create much brain growth, which results in overproduction of neural connections concentrated in the frontal lobes by ages 11 to 12. This is followed by pruning throughout teen years and twenties. Brain development shifts from using the limbic system for judgment and decision making to using the frontal lobe. identity vs identity confusion the period during which adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals. Role confusion (identity diffusion) a situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is James Marcia studied Erikson's Identity vs. Identity Confusion; divided adolescents into four groups - 1) diffusion (not even searching, living day-to-day), 2) moratorium (actively searching for identity), 3) foreclosure (having parents identity), 4) achievement (your own identity) Research indicates that adolescents who are identity-achieved often have high self esteem and are more likely to have an _________. internal locus of control internal locus of control the perception that you control your own fate, result of Identity Achievement status James Garbino's key problems that can lead to child violence Failure for the child to develop a secure attachment with a parent figure, Depression, Abandonment by a parent two patterns of suicidal teenagers Teens who are intelligent, somewhat perfectionist, and fairly isolated Teens who are impulsive and engage in numerous risky behaviors Common triggers for suicides in teens include: a relationship break up, getting in trouble, or family problems for which the parent blames the teen. Boys Puberty Start of Puberty: Usually begins between ages 9.5 and 13.5. Growth Spurt: age 12.5 Spermarche (First Ejaculation): Begins around the age of 13 End of Puberty: 18 years old on average. Girls Puberty Start of Puberty: Typically begins between ages 8 and 13. Growth Spurt: starts age 10 Menarche (First Menstruation): age 12.5 End of Puberty: 16 years old on average. Summarize the domino effect and its role in puberty. The hypothalamus is a regulatory center in the brain and it sends GnRH to the pituitary gland, triggered by achieving a certain threshold of body fat. The pituitary gland released gonadotropins (FSH and LH) which trigger the production of sperm and ovarian follicles, along with sex hormones being released into the bloodstream. These sex hormones lead to the development of secondary sex characteristics like pubic hair growth, breast growth, etc. Late-Maturing Girls have not been identified for being at risk for major problems, although these individuals may feel annoyed at being behind their peers regarding sexual development. The poor outcomes are by no means inevitable. Early-Maturing Boys typically receive positive attention for being the tallest and strongest in their class. This positive attention is often from both girls and other boys, who may look up to early maturing boys who have a natural advantage in sports and other activities. Late-Maturing Boys may be at-risk for problem behaviors if their appearance and behavior, paired with an unsympathetic and bullying school situation, results in their being rejected by their peers. The poor outcomes are by no means inevitable. Profile of people with anorexia nervosa are more likely to come from middle- to upper-class families that are highly controlling, common for it to run in the family. are more likely to be very perfectionistic and tightly controlling of their own behaviors. may come from a culture or part of society where there is a high emphasis on being thin. may also have low levels of key neurotransmitters. Profile of people with bulimia nervosa may also run in families. However, these individuals are more likely to be impulsive and engage in other reckless behaviors. Research has found connections between bulimia and depressive disorders, indicating a possible biochemical problem. Eating disorders In summary, a variety of social, genetic, neurochemical, and personality variables play a role in eating disorders. However, younger and more perfectionistic individuals are more likely to develop anorexia, while older and more impulsive individuals are more likely to develop bulimia. People with the purging subtype of anorexia will still be concerned about obesity and would be underweight. Those components are not part of bulimia. Early Maturing Girls Girls who begin to mature before age 10 my experience delinquency, negative body image, eating Disorder, substance abuse and early sexual behavior. Boys who begin to mature before age 12 may experience popularity with girls, popularity among male peers & athletic success. May also be more prone to risk behavior, starting to do more activities before they are ready. Girl who mature later in life may have a more boyish figure and suffer from body image problems. Even feeling left out from their peers. Boys who mature later may be at risk for some social and behavioral problems if these physical attributes contribute to them being rejected by their peers. What are the health consequences of anorexia nervosa? affects your entire body. Anorexia can be fatal, and it is the deadliest mental disorder. Anorexia damages all major organs, and heart problems can linger for the rest of the individual's life. Nutritional deficiencies also affect the brain and bones. Amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation) is also common. Both anorexia and bulimia are associated with mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. What are the health consequences of bulimia nervosa? affects the entire body. Is less costly from a health standpoint, it can result in heart failure and stomach rupture. More benign consequences are from purging behaviors, which can noticeably affect cheeks and hands. However, consequences of bulimia are less noticeable than the consequences of anorexia, particularly since many bulimic individuals are of normal weight or are overweight (purging is an inefficient means of losing weight). Both anorexia and bulimia are associated with mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. How does formal operational thought differ from concrete operational thought? Give an example (other than one used in the module) of the type of thinking in formal operations that a child in concrete operations might find difficult. formal operational thought is some ways is a continuation of concrete operational thought. Individuals at this stage can think abstractly and hypothetically. They can engage in deductive reasoning, consider possibilities, and think about concepts and situations that are not directly tied to concrete experiences. An example would be, a child is presented with the following problem: "If all birds can fly, and a penguin is a bird, can a penguin fly?" With formal operational thought one is able to use hypothetical-deductive reasoning to consider possibilities and answer the question based on abstract principles, understanding that not all birds can fly, including penguins. Describe the pendulum problem. Piaget would test students' success at thinking logically and systematically through what causes a pendulum to swing more rapidly. The adolescents are expected to come up with a hypothesis and then systematically test it. How does adolescent brain development mirror brain development in early childhood? Both show a pattern of overproduction of neural connections that are then pruned away through learning and usage. Myelination begins in early childhood and is completed in adolescence. Identity diffusion - A teen who is uncertain about her interests and strengths, often feeling lost when contemplating future choices. Sarah hasn't explored potential vocations and is hesitant to make decisions about her future. She lacks a clear sense of direction and vocational identity, leading to a feeling of confusion and floundering. Identity moratorium - A teen who in the midst of a vocational crisis. Maybe despite being a talented student, they are exploring various academic majors without committing to any. Is actively engaging in self-discovery, attending career counseling sessions, and taking diverse courses. While they haven't made a final decision, they are in a state of active exploration, considering different vocational paths to find the best fit. Identity foreclosure - The teen is committed to a specific vocational path without experiencing a crisis. Influenced by parental expectations, they have chosen a career without thoroughly exploring alternatives. Have accepted a predetermined path in line with family traditions or societal norms, assuming a vocational identity based on external expectations rather than personal exploration. Identity achievement - Teen has has successfully navigated a vocational crisis and is committed to a chosen career path. Through self-reflection, internships, and mentorship, they have discovered their passion for environmental science. Have a clear sense of direction, high self esteem, and believes in her ability to achieve long-term goals. Their vocational identity is well-established, they feel in control of their destiny. Unexamined Ethnic Identity Individuals in this stage may not have explored or acknowledged their ethnic identity. They may adopt cultural values without much thought, and this stage might be more prevalent among those from the dominant culture. Ethnic Identity Search/Moratorium This stage involves active exploration of one's ethnic identity, often prompted by social or personal encounters highlighting ethnicity. Individuals may engage in activities like exploring cultural practices, researching group history, or learning about what it means to belong to their ethnic group. Ethnic Identity Achievement In this stage, individuals develop a secure sense of belonging to their ethnic group. For ethnic minorities, it may involve moving away from internalized racism and toward acceptance and appreciation of their ethnic identity. For members of the dominant group, it may signify a move toward a non-racist identity. What is racial and ethnic identity? How do researchers believe this type of identity develops? Racial and ethnic identity is a person's understanding of and connection to their ethnic group. Like Marcia's ideas about adolescent identity, researchers think that people start in a place of unexamined ethnic identity, a process of search or moratorium, and identity achievement Adolescence-Limited Delinquency is more common and benign. Teens engage in delinquent behavior but become more responsible in adulthood. Life-Course Persistent Delinquency is more problematic. Reflective of troubles that start long before adolescence. Combination of biological and social factors contributes to aggressive behaviors that persist into adulthood. Garbarino's Interventions to Stop Violence Cycle: - Teaching empathy to reduce violent tendencies. Protecting boys from both physical and digital violence. - Stimulating spirituality for meaning and purpose. - Mentoring by trustworthy adult figures. - Providing better educational opportunities for increased options and self-esteem. - Offering positive social support through groups like church, sports, and the arts. - Teaching androgyny to counteract hyper-masculinized views. What are common symptoms of adolescent depression? Did any of these symptoms surprise you? Crying Anger and Irritability Loss of interest Low self-esteem Feelings of worthlessness Extreme sensitivity to rejection or failure Grim view of future Suicidal thoughts Describe gender differences in suicide patterns Girls are more likely to attempt suicide, while boys are more likely to complete it. Who is more likely to think that they look fat when they are dangerously thin? Anorexia Nervosa Which protein hormone is thought to trigger the hypothalamus' increased production of GnRH? Leptin What is the average age for the pubertal growth spurt for girls in North America? Approximately age 10 What is spermache? Age of onset for sperm emission What is the fourth and final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Formal operational Matthew is 16 and has barely begun his pubertal growth spurt. He is shorter than all the boys in the class and most of the girls. Is Matthew at risk for any social or emotional problems? Yes What is the average age for the pubertal growth spurt for boys in North America? Approximately 12.5 Amy is 10 years old and experiencing menarche. Is she earlier than average, later than average or neither? Earlier than average True or false? Male adolescents tend to respond differently than female adolescents to early and late maturation. True True or false? The majority of completed suicides occur with a firearm. True True or false? Excessive exercise is often another means of weight loss for individuals with anorexia. True True or false? There are many social advantages to being an early-maturing adolescent boy. True For whom is the disorder more likely to be fatal? Anorexia Nervosa What is the approximate average age of menarche for girls in North America? 12.5 True or false? Most adults and adolescents never achieve Piaget's final stage of cognitive development, using Piaget's original methodology. True True or false? Teens with good problem-solving abilities are at a higher risk for a suicide attempt. False True or false? It is important to take someone seriously if they start talking about suicid True How many identity statuses did James Marcia discuss? four According to Piaget, how should adolescents work through the pendulum problem? Be detailed in your answer. Also, be sure to discuss the variables that might affect pendulum speed, and use Piaget's terminology for this stage. Piaget suggested that adolescents work through the pendulum problem by coming up with 4 hypotheses on what would affect the pendelum speed. These hypotheses should revolve around the weight of the object, length of the string, how high the object is raised, and with how much force it's pushed. He suggested that adolescents with strong hypothetico-deductive reasoning would go through each of these hypotheses while holding other variables constant. What problems are early maturing girls at risk for, and explain why this may be the case Early maturing girls are at risk for partaking in sexual activity and poor body image. This is because they develop more quickly than other girls their age, which may distort the view they have of themselves and their figures. This change in their figures can also cause them to receive more attention from boys, which can lead them to partaking in sexual activities. Name two subtypes of anorexia nervosa. The two subtypes of anorexia nervosa include: restricting type and binge eating/purging type. Describe in detail the two courses of juvenile delinquency. Then, describe in detail two of Garbarino's recommendations for how to intervene in the life of an individual troubled teenage boy. Do you think these recommendations are likely to work? Why or why not? adolescence-limited and life-course persistent. adolescence-limited is more common and benign; in this pattern, teens engage in delinquent behavior, but then become more responsible in adulthood. Life-course persistent delinquency is far more problematic and is often reflective of troubles that start long before adolescence. That is, a combination of biological and social factors likely contributed to a child showing aggressive behaviors. These behaviors then continue and expand in adolescence, and in adulthood the individual may become a repeat offender. There are many ways to intervene but two are mentoring and teaching boys to feel and show empathy towards others. Mentoring can show an adolescent that someone cares abt them and model positive behaviors. Teaching boys empathy shows them how to be understanding and teaching them how to feel their emotions can help them cope with their feelings Purging is not an effective way to lose weight. Neither or laxatives. Briefly explain why 1. Vomiting immediately afterward only eliminates 50% of calories at best. 2. Laxatives only get rid of around 10% of calories, mainly water loss. Do individuals with anorexia nervosa engage in purging behaviors? Explain. Yes, individuals engage in purging behaviors. This is labeled as subtype 2 where the individuals will induce themselves to vomit after binge eating or resort to taking laxatives' with the goal of losing weight. In North America, what is the average age for the pubertal growth spurt? 10 for girls and 12.5 for boys When do girls and boys typically finish growing? Girls 16, boys 18 What is the domino effect in puberty? 1. The hypothalamus sends GnRH to the Pituitary gland 2. The pituitary gland releases FSH and LH 3. The blood stream carries the increase production of sex hormones Hypothalamus The key regulatory center in the brain that monitors body heat, water, nutrient levels, glands and hormones GnRH Gonadatropin-releasing hormone Leptin A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite. FHS Follicle-stimulating hormone LH luteinizing hormone Spermarche age of onset for sperm emission What is the average age of spermarche? 13 Menarche First menstrual period What is the average age of menarche? 12.5 Secular trend a pattern of change occurring over several generations What are some risks for girls early maturing? early sexual activity, eating disorders, poor body image. What are some risks for early maturing in boys? Engaging in mature activities before they are emotionally ready What are some benefits for late maturing in girls? less risk for body image problems due to later increase in fat distribution What are some risks for late maturing in boys? Social and behavioral problems if physical attributes result in them being rejected by their peers. anorexia nervosa an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves What are the 3 types of anorexia? Restricting type, purging type and atypical anorexia Atypical anorexia Weight is within normal range although the dangerous symptoms and obsession are all present (often due to genetic makeup) What are the 3 steps to treating anorexia? 1. Get back to healthy weight 2. start eating more food 3. Change how you think about yourself and food Bulimia an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise What are the 2 psychotherapy treatments for Bulimia? Cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy cognitive behavioral therapy a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) interpersonal psychotherapy a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships Formal Operations Piaget's final stage of cognitive development characterized by the ability to engage in abstract thinking and hypothetic-deductive reasoning which is a systematic and scientific type of thinking. Pendulum Problem Piaget's classic test of formal operations, in which persons are asked to figure out what determines the speed at which a pendulum sways from side to side What are the 4 logical hypotheses in the pendulum problem? length of string, weight of the object, how high the object is raised and how forcefully it is pushed Hypothetico-deductive reasoning the ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises Imaginary audience imagining that people are always observing or watching ones self Myelinated Neurons insulated by fatty sheathes to speed up the conduction of messages How does the brain shift in adolescence? The limbic system for judgement and decision making shifts to the frontal lobe. Limbic system area of the brain that largely influences emotion Identity vs. Identity Confusion the period during which adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals. Fidelity Being able to commit ones self to others on the basis of accepting others, even when there may be ideological differences Crisis/exploration A period of exploration and decision making Commitment A plan of action What are James Marcia's 4 identity statuses? identity diffusion, identity moratorium, identity foreclosure and identity achievement Identity diffusion The adolescent has not has a crisis, so they have not come to any decisions about their identity, nor committed to any course of action Identity moratorium The adolescent is in the midst of a crisis but has not made a commitment to a particular identity. They are exploring and considering but have not yet decided. Identity foreclosure The adolescent has made a commitment but has not had a crisis. This may be a premature decision based on others without considering one's own thoughts Identity achievement The adolescent has gone through a crisis and is committed to a course of action Internal locus of control the perception that you control your own fate What are the 3 stages of Jean Phinney's theory of navigating ethnic identity? 1. Unexamined ethnic identity 2. Ethnic identity search/moratorium 3. Ethnic identity achievement Unexamined ethnic identity Adolescents have not explores or perhaps acknowledged their ethnic identity. They may adopt majority culture values without much thought Ethnic identity search/moratorium Adolescents actively search for their ethnic identity Ethnic identity achievement Adolescents develop a secure sense of belonging to their ethnic group Juvenile deliquency criminal behavior prior to adulthood What are the 2 patterns of delinquency? adolescence-limited and life course persistent Adolescence limited delinquency Teens engage in delinquent behavior but then become more responsible in adulthood Life course persistent delinquency Delinquency that continues after adolescence into adulthood. What are Garbarinos key problems that can lead to child violence? Failure for the child to develop a secure attachment with a parent figure, Depression, and abandonment by a parent What are ways that Garbarino says you can stop the cycle of violence in adolescence? Teaching boys to feel and show empathy toward others, protecting boys from violence in physical and digital environment, stimulate boys spirituality, mentoring, education, positive social support and teach androgyny. Androgyny displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics What are 2 patterns that have been observed regarding suicidal teenagers? Teens who are intelligent, somewhat perfectionist and fairly isolated as well as teens who are impulsive and engage in numerous risky behaviors How does formal operational thought differ from concrete operational thought Individuals in formal operations are more likely to be able to engage in abstract and hypothetic-deductive reasoning concrete operational stage children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events formal operational stage the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly What are common symptoms of adolescent depression? feelings of sadness and anger, hopelessness, irritably mood, loss of interest in family and friends, changes in sleep or appetite, use of alcohol or drugs, social isolation, poor school performance, and self-harm. Describe gender differences in suicide Girls are more likely to attempt, but boys are more likely to die from suicide Describe the domino effect of the development of secondary sex characteristics that is triggered by hormones. 1) In middle childhood, hypothalamus slowly produces GnRH which is then sent to pituitary gland in brain and 2) stimulates release of gonadotropins (LH, FSH) which trigger release of sex hormones, androgens, and estrogens which 3) are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics Maudsley approac A family treatment for anorexia nervosa that focuses on supporting parents as they determine how to lead their child to eat appropriately Describe the period of brain development during adolescence The 2nd period of overproduction happens in early puberty, around ages 11 or 12. Throughout childhood, learning and new experiences create much brain growth, which results in overproduction of neural connections concentrated in the frontal lobes by ages 11 to 12. This is followed by pruning throughout teen years and twenties. Brain development shifts from using the limbic system for judgment and decision making to using the frontal lobe. Research indicates that adolescents who are identity-achieved often have high self esteem and are more likely to have an _________. internal locus of control Common triggers for suicides in teens include a relationship break up, getting in trouble, or family problems for which the parent blames the teen. Allison is a college student who has been having a rough time lately. She gained a little weight at college and is feeling depressed about it. Sometimes in her dorm she eats everything she can find, but then feels terrible. When this happens, she runs to the gym to sweat off the pounds, then rushes to a bathroom to induce vomiting. What type of an eating disorder does she most likely have? bulimia nervosa which is more likely to be perfectionistic? A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa A. anorexia nervosa who typically shows more extreme weight loss? A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa A. anorexia nervosa who is more likely to be impulsive and abuse alcohol or other drugs? A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa what is the fourth and final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? formal operations T/F teenage break-ups are common causes of teenage suicide true T/F teens with good problem-solving abilities are at a higher risk for a suicide attempt false Which of Marcia's identity status results in the teen being essentially lost or floundering in terms of identity? diffusion who tends to experience more positive social outcomes as a result of their maturation: A. early-maturing B. late-maturing A. early-maturing at what age do most girls in North America finish growing? A. approximately age 12 B. approximately age 14 C. approximately age 16 D. approximately age 18 C. approximately age 16 which sex hormone does LH trigger the production of? A. estrogens and androgens B. adrenalin and cortisone C. insulin and oxytocin D. vasopressin and thyroxine A. estrogens and androgens Mia is a junior in high school and has not yet had her first period. Her seventeenth birthday is in three months. Based on this information, answer the following questions: Is Mia earlier than average, later than average, or neither in regard to menarche? A. earlier than average B. later than average C. neither B. later than average T/F most adults and adolescents never achieve Piaget's final stage of cognitive development, using Piaget's original methodology true according to research, teens in which of Marcia's identity statuses are most likely to show inflexibile thinking patterns? foreclosure T/F poor school performance can be a warning sign of teen depression true T/F the majority of people who attempt suicide mention their suicidality to someone else before the attempt true T/F it is not unusual for adolescent boys to continue growing until age 18 true who is more likely to experience amenorrhea? A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa A. anorexia nervosa what region in the brain begins increasing production of GnRG after middle childhood hypothalamus T/F males are more likely to complete a suicide than females true Julian decided to major in music in college because his father is a musician A. identity diffusion B. identity moratorium C. identity foreclosure D. identity achieved C. identity foreclosure for whom is the disorder more likely to be fatal? A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa A. anorexia nervosa who is more likely to think that they look fat when they are dangerously thin? A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa A. anorexia nervosa Which two gonadotropins did you learn about in the module? A. ghrelin and leptin B. FSH, LH C. adrenalin and cortisol D. none of the above B. FSH, LH T/F females are more likely to attempt suicide than males true T/F it is important to take someone seriously if they start talking about suicide true what hormone does the hypothalamus slowly produce beginning in middle childhood? GnRH T/F adolescents vary regarding the age at which the first visible signs of puberty occur true what is the average age of spermarche? 13 years what is the average age of menarche? 12.5 years what is a negative of abstract thought? ability to overthink T/F adolescent girls are far more likely to be treated for depression true ____ is the third leading cause of death in 15-24 year old people in the US suicide Research indicates that adolescents who are identity-achieved often have high self esteem and are more likely to have an _________. internal locus of control how many identity statuses did James Marcia discuss? four Eli is a senior in high school and he's spent the past year researching colleges and academic majors. After speaking with his parents and a guidance counselor at school, he feels pretty good about his decisions about school and major. Identify which of the following identity statuses would best describe the individual, in terms of occupational identity A. Identity Diffusion B. Identity Moratorium C. Identity Foreclosure D. Identity Achieved. D. Identity Achieved. according to Marcia and Erikson, what is an identity crisis? period of exploration and decision making T/F it is not unusual for adolescent girls to continue growing until age 18 false which eating disorder tends to start at a younger age? A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa A. anorexia nervosa what is the average age for puberty growth spurt for girls in North America? A. approximately age 8 B. approximately age 10 C. approximately age 12 D. approximately age 14 B. approximately age 10 Identify which of the following identity statuses would best describe the individual, in terms of occupational identity: Liz, a junior in high school, has been so busy with sports and other activities that she hasn't given much thought to whether she'll be attending college or working after high school. She's really not sure whether skills and interests are beyond her day-to-day activities in highschool A.Identity Diffusion B. Identity Moratorium C. Identity Foreclosure D. Identity Achieved. A.Identity Diffusion Identify which of the following identity statuses would best describe the individual, in terms of occupational identity: Jen has switched her college major three times. Right now, she's working with the career counseling center to really get a good handle on what she'd like to do in the future. A.Identity Diffusion B. Identity Moratorium C. Identity Foreclosure D. Identity Achieved. B. Identity Moratorium T/F the majority of completed suicides occur with a firearm true Matthew is 16 and has barely begun his pubertal growth spurt. He is shorter than all the boys in the class and most of the girls. Is Matthew at risk for any social or emotional problems? yes what is the average age for the pubertal growth spurt for boys in North America? A.approximately age 8.5 B. approximately age 10.5 C. approximately age 12.5 D. approximately age 14.5 C. approximately age 12.5 Amy is 10 years old and experiencing menarche. Is she earlier than average, later than average or neither? earlier than average T/F male adolescents tend to respond differently than female adolescents to early and late maturation true what biological event marks the beginning of adolescence? puberty what is spermache? Age of onset for sperm emission Hypothalamus sends GnRH to _____? pituitary gland Puberty Age in Boys: Age in Girls: Changes in Boys: Changes in Girls: Age in Boys: 12.5-18 Age in Girls: 10-16 Changes in Boys: 50% of adult body weight added; Muscle Mass Changes in Girls: 50% of adult body weight added; Fat to arms, legs, and trunk Hormone Domino Affect: Hypothalamus -- Gonadatropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) -- Pituitary Gland -- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing Hormone (LH) -- Blood Stream -- Increased Sex Hormones (Males: Androgens; Females: Estrogens) Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Boys: Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Girls: Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Boys: 9.5-13.5 -- Growth of testes and scrotal sac Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Girls: 8-13 Growth of Breasts Spermarche Age: Menarche Age: Secular Trend: Spermarche Age: 13 Menarche Age: 12.5 Secular Trend: Age of first period is lower in more developed countries Social Consequence of Early Puberty: Girls: 1) Delinquency 2) Negative Body Image 3) Eating Disorders 4) Substance Abuse 5) Early sexual behavior Boys: 1) Popularity with girls 2) Popularity with male peers 3) Athletic success Social Consequence of Late Puberty: Girls: 1) Left Out initially 2) More positive Boys: 1) Substance abuse 2) Problem Behaviors Binge Eating Disorder Frequent Binge eating without compensation Anorexia Nervosa Subtype 1: Subtype 2: Subtype 1: Restricting Subtype 2: Binge/Purging Causes of Eating Disorders 1) 2) 3) 1) Cultural Imperative for Thinness 2) Family 3) Psychological Issues Treatment of Eating Disorders: 1) 1) Education and Prevention Formal Operations Engage in abstact thinking and hypothetico-deductive reasoning Pendulum Problem: 1) 2) 3) 4) 1) Length of the string 2) Weight of the object 3) How High the object is raised 4) How forcefully it's pushed Identity Diffusion: Identity Moratorium: Identity Foreclosure: Identity Achievement: Identity Diffusion: No Crisis; No Commitment Identity Moratorium: Yes Crisis; No Commitment Identity Foreclosure: No Crisis; Yes Commitment Identity Achievement: Yes Crisis, Yes Commitment Unexamined Ethnic Identity: Ethnic Identity Search / Moratorium: Ethnic Identity Achievement: Juvenile Delinquency 1) Adolescence-Limited 2) Life-Course Persistent Reasons for Child Violence: 1) 2) 3) 1) Failure for the child to de