PSYC140 / PSYC 140 Module 5 Exam Questions and Answers | Latest 2026–2027 Update | Developmental (Lifespan) Psychology | Portage Learning | Verified Solutions | Grade A

PSYC140 / PSYC 140 Module 5 Exam Questions and Answers | Latest 2026–2027 Update | Developmental (Lifespan) Psychology | Portage Learning | Verified Solutions | Grade A Q: Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of Inattention or Hyperactivity-Impulsivity: Frequently forgets things. Answer Inattention Q: Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of Inattention or Hyperactivity-Impulsivity: Blurts out answers before the question is fully asked. Answer Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Q: True or false? ADHD diagnoses are supposed to factor in the degree to which a child's behavior is more severe than other children at the same age. Answer True Q: True or false? It is currently hypothesized that drug use during pregnancy may increase the likelihood of a child having ADHD. Answer True Q: __________ is the term that Piaget used for a child's ability to order objects in a row. Answer Seriation Q: True or false? Parents can help their children who have ADHD by keeping a consistent routine and maintaining a clear schedule. Answer True Q: Ritalin, a common treatment for ADHD, is an example of a/an [CHOOSE ONE: Stimulant, Opiate, Depressant] drug. Answer Stimulant Q: True or false? According to Piaget, children in the Concrete Operational stage can use logic but still struggle with abstract thought. Answer True Q: Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of Inattention or Hyperactivity-Impulsivity: Has great difficulty waiting for his/her turn while playing games. Answer Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Q: True or false? Parent skills training for families of individuals with ADHD can help teach parents to use rewards and consequences to curb problem behavior. Answer True Q: True or false? The effects of divorce on a child are partly dependent on the child's temperament and other social situations in the child's life. Answer True Q: True or false? Children whose parents divorced are more likely to themselves get divorced, compared to other individuals. Answer True Q: Children in which peer status are at the greatest risk for social and behavioral difficulties? Answer rejected Q: ________________ children receive high numbers of negative votes in research studies on peer statuses. Answer Rejected Q: While movies may portray popular children as being obnoxious, research finds that children in this peer status tend to be skilled in what area? Answer social skills Q: Mark says that people shouldn't steal because they'll get in trouble and go to jail. At what level would Kohlberg most likely categorize this response, according to his theory of moral development? Answer Preconventional Q: True or false? Research indicates that girls have more negative consequences when growing up in a single parent household, compared to boys. Answer false Q: When presented with Kohlberg's Heinz dilemma, Ben says that Heinz should steal the drug because he loves his wife and helping her shows his love for her. After all, Heinz probably vowed at his wedding to care for her "in sickness and in health;" he should do as he promised. Ben believes that people should keep their promises. At what level would Kohlberg most likely categorize this response, according to his theory of moral development? Answer conventional Q: Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. What is the most probable reason for why ADHD is typically diagnosed during the early elementary years? Answer ADHD is typically diagnosed during the early elementary years because the gross motor skill development occurs in early childhood. [TEACHERS NOTE] Children must now sit still in school, and inattentive and impulsive behaviors may be more obvious then. Q: Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. By what methods did Lawrence Kohlberg study moral development? Be specific in your answer. Answer Interviewing Method Moral Dilemma He used the Interviewing method to study moral development. He introduced a Moral dilemma in the form of a story and got responses from his subjects focusing more on the 'Why" than on the moral reasoning based on right or wrong that is if Heinz was right in stealing the drugs to cure his wife. [TEACHERS NOTE] By interviewing children and adolescents and giving them moral dilemmas. Q: Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. According to most experts, what is the recommended treatment for ADHD? Answer Combination treatment of medication and behavioral therapy is recommended. Mnay belive that the go to treatment for children is stimulant medication like Ritalin without behavioral interventions needed for problematic behaviors, while medication can help aid the child ability to focus and eventually pay attention , children with ADHD require specific targeting of impulsive behaviors Medication and behavioral therapy. Q: Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. Describe the cultural critique of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. What is the issue? Be specific. Answer Piaget failed to realize that cultural and educational experiences were enormous and important when it came to cognitive development. Piaget thought more as a biologist and proposed that children's thinking and thought pattern evolves as they mature in age. He believed that children in the concrete operational stage should have been able to learn scientifically. whereas, if children are not taught a certain thing they do not get to develop that aspect of their thinking. Also, in some cultures children are taught different things and their cognitive development is geared towards the area they are taught. Hence its possible that not all children will be able to operate in same ways as piaget proposed that they develop in their thinking as they mature. [TEACHERS NOTE] Answers need to include two points: a) Piaget assumed that abilities naturally unfolded, but current research supports more "nurture" explanations and b) cultures that don't heavily emphasize scientific thinking will have children that don't achieve the type of thinking that Piaget assessed in the concrete operational stage. Q: Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. Name and describe two improvements from the Preoperational to Concrete Operational stages Answer Preoperational stage last from 2-7 years , during this stage two improvements take place Toddlers are able to thick symbolically and they learn to play pretend play Concrete operational stage is from ages 7-11, improvements includes Children start using logic in this stage, marking the start of operational thought, children start to learn how things work out like simple math problem solution and they also learn the principle of conservation. [TEACHERS NOTE] Two of the following need to be named and described: Conservation (volume and matter stays the same if nothing is added or removed); Seriation—ordering objects in a row; Classification—of animals, objects, etc. Q: True or false? In early childhood and the beginning of middle childhood, boys tend to show more advances in fine motor skills compared to girls. Answer False Q: True or false? In middle childhood, children's heads become more proportionate with the rest of their bodies. Answer True Q: Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. Describe the following two social categories of children: Prosocial popular children and Antisocial popular children. Answer Prosocial Popular Children: These are children who are liked by their peers. They get high positive votes and they have really good social skills. They are good listeners, get along with their peers and they do not use their popularity or social skills towards harm. Antisocial Popular Children These children on the other hand use their social skills and popularity in a harmful way. They could use their popularity to bully others, including gossiping and bringing down others to get popular. [TEACHERS NOTE] 2 pts for Prosocial: good communication skills, very social. 2 pts for Antisocial: good communication and social skills, but also aggressive and antagonistic. Q: Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. What can parents do to increase the likelihood that children will cope optimally with a divorce? Provide two suggestions, based on the module. Answer To help children cope Optimally with divorce, parents could; Adopt good and balanced parenting styles that is the authoritative parenting style. Parents should also interact and communicate warmly with their children [TEACHERS NOTE] Continue good parenting practices, provide warm parent-child interactions. Q: Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. Alex recently moved to a new middle school and doesn't feel like he fits in with any of the cliques. Few kids know his name, and most people ignore him. By the end of the year, not much has changed. Marcus, however, has attended this middle school for many years. He is frequently picked on by bullies, although he in turn picks on other children. What would be the most appropriate peer status label for Marcus, and then for Alex? Answer Marcus: rejected. Alex: Neglected Q: Thoroughly answer the essay questions. Answers should be in clear, complete sentences. Your module and the linked readings provided information on childhood obesity. What are possible psychological and physical consequences of childhood obesity? Describe in detail two examples of each. Name at least three reasons for the rise in childhood obesity today. Finally, discuss in detail three recommendations for families combating childhood obesity. Your answers should expand upon ideas presented in module readings; that is, your answers should be informed but also reflect your own ideas on the topic. Child obesity is when a child is way above the normal healthy weight for his or her age and height. The possible psychological and physical consequences of childhood obesity are; Psychological Consequences Low self esteem depression social exclusion Physical Consequences Children with obesity have the risk of high blood pressure and high cholesterol which can lead to cardiovascular diseases Joint and musculoskeletal discomforts The risk of having type two diabetes, Fatty liver diseases amongst others Breathing problems like asthma and sleep apnea They are also prone to having heart burn. Social Exclusion: Answer Children with obesity have a high risk to be socially excluded because they are stigmatized and somewhat made fun of because they are too fat. Also, because of this health challenge they are unable at their age to comfortably undergo activities with other children in their age bracket and so they are sidelined and or excluded from most activities Low Self Esteem: Answer Children that are obsessed most often do not like how they look and so they tend to compare themselves with other social standards of beauty that they see in others in terms of how their body looks. Also, because they are prune to be body shamed they begin to dislike how they look, they become withdrawn and lose confidence in themselves. Joints and Musculoskeletal Discomfort: Answer This consequence results due to the fact that they have high body mass and are unable to move or undergo physical activities which could help make their joints flexible. Because they are usually in a place do not have ease of movement they feel discomfort in their joints. Breathing problems and Sleep Apnea; Answer Sleep apnea is when they stop breathing in their sleep for a while and its due to the high fatty tissues around their heart that makes it difficult for blood to flow freely. Also, this leads to them being asthmatic because its also a breathing issue that results from being overweight Three reasons for the rise in childhood obesity are; Genetics Socioeconomic status Less of physical activity Three recommendations for families combating childhood obesity are; Education and training families on healthy behavioral life style: Childhood obesity can be battled behaviorally. Most times obesity in a child occurs because of poor behavioral habits like eating foods high in calories and living a sedentary life. Also, because obesity is partially a family problem, educating and training families about the need to adopt a healthy life style especially eating right and engaging in physical activities would go a long way to combat child obesity. Eating Less of high calorie foods and more of foods rich in Nutrient; Eating high Calorie foods and food and beverages that are not nutritious to the body is also a cause for concern when it comes to child obesity. Proper meals should be chosen. Meals that contain more of fruits and vegetables, including foods that have high fiber should be introduced and less of fatty meals; fast foods should be cut down to the bare minimum. More of Physical Activities Answer Living a sedentary life like staying long in front of the television or screens generally can be seen as one of the major cause of obesity in kids in this era of technology. If children could eat healthy and are able to play, indulge in physical activities, they would be able to burn out excess calories and stay healthy. More physical activities should be introduced like getting enrolled in sporting activities, taking long walks and having recreational play would help the children keep in good and healthy shape. Childhood obesity rates have risen as a result of the increased consumption of high-fat meals and reduced physical activity. [TEACHERS NOTE] 2 pts for discussing psychological consequences: low selfesteem, depression, social exclusion. 2 pts for discussing physical consequences: diabetes, heart failure, asthma. Three reasons for increase: increased TV watching means less physical activity, unhealthy food marketed to kids, expensive and inaccessible healthy food, lack of physical activity, increased portion sizes, exposure to high calorie beverages. 3 pts for ideas for helping families: eating healthier, limiting high calorie beverages, reducing TV time, encouraging physical activity, making better food purchases, decrease portion sizes, promoting healthy lifestyles overall, parents modeling healthier eating and healthier behaviors, seeking help and reaching out to others for accountability. Thoroughly answer the essay questions. Answers should be in clear, complete sentences. Describe Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Describe the Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional levels, being sure to focus on the key features of each stage. Then, choose one of these levels and provide a detailed example of a specific child reasoning at that level. Be sure to focus on the why behind the child's reasoning, just like Kohlberg did. Finally, Kohlberg's theory has been critiqued for a number of reasons. Describe one of these reasons. Then, indicate whether you think that this critique is valid, and explain why or why not. [TEACHERS NOTE] 3 points for describing the stages: Preconventional (focus is on self —punishment and reward; Conventional (focus is on others—such as obeying others and fulfilling expectations); Postconventional (higher focus, as well as group and personal values). 3 points for an example that successfully illustrates one level. 2 points for accurately describing a critique, and in sufficient detail. 2 points for the student's evaluation of the critique---needs to be sufficiently detailed and accurately reflective of the critique as well as Kohlberg's theory. T/F: ADHD diagnoses are supposed to factor in the degree to which a child's behavior is more severe than other children at the same age. True T/F: It is currently hypothesized that drug use during pregnancy may increase the likelihood of a child having ADHD. True T/F: According to Piaget, children in the Concrete Operational stage can use logic but still struggle with abstract thought. True T/F: Children whose parents divorced are more likely to themselves get divorced, compared to other individuals. True Mark says that people shouldn't steal because they'll get in trouble and go to jail. At what level would Kohlberg most likely categorize this response, according to his theory of moral development? Preconventional Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. What is the most probable reason for why ADHD is typically diagnosed during the early elementary years? [TEACHERS NOTE] Children must now sit still in school, and inattentive and impulsive behaviors may be more obvious then. ADHD is typically diagnosed during the early elementary years because the gross motor skill development occurs in early childhood. Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. Name and describe two improvements from the Preoperational to Concrete Operational stages [TEACHERS NOTE] Two of the following need to be named and described: Conservation (volume and matter stays the same if nothing is added or removed); Seriation—ordering objects in a row; Classification—of animals, objects, etc. Preoperational stage last from 2-7 years , during this stage two improvements take place Toddlers are able to thick symbolically and they learn to play pretend play Concrete operational stage is from ages 7-11, improvements includes Children start using logic in this stage, marking the start of operational thought, children start to learn how things work out like simple math problem solution and they also learn the principle of conservation. T/F: In middle childhood, children's heads become more proportionate with the rest of their bodies. True Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. Describe the following two social categories of children: Prosocial popular children and Antisocial popular children. [TEACHERS NOTE] 2 pts for Prosocial: good communication skills, very social. 2 pts for Antisocial: good communication and social skills, but also aggressive and antagonistic. Prosocial Popular Children: These are children who are liked by their peers. They get high positive votes and they have really good social skills. They are good listeners, get along with their peers and they do not use their popularity or social skills towards harm. Antisocial Popular Children These children on the other hand use their social skills and popularity in a harmful way. They could use their popularity to bully others, including gossiping and bringing down others to get popular. Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. What can parents do to increase the likelihood that children will cope optimally with a divorce? Provide two suggestions, based on the module. [TEACHERS NOTE] Continue good parenting practices, provide warm parent-child interactions. To help children cope Optimally with divorce, parents could; Adopt good and balanced parenting styles that is the authoritative parenting style. Parents should also interact and communicate warmly with their children Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. Alex recently moved to a new middle school and doesn't feel like he fits in with any of the cliques. Few kids know his name, and most people ignore him. By the end of the year, not much has changed. Marcus, however, has attended this middle school for many years. He is frequently picked on by bullies, although he in turn picks on other children. What would be the most appropriate peer status label for Marcus, and then for Alex? Marcus: rejected. Alex: Neglected Thoroughly answer the essay questions. Answers should be in clear, complete sentences. Describe Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Describe the Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional levels, being sure to focus on the key features of each stage. Then, choose one of these levels and provide a detailed example of a specific child reasoning at that level. Be sure to focus on the why behind the child's reasoning, just like Kohlberg did. Finally, Kohlberg's theory has been critiqued for a number of reasons. Describe one of these reasons. Then, indicate whether you think that this critique is valid, and explain why or why not. [TEACHERS NOTE] 3 points for describing the stages: Preconventional (focus is on self —punishment and reward; Conventional (focus is on others—such as obeying others and fulfilling expectations); Postconventional (higher focus, as well as group and personal values). 3 points for an example that successfully illustrates one level. 2 points for accurately describing a critique, and in sufficient detail. 2 points for the student's evaluation of the critique---needs to be sufficiently detailed and accurately reflective of the critique as well as Kohlberg's theory. Preconventional: This level emphasizes external control of moral behavior, such as punishment and reward.Conventional: This level focuses on social and societal rules governing behavior.Postconventional: This level emphasizes internal control of moral behavior, such as obeying one's conscience. For example, during the Holocaust, lying to hide Jewish neighbors was okay due to the conclusions one came to based on their conscience, culture, and specific situation. This level tends to focus on something higher. It takes into account group and personal values.A critique of this theory was that it was culturally biased, specifically at the postconventional level. Some responses may be labeled at a lower level depending on culture. I agree with this critique because western countries have a different defintion of 'justice' since they are more individualistic in comparison to cultures who are more collectivist. __________ is the term that Piaget used for a child's ability to order objects in a row. a) seriation b) conservation c) equilibrium d) centration a) seriation Children in which peer status are at the greatest risk for social and behavioral difficulties? The rejected status Ritalin, a common treatment for ADHD, is an example of a/an [CHOOSE ONE: Stimulant, Opiate, Depressant] drug. Stimulant T/F: Parents can help their children who have ADHD by keeping a consistent routine and maintaining a clear schedule. True T/F: Parent skills training for families of individuals with ADHD can help teach parents to use rewards and consequences to curb problem behavior. True ________________ children receive high numbers of negative votes in research studies on peer statuses. a) popular b) neglected c) rejected d) controversial c) rejected When presented with Kohlberg's Heinz dilemma, Ben says that Heinz should steal the drug because he loves his wife and helping her shows his love for her. After all, Heinz probably vowed at his wedding to care for her "in sickness and in health;" he should do as he promised. Ben believes that people should keep their promises. At what level would Kohlberg most likely categorize this response, according to his theory of moral development? Conventional Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. According to most experts, what is the recommended treatment for ADHD? [Teacher's note]: Medication and behavioral therapy. Combination treatment of medication and behavioral therapy is recommended. Many believe that the go to treatment for children is stimulant medication like Ritalin without behavioral interventions needed for problematic behaviors, while medication can help aid the child ability to focus and eventually pay attention , children with ADHD require specific targeting of impulsive behaviors T/F: Most children with ADHD have the predominately inattentive subtype False Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of Inattention or Hyperactivity Impulsivity: Daydreams and moves slowly Inattention Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of Inattention or Hyperactivity Impulsivity: Does not seem to listen when spoken to directly Inattention Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of Inattention or Hyperactivity Impulsivity: Blurts out answers before the question is fully asked. Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of Inattention or Hyperactivity Impulsivity: Frequently forgets things. Inattention Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of inattention or hyperactivity impulsivity: has trouble sitting still at mealtime hyperactivity-impulsivity Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of inattention or hyperactivity impulsivity: frequently interrupts others hyperactivity-impulsivity Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of inattention or hyperactivity impulsivity: has trouble completing tasks Inattention Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of inattention or hyperactivity - impulsivity : talks non stop hyperactivity-impulsivity Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of Inattention or Hyperactivity Impulsivity: Has great difficulty waiting for his/her turn while playing games. Hyperactivity-Impulsivity T/F: in addition to receiving treatment for ADHD, it is recommended that kids with this disorder should use notebook organizers to help them remember assignments True When presented with the Heinz dilemma, Zane says that Heinz should have stolen the drug. The druggist was being unfair! In order to stop these unfair practices, Heinz should steal the drug and then tell everyone how unfair the druggist was. At what level would Kohlberg most likely categorize this response, according to his theory of moral development? Conventional T/F: Rejected children tend to show less negative outcomes than neglected children, according to peer status research False T/F: Neglected children tend to show less negative outcomes than rejected children, according to peer status research True T/F: The effects of divorce on a child are partly dependent on the child's temperament and other social situations in the child's life. True While movies may portray popular children as being obnoxious, research finds that children in this peer status tend to be skilled in what area? Social skills T/F: Research indicates that girls have more negative consequences when growing up in a single parent household, compared to boys. False Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. By what methods did Lawrence Kohlberg study moral development? Be specific in your answer. [TEACHERS NOTE] By interviewing children and adolescents and giving them moral dilemmas. Interviewing Method Moral Dilemma He used the Interviewing method to study moral development. He introduced a Moral dilemma in the form of a story and got responses from his subjects focusing more on the 'Why" than on the moral reasoning based on right or wrong that is if Heinz was right in stealing the drugs to cure his wife. Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. Describe the cultural critique of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. What is the issue? Be specific. [TEACHERS NOTE] Answers need to include two points: a) Piaget assumed that abilities naturally unfolded, but current research supports more "nurture" explanations and b) cultures that don't heavily emphasize scientific thinking will have children that don't achieve the type of thinking that Piaget assessed in the concrete operational stage. Piaget failed to realize that cultural and educational experiences were enormous and important when it came to cognitive development. Piaget thought more as a biologist and proposed that children's thinking and thought pattern evolves as they mature in age. He believed that children in the concrete operational stage should have been able to learn scientifically. whereas, if children are not taught a certain thing they do not get to develop that aspect of their thinking. Also, in some cultures children are taught different things and their cognitive development is geared towards the area they are taught. Hence its possible that not all children will be able to operate in same ways as piaget proposed that they develop in their thinking as they mature. T/F: In early childhood and the beginning of middle childhood, boys tend to show more advances in fine motor skills compared to girls. False Thoroughly answer the essay questions. Answers should be in clear, complete sentences. Your module and the linked readings provided information on childhood obesity. What are possible psychological and physical consequences of childhood obesity? Describe in detail two examples of each. Name at least three reasons for the rise in childhood obesity today. Finally, discuss in detail three recommendations for families combating childhood obesity. Your answers should expand upon ideas presented in module readings; that is, your answers should be informed but also reflect your own ideas on the topic. [TEACHERS NOTE] 2 pts for discussing psychological consequences: low self-esteem, depression, social exclusion. 2 pts for discussing physical consequences: diabetes, heart failure, asthma. Three reasons for increase: increased TV watching means less physical activity, unhealthy food marketed to kids, expensive and inaccessible healthy food, lack of physical activity, increased portion sizes, exposure to high calorie beverages. 3 pts for ideas for helping families: eating healthier, limiting high calorie beverages, reducing TV time, encouraging physical activity, making better food purchases, decrease portion sizes, promoting healthy lifestyles overall, parents modeling healthier eating and healthier behaviors, seeking help and reaching out to others for accountability. low self-esteem, depression, and social exclusionRecommendation: behavioral, healthier eating habits, family support and positive reinforcement Module question: Compare and contrast physical growth in early and middle childhood. In the cephalocaudal pattern of growth, we see development beginning with the head in infancy and early childhood. By middle childhood, major growth can be seen in additional areas; namely, height and weight. The child becomes more proportional in terms of head to full body ratio. In the proximodistal pattern of growth, gross motor skill development occurs in early childhood, while fine motor skills are more readily gained in middle childhood. Module question: What factors contribute to childhood obesity? What approaches can be used to minimize childhood obesity? There are physical contributions like genetics, but also social determinants like access to food, stress, and adequate sleep. In terms of minimizing childhood obesity, early education and community programs that promote access to healthy foods and physical activity are important. Module question: What are typical symptoms of ADHD? What are recommended treatments? Symptoms are broken into two categories: inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive. Inattentive symptoms involve overlooking details or making what seem to be careless mistakes, along with being very distractable. Hyperactive-impulsive symptoms center around inability to remain still and quiet. Children with these symptoms might be fidgety, talk excessively, and have difficulty waiting for their turn. Treatments focus on both behavioral therapy so they can monitor their own behavior and reward themselves when they behave appropriately. Another major treatment type is medication, typically stimulants. Module question: According to Piaget, what cognitive gains or improvements are made during the Concrete Operational Stage? Conservation, seriation, and logical thinking. Module question: Describe the four peer statuses and potential outcomes in adolescence and adulthood pertaining to each. Popular children tend to be well-liked by their peers and are often socially skilled. These skills often continue into adulthood. Rejected children are actively disliked and some may engage in behaviors that encourage this dislike. Rejected children are at risk for a variety of problems in the future, such as drug use, aggression, and delinquency. Neglected children are largely ignored by their peers, but they may in fact be socially skilled. They seem to have similar outcomes as average children. Controversial children receive both positive and negative votes, and outcomes for these children tend to be mixed (some positive, some negative, depending on the child). Module question: What are some immediate consequences of divorce? Sharp drop in income (particularly in mother-headed households), increase in family conflict, and changes in parenting styles, among other consequences. Module question: How does a child's response to divorce vary according to age and gender? Younger children may blame themselves for the divorce or act immaturely, while older children may act out in different ways, either through externalizing problems (rebellion, school problems, etc.) or internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, etc.). Girls are particularly likely to act out when a parent remarries, while boys are at risk for externalizing problems if they are raised in a mother-headed household. Module question: Describe all three levels of Kohlberg's moral development theory. Preconventional reasoning emphasizes external control of moral behavior; for example, punishment and reward. Conventional reasoning focuses on social and societal rules governing behavior. Obeying parents and authority figures is what is right. Kindness and justice become key concerns at this level of reasoning. Postconventional emphasizes internal control of moral behavior, such as obeying one's conscience. This level of reasoning might also advocate breaking the rules in certain situations, as when an overriding principle is more important than the rule. Module question: What are typical criticisms of Kohlberg's theory? Difference between moral reasoning and moral behavior, cultural bias, age bias, gender bias. T/F: Most children with ADHD are better able to control problem behaviors when given individual attention. True T/F: According to Piaget, few children in middle childhood can perform conservation. False Which of Kohlberg's moral development levels emphasizes the most external control of moral behaviors? the preconventional level T/F: Girls are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than boys. False What is the recommendation for when a family should seek a diagnosis for a child who is suspected to have ADHD? Seek help if parents notice that the child has trouble sitting still. Treatments focus on both behavioral therapy so they can monitor their own behavior and reward themselves when they behave appropriately. Another major treatment type is medication, typically stimulants. Approximately how long does it take families to adjust, following a divorce? 2 years Children, on average, gain ________ lbs. per year in middle childhood. 5 to 7 pounds T/F: Parents and teachers of children with the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD can easily miss ADHD symptoms True _______ children tend to receive both positive and negative votes in research studies on peer statuses A. popular B. neglected C. rejected D. controversial D. controversial T/F: In early childhood and the beginning of middle childhood, girls tend to show more advances in fine motor skills compared to boys True Drew, a high school teacher, feels that laws should be followed so that society doesnt fall into total anarchy. after all, it's not fair for everyone else if someone gets away with stealing something. Obeying the law, Drew reasons, is what we all do in order to maintain a healthy society. at what level would Kohlberg most likely categorize this response, according to his theory of moral development preconventional what is the recommendation for when a family should seek a diagnosis for a child who is suspected to have ADHD? A. seek help when symptoms are severe B. seek help when they interfere with the quality of life C. seek help if parents notice that the child has trouble sitting still D. answers A and B B. seek help when they interfere with the quality of life a researcher pours equal amounts of water into two glasses, one tall, and one wide. When asked, "which has more", the preoperational child might answer "the tall one". how would a concrete operational child respond? they have the same amount T/F: Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls. True T/F: The average age of ADHD onset is 11 False ADHD can be diagnosed according to three diagnostic areas or subtypes. Which of the following is NOT one of these areas? A. inattention B. hyperactivity-impulsivity C. both inattentive and hyperactivity- impulsivity D. psychotic D. psychotic what is the recommendation for diagnosing ADHD A. any pediatrician is qualified to provide a diagnosis B. families should seek a psychiatrist, or pediatrician with expertise in ADHD C. diagnoses can only be made by pediatricians D. none of the above B. families should seek a psychiatrist, or pediatrician with expertise in ADHD How does one's cultural and educational experiences influence their cognitive development? One's culture influences what and when you are learning specific things what are two physical changes during middle childhood? grow 2-3 inches and gain 5-7 pounds per year what is an example of cephalocaudal pattern growth in middle childhood head circumference is becoming proportionate to body what is an example of proximodistal pattern grown in middle childhood has now progressed from trunk to the limbs, and fine motor skills are learned boys show greater gains in ___, girls show greater gains in ____. gross motor skills; fine motor skills girls with adhd are more likely to have symptoms of ____ Inattention Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of concrete operational thought? A. the ability to reverse actions mentally B. transitivity C. classification skills D. the ability to think abstractly D. the ability to think abstractly Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding motor skill development in middle and late childhood? A. Boys are generally better than girls at gross motor activities. B. Girls are generally better than boys at fine motor activities C. Children can master the same types of motor skills as adults as long as body size isn't a factor D. All of the above. E. A & B only. D. all of the above Tyson tells his friend Bethany that even though she didn't get caught her cheating on the math test was wrong because cheating is against the rules. Tyson is reasoning from which of Kohlberg's substages? A. Social systems morality B. Universal ethical principles C. Heteronomous morality D. Preconventional morality A. social systems morality You can also click on terms or definitions to blur or reveal them Compare and contrast physical growth in early and middle childhood In the cephalocaudal pattern of growth, we see development beginning with the head in infancy and early childhood. By middle childhood, major growth can be seen in additional areas; namely, height and weight. The child becomes more proportional in terms of head to full body ratio. In the proximodistal pattern of growth, gross motor skill development occurs in early childhood, while fine motor skills are more readily gained in middle childhood Self-reflection: What are your views of why ADHD diagnoses and rates of childhood obesity have increased? What are the solutions? With obesity, I believe that society has played a big role. Not only do we have a large economic gap between the upper and middle classes but also on current American culture, families spend more time eating out rather than making healthy meals at home. It's hard to eat healthy at fast food restaurants and some families eat out several times a week. This is in addition to families not being active enough. I blame part of this on technology. Instead of playing outside with their kids, it is not uncommon for parents these days to just leave their kids to their electronics for hours on end without even stepping outside. As for ADHD, I think that there hasn't necessarily been a large increase in children suffering with it but rather just a larger number known. In the late 1900's there wasn't a large social influence on mental health like there is today. Today parents notice more mood changes and abnormal behaviors What is the recommended treatment for ADHD? medication + behavioral therapy According to Piaget, what cognitive gains are made during the Concrete Operational Stage? Conservation, seriation, and logical thinking Describe the four peer statuses and potential outcomes in adolescence and adulthood pertaining to each Popular children tend to be well-liked by their peers and are often socially skilled. These skills often continue into adulthood. Rejected children are actively disliked and some may engage in behaviors that encourage this dislike. Rejected children are at risk for a variety of problems in the future, such as drug use, aggression, and delinquency. Neglected children are largely ignored by their peers, but they may in fact be socially skilled. They seem to have similar outcomes as average children. Controversial children receive both positive and negative votes, and outcomes for these children tend to be mixed (some positive, some negative, depending on the child). What are some immediate consequences of divorce? Sharp drop in income (particularly in mother-headed households), increase in family conflict, and changes in parenting styles, among other consequences How does a child's response to divorce vary according to age and gender? Younger children may blame themselves for the divorce or act immaturely, while older children may act out in different ways, either through externalizing problems (rebellion, school problems, etc.) or internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, etc.). Girls are particularly likely to act out when a parent remarries, while boys are at risk for externalizing problems if they are raised in a mother-headed household Describe all three levels of Kohlberg's moral development theory Preconventional reasoning emphasizes external control of moral behavior; for example, punishment and reward. Conventional reasoning focuses on social and societal rules governing behavior. Obeying parents and authority figures is what is right. Kindness and justice become key concerns at this level of reasoning. Postconventional emphasizes internal control of moral behavior, such as obeying one’s conscience. This level of reasoning might also advocate breaking the rules in certain situations, as when an overriding principle is more important than the rule physical changes during middle childhood grow 2-3" per year, gain 5-7 lbs per year, baby fat decreases/muscle mass increases cephalocaudal pattern growth in middle childhood head circumference is now becoming more in proportion with today body height proximodistal pattern grown in middle childhood has now progressed from trunk to the limbs, and fine motor skills are learned Causes of childhood obesity genetics, socioeconomic status, less physical activity The recommended treatment for childhood obesity is: behavioral attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development inattention easily distracted, forgetfulness, disorganization hyperactivity-impulsivity Impulsivity - making hasty actions without first thinking about them, a desire for immediate rewards, inability to delay gratification Hyperactivity - seems to move about constantly, including in situations in which it is not appropriate, excessively fidgets, taps, or talks How is ADHD treated? A combination of medication and behavioral therapy How is ADHD diagnosed? Symptoms must be chronic or long-lasting, impair the person's functioning, and cause the person to fall behind typical development for his or her age. concrete operational stage in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events (not yet abstract thought) Seriation Arranging objects in sequential order according to one aspect, such as size, weight, or volume. How does one's cultural and educational experiences influence their cognitive development? One's culture influences what and when you are learning specific things. (ie. Scientific reasoning) "popular" children Children who tend to be well-liked by their peers and are often socially skilled. These skills often continue into adulthood. (2 types: antisocial popular & prosocial popular) antisocial popular children who defy authority and who enhance their popularity by manipulation and exclusion; the mean kids prosocial popular children who perform well in schools and communicate with their peers in a positive, friendly way; the nice kids (60% of children) rejected children children who are actively disliked and some may engage in behaviors that encourage this dislike / at risk for a variety of problems in the future, such as drug use, aggression, and delinquency. neglected children rarely receive positive or negative votes, largely ignored by their peers but they may in fact be socially skilled. They seem to have similar outcomes as average children. consequences of divorce drop in income, increase in family conflict, changes in parenting styles How does a child's response to divorce vary according to age and gender? Younger children may blame themselves for the divorce or act immaturely, while older children may act out in different ways, either through externalizing problems (rebellion, school problems, etc.) or internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, etc.). Girls are particularly likely to act out when a parent remarries, while boys are at risk for externalizing problems if they are raised in a mother-headed household. factors that influence how a child responds to divorce: - child's age & temperament - child's gender (girls internalize, boys act out) - recent research: how the father handles the divorce Lawrence Kolberg stages of moral development, "The Heinz Dilemna" Kolberg's stages of moral development preconventional, conventional, postconventional preconventional morality first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior (obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards) Substages of preconventional reasoning 1. Obedience & Punishment - rules are seen as fixed/absolute, follow rules to avoid punishment 2. Reciprocity/Self-interest - children judge actions based on self-interest conventional morality second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior (Being kind and considerate to others is what is right) Substages of conventional reasoning 1. Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships - "good boy/good girl" choices influence relationships 2. Maintaining Social Order - people consider society as a whole when making judgements postconventional morality third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms (internal control, obeying one's conscience) two stages of postconventional reasoning 1. Social Contract & Individual Rights - people begin to account for differing values, opinions, and beliefs of others 2. Universal Principles - people follow internalized principles of justice even if they conflict with laws and rules criticism of Kolberg's moral reasoning scale age bias (children have no experience in marriage, Heinze dilemna too abstract) cultural bias (different cultures and religions may have different moral outlooks that Kolberg didn't take into account) overemphasizes justice (compassion, caring, and other feelings may influence moral reasoning too) gender bias (subjects mostly are men in western culture) Compare Piaget and Kolberg's views. They both agree that children aren't capable of abstract thought, and that until then, they require reward/punishments According to Piaget, what cognitive gains are made during the Concrete Operational Stage? Conservation, seriation, and logical thinking How does a child's response to divorce vary according to age and gender? Younger children may blame themselves for the divorce or act immaturely, while older children may act out in different ways, either through externalizing problems (rebellion, school problems, etc.) or internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, etc.). Girls are particularly likely to act out when a parent remarries, while boys are at risk for externalizing problems if they are raised in a mother-headed household. Frequently forgets things is a symptom of? Inattention T/F It is currently hypothesized that drug use during pregnancy may increase the likelihood of a child having ADHD? True Ritalin, a common treatment for ADHD, is an example of a/an [CHOOSE ONE: Stimulant, Opiate, Depressant] drug? Stimulant True or false? The effects of divorce on a child are partly dependent on the child's temperament and other social situations in the child's life. True While movies may portray popular children as being obnoxious, research finds that children in this peer status tend to be skilled in what area? Social skills What is the most probable reason for why ADHD is typically diagnosed during the early elementary years? Children must now sit still in school, and inattentive and impulsive behaviors may be more obvious then. Describe the cultural critique of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. What is the issue? Be specific. Piaget assumed that abilities naturally unfolded, but current research supports more "nurture" explanations and b) cultures that don't heavily emphasize scientific thinking will have children that don't achieve the type of thinking that Piaget assessed in the concrete operational stage True or false? In early childhood and the beginning of middle childhood, boys tend to show more advances in fine motor skills compared to girls. False Describe the following two social categories of children: Prosocial popular children and Antisocial popular children. Prosocial: good communicators, very social, good listeners, nice. Antisocial: good communicators and good social skills, but also aggressive, using social skills for harm. What can parents do to increase the likelihood that children will cope optimally with a divorce? Provide two suggestions, based on the module. Effective parenting and maximizing warm parent-child interactions. Alex recently moved to a new middle school and doesn't feel like he fits in with any of the cliques. Few kids know his name, and most people ignore him. By the end of the year, not much has changed. Marcus, however, has attended this middle school for many years. He is frequently picked on by bullies, although he in turn picks on other children. What would be the most appropriate peer status label for Marcus, and then for Alex? Alex = neglected Marcus = rejected Obesity in middle childhood essay 4 main points discussed in module: Physical, Psychological, Why the increase, Ideas to help families, Overall what parents can do to help. 1 Psychological consequences: low self- esteem, depression, social exclusion. 2 Physical consequences: diabetes, heart failure, asthma. 3 Reasons for increase: increased TV watching means less physical activity, unhealthy food marketed to kids, expensive and inaccessible healthy food, lack of physical activity, increased portion sizes, exposure to high calorie beverages. 4 Ideas for helping families: eating healthier, limiting high calorie beverages, reducing TV time, encouraging physical activity, making better food purchases, decrease portion sizes, promoting healthy lifestyles *Overall, parents modeling healthier eating and healthier behaviors, seeking help and reaching out to others for accountability. Blurts out answers before the question is fully asked is a symptom of? Hyperactivity-Impulsivity __________ is the term that Piaget used for a child's ability to order objects in a row. Seriation Has great difficulty waiting for his/her turn while playing games a symptom of? Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Children in which peer status are at the greatest risk for social and behavioral difficulties? rejected True or false? Research indicates that girls have more negative consequences when growing up in a single parent household, compared to boys. False By what methods did Lawrence Kohlberg study moral development? Be specific in your answer By interviewing children and adolescents and giving them moral dilemmas. Compare and contrast physical growth in early and middle childhood. In the cephalocaudal pattern of growth, we see development beginning with the head in infancy and early childhood. By middle childhood, major growth can be seen in additional areas; namely, height and weight. The child becomes more proportional in terms of head to full body ratio. In the proximodistal pattern of growth, gross motor skill development occurs in early childhood, while fine motor skills are more readily gained in middle childhood. What is the recommended treatment for ADHD? Medication + Behavioral therapy. According to Piaget, what cognitive gains are made during the Concrete Operational Stage? Conservation, seriation, and logical thinking. Describe the four peer statuses and potential outcomes in adolescence and adulthood pertaining to each. Popular children tend to be well-liked by their peers and are often socially skilled. These skills often continue into adulthood. Rejected children are actively disliked and some may engage in behaviors that encourage this dislike. Rejected children are at risk for a variety of problems in the future, such as drug use, aggression, and delinquency. Neglected children are largely ignored by their peers, but they may in fact be socially skilled. They seem to have similar outcomes as average children. Controversial children receive both positive and negative votes, and outcomes for these children tend to be mixed (some positive, some negative, depending on the child) What are some immediate consequences of divorce? Sharp drop in income (particularly in mother-headed households), increase in family conflict, and changes in parenting styles, among other consequences. How does a child's response to divorce vary according to age and gender? Younger children may blame themselves for the divorce or act immaturely, while older children may act out in different ways, either through externalizing problems (rebellion, school problems, etc.) or internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, etc.). Girls are particularly likely to act out when a parent remarries, while boys are at risk for externalizing problems if they are raised in a mother-headed household. Describe all three levels of Kohlberg's moral development theory Preconventional reasoning emphasizes external control of moral behavior; for example, punishment and reward. Conventional reasoning focuses on social and societal rules governing behavior. Obeying parents and authority figures is what is right. Kindness and justice become key concerns at this level of reasoning. Postconventional emphasizes internal control of moral behavior, such as obeying one's conscience. This level of reasoning might also advocate breaking the rules in certain situations, as when an overriding principle is more important than the rule. Concrete operational limitation Abstract thought Why do boys make greater gains in gross motor skills than girls Boy's tendency towards movement may result in more attention given to activities emphasizing gross motor skills. Why do girls make greater gains in fine motor skills than boys. Girls tend to sit still and focus on fine motor skills, ie coloring What can communities do to address obesity? Create more places for people to walk or bike. Messy and incomplete work is a symptom of Inattention How is ADHD diagnosed? Chronic/long term symptoms, Impair function effecting school, social and job. Physical conditions stress, sleep disorder, anxiety and depression Two risk factors that can increase the risk of obesity in children? Food insecurity- inability to acquire adequate food due to resources. Food deserts- geographic areas w/o access to grocery stores. Genetics and environment may play a role in ADHD. What are some environmental risk factors? Environmental = brain injuries, nutrition, and social environments Girls are more likely to be diagnosed with which form of ADHD Inattention- often is overlooked Tips to help kids with ADHD 1. routines 2. organizing everyday items 3. Consistency 4. Praise/ rewards In concrete operational stage Piaget felt children could? Truly engage in operations or mental activities at this stage Socioemotional Development in middle childhood peer relations look like? Children base friendships on similarities, associate with specific set of friends When does relational aggression increase 3rd grade Risk factors of Divorce 1. Running away 2. Engaging in early sexual activity 3. delinquency 4. poor school performance Criticisms for Kohlberg's theory of moral development? 1. Moral reasoning does not equal moral behavior. Knowing what we should do and actually doing it. 2. Overemphasizes justice. Factors like compassion and caring may play an important role in moral reasoning 3. Cultural Bias- Individualist culture emphasizes personal rights while collectivist culture stress the importance of society and community. Collectivist cultures may have a different outlook that Kohlberg's theory does not take into account 4. Age bias- most subjects were children (under age 16) who had no experience in marriage making the Heinz dilemma to abstract for them to understand. 5. Gender bias- All subjects were male showing emphasis on justice versus compassion which is indictive of woman's nature. Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of Inattention or Hyperactivity Impulsivity: Frequently forgets things. Inattention Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of Inattention or Hyperactivity Impulsivity: Blurts out answers before the question is fully asked. Hyperactivity-Impulsivity True or false? ADHD diagnoses are supposed to factor in the degree to which a child's behavior is more severe than other children at the same age. True True or false? It is currently hypothesized that drug use during pregnancy may increase the likelihood of a child having ADHD. True __________ is the term that Piaget used for a child's ability to order objects in a row. Seriation True or false? Parents can help their children who have ADHD by keeping a consistent routine and maintaining a clear schedule. True Ritalin, a common treatment for ADHD, is an example of a/an [CHOOSE ONE: Stimulant, Opiate, Depressant] drug. Stimulant True or false? According to Piaget, children in the Concrete Operational stage can use logic but still struggle with abstract thought. True Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of Inattention or Hyperactivity Impulsivity: Has great difficulty waiting for his/her turn while playing games. Hyperactivity-Impulsivity True or false? Parent skills training for families of individuals with ADHD can help teach parents to use rewards and consequences to curb problem behavior. True True or false? The effects of divorce on a child are partly dependent on the child's temperament and other social situations in the child's life. True True or false? Children whose parents divorced are more likely to themselves get divorced, compared to other individuals. True Children in which peer status are at the greatest risk for social and behavioral difficulties? rejected ________________ children receive high numbers of negative votes in research studies on peer statuses. Rejected While movies may portray popular children as being obnoxious, research finds that children in this peer status tend to be skilled in what area? social skills Mark says that people shouldn't steal because they'll get in trouble and go to jail. At what level would Kohlberg most likely categorize this response, according to his theory of moral development? Preconventional True or false? Research indicates that girls have more negative consequences when growing up in a single parent household, compared to boys. false When presented with Kohlberg's Heinz dilemma, Ben says that Heinz should steal the drug because he loves his wife and helping her shows his love for her. After all, Heinz probably vowed at his wedding to care for her "in sickness and in health;" he should do as he promised. Ben believes that people should keep their promises. At what level would Kohlberg most likely categorize this response, according to his theory of moral development? conventional Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. What is the most probable reason for why ADHD is typically diagnosed during the early elementary years? ADHD is typically diagnosed during the early