PSYC140 / PSYC 140 Module 1 Exam | Latest 2026/2027 Portage Learning | Developmental Psychology | Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct

PSYC140 / PSYC 140 Module 1 Exam | Latest 2026/2027 Portage Learning | Developmental Psychology | Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct Q: How many stages of lifespan development are there? Answer 8 Q: Name the 8 stages of lifespan development. Answer 1. Prenatal Development 2. Infancy & Toddlerhood 3. Early Childhood 4. Middle Childhood 5. Adolescence 6. Early Adulthood 7. Middle Adulthood 8. Late Adulthood Q: Development is loosely defined as __________. Answer Change Q: Name 4 distinctive features of human development. (4 "kinds" or "ways" of development.) Answer 1. Lifelong 2. Multidirectional 3. Multidisciplinary 4. Multidimensional. Q: Development is __________, meaning that it continuous from birth to death. Answer Lifelong Q: Development is ____________, meaning that changes can be good, bad, or both simultaneously; for example, one could age physically while maturing cognitively. Answer Multidirectional. Q: ___________ is an aspect of multidirectional development; it can describe physical aging or in cognitive growth. Answer Maturation Q: Development is ____________, which means that it is relevant across many professional fields/fields of study. Answer Multidisciplinary Q: Name 3 professional fields where human development is relevant. (Think multidisciplinary) Answer 1. Social Sciences 2. Healthcare 3. Education Q: Development is ______________, meaning that changes occur in many dimensions: Biological, social, emotional, cognitive, moral. Answer Multidimensional Q: Name 3 of the 5 dimensions of human development. (Think multidimensional.) Answer 1. Biological 2. Social 3. Emotional 4. Cognitive 5. Moral Q: Name two controversies in human development. Answer 1. Nurture vs. Nature 2. Continuity vs. Discontinuity Q: The _________ vs. __________ controversy describes biology vs. social environment to describe why human beings are the way they are. Answer Nature vs. Nurture Q: The ___________ vs. _____________ controversy describes how stages of development occur in human beings; one theory suggests a distinct end for each stage, the other suggests a gradual flow from stage to stage. Answer Continuous vs. Discontinuous Q: Historically, the __________ model of stage development prevailed. Answer Discontinuous Q: A controversy within development, _______________ means that stages of development gradually flow into each other. Answer Continuity Q: __________ ___________ described 5 psychosexual stages of development Answer Sigmund Freud Q: According to Freud, the personality develops over time in three parts: the ______, the ________, and the _______________. Answer Id, Ego, Superego Q: The ______ is the earliest developed personality according to Freud. Answer Id Q: According to Freud, the _______ personality consists of our unconscious impulses that demand immediate fulfillment; infants are born with this. Answer Id Q: According to Freud, the ______ operates according to the reality principle: not all desires can be fulfilled, or may be fulfilled after a delay. Answer Ego Q: The _______ operates in the conscious and develops in early childhood. Answer Ego Q: According to Freud, the ______________ develops in school-age children. Answer Superego Q: According to Freud, the Superego is a child’s internalization of _____________________ and ______________________. Answer societal norms, standards Q: According to Freud, the Ego must balance the impulses of the _______ and the moral standards of the _______________. Answer Id, Superego Q: Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual Development theory describes a conflict and a ___________ with an area of the body associated with _____________ ________________. Answer fixation; sexual gratification. Name the 5 stages of Freud's Psychosexual Development. Answer 1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital Freud's ________ stage of development involves deriving pleasure through the mouth. Investigating through the mouth; soothing through sucking. Answer Oral Freud's Oral stage of development lasts from birth until age _______ Answer 18 months Freud's __________ stage involves children deriving pleasure from learning to control their bodies and the environment around them. (Specifically through toilet training.) Answer Anal Trauma in this stage of development (Freud) can result in fixations about control. Answer Anal According to Freud, an anal retentive personality has a high need for ________ and __________ in his environment. Answer order, cleanliness Freud's Anal stage of development lasts from 18 months until age _______ Answer 3 years. According to Freud, the _________ stage of development involves a fixation on the penis. Answer Phallic In Freud's stages of development, girls may develop __________ _______________, wherein they realize that they are lacking a penis, ie, a significant feature. Answer penis envy While in the phallic stage of development (Freud), boys experience a desire for their mothers sexually, which Freud called the ____________ ______________. Answer Oedipal Conflict While in Freud's phallic stage, boys experience ____________ __________ as they become fearful of being emasculated by their father while competing against their father for their mother's affection. Answer castration anxiety While in Freud's phallic stage, girls experience the ____________ _____________, which is classified moving away from their mother and into a deep affection for and attachment to their father. Answer Electra Conflict Boys in Freud's phallic stages resolve their Oedipal Conflict by emulating and learning from their____________. Answer father Girls in Freud's phallic stages resolve their Electra Conflict by emulating and learning from their____________. mother Freud's Phallic stage of development lasts from age 3 until age _______. 5 Freud's Latency stage is focused on developing ___________ and __________ in school friendships, interests Freud's Latency stage of development lasts from age 5 until __________________. puberty Freud's ______________ stage of development focuses on mutual sexual gratification and developing healthy relationships and productive work. genital Freud's Genital stage differs from the Phallic stage because the focus is on ___________________________, not just male sexual anatomy. Mutual genital pleasure Freud's Genital stage of development lasts from puberty into ____________________. Adulthood Erik Erikson is known for the _______________________ Stages of Development. Psychosocial Erikson's Stages of Development each involve a psychosocial ____________ that must be overcome in order to progress. crisis In Erikson's Stages of Development, successful completion of each stage results in a _____________ ____________ and the acquisition of basic virtues. healthy personality According to Erikson, characteristic strengths which the ego can use to resolve subsequent crises are known as _______________________. basic virtues Erikson describes how many developmental stages? 8 Name the 1st stage (or psychosocial crisis) according to Erikson. What age range does this occur in? Trust vs. Mistrust. 0 - 1.5 . What basic virtue does an individual gain with successful completion of Erikson's third stage (Initiative vs. Guilt)? Purpose Name the 5th stage (or psychosocial crisis) according to Erikson. What age range does this stage occur in? Identity vs. Role Confusion. 12 - 18. The basic virtue of "Love" shows successful completion of what stage, according to Erikson? Stage 6, Intimacy vs. Isolation What age should one successfully complete stage 2, Autonomy vs. Shame, according to Erikson? 1.5 - 3 Successful completion of stage 8, Ego Integrity vs. Despair, will produce what basic virtue, according to Erikson? Wisdom Stagnation vs. Generatively should occur in what age range, according to Erikson? 40 - 65 What is the basic virtue associated with successful completion of stage 1, Trust vs. Mistrust, according to Erikson? Hope "Competency" is the basic virtue obtained upon completion of which stage, according to Erikson? Stage 4, Industry vs. Inferiority Name Erikson's 8 Psychosocial Stages. 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair If successful completion of Erikson's Stage 1, Trust vs. Mistrust, is not obtained, what characteristic does that produce? Fear If successful completion of Erikson's Stage 5, Identity vs. Role Confusion, is not obtained, what characteristic does that produce? Negative identity; unhappiness If successful completion of Erikson's Stage 6, Intimacy vs. Isolation is not obtained, what characteristic does that produce? Loneliness If successful completion of Erikson's Stage 3, Initiative vs. Guilt, is not obtained, what characteristic does that produce? Guilt, Self doubt If successful completion of Erikson's Stage 7, Generativity vs. Stagnation, is not obtained, what characteristic does that produce? Disconnection A healthy, well adjusted person who is 35 years old should be in what stage of psychosocial development, according to Erikson? Stage 6, Intimacy vs. Isolation A healthy, well adjusted person who is 8 years old should be in what stage of psychosocial development, according to Erikson? Stage 4, Industry vs. Inferiority A healthy, well adjusted person who is 17 years old should be in what stage of psychosocial development, according to Erikson? Stage 5, Identity vs. Role Confusion A healthy, well adjusted person who is 4 years old should be in what stage of psychosocial development, according to Erikson? Strage 3, Initiative vs. Guilt _________________________ studies human and animal behavior, and focuses on what is observable and measurable. Behaviorism _______________ ___________________ is credited with discovering classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov ______________________ conditioning describes a type of conditioning is that is achieved through repeated, external stimuli. Classical An unconditioned or unlearned response is also known as a _________________. (Pavlov) Reflex A _______________________ is a stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. (Pavlov) conditioned stimulus (CS) A conditioned reflex, or a conditioned response, is a _______________ response. learned A behavior caused by a conditioned stimulus is called a _____________________. (Pavlov) Conditioned response (CR) Pavlov's dogs were conditioned with a stimulus (a tone) while being fed. What did this stimulus produce in the dogs? A conditioned reflex (CR). Salivation. Classical conditioning (systemic desensitization) can help people with ________________. phobias B.F. Skinner is known for ______________________ conditioning operant Operant conditioning can be described as using ______________ and ________________ to achieve a desired behavior. Rewards, punishments B.F. Skinner taught _______________ to "read" with operant conditioning techniques. Pigeons ______________ ______________ is known for his work in social learning. Albert Bandura According to Bandura, human beings learn by watching and imitating others. He called this phenomenon ____________________. Modeling The Theory of Cognitive Development was introduced by Jean Piaget Piaget believed that development happened naturally, on its own, through maturation. True or False? True How many stages are in Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development? Name them. 4; Sensorimotor; Pre-Operational; Concrete Operational; Formal Operational According to Piaget, development is determined by biological maturation and interaction with the ______________________ environment In Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, each stage involves a different type of _____________. Intelligence The 1st (first) stage of development according to Piaget is the ________________ stage. This occurs from birth until ______ to ______ months old. Sensorimotor. 18 - 24. The goal of Piaget's 1st (first) stage of development is _____________________. Object permanence The second stage of development according to Piaget is the _________________ stage. This occurs from _____ years old until ___________ years old. Preoperational. 2, 7 The goal of Piaget's 2nd (second) stage of development is _____________________. Symbolic thought. The 3rd (third) stage of development according to Piaget is the _________________ stage. This occurs from _____ years old until ___________ years old. Concrete operational; 7, 11 The goal of Piaget's 3rd (third) stage of development is _____________________. Logical thought The 4th (fourth) stage of development according to Piaget is the _________________ stage. This occurs from ________________ into _______________. Formal operational. Adolescence, adulthood. The goal of Piaget's 4th (fourth) stage of development is _____________________. Scientific reasoning In Piaget's Cognitive Development theory, knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden is known as ______________________ _________________________. Object Permanence Toward the end of _________ stage, according to Piaget, a child will have mastered general symbolic function (the capacity to represent the world mentally). Sensorimotor During the __________________ stage, according to Piaget, young children can think about things symbolically. Preoperational ______________________ is the tendency for children to think that non-living objects (such as toys) have life and feelings like a person's. Animism According to Piaget, children who are egocentric in their thoughts are in the _________________________ stage of cognitive development. Preoperational According to Piaget, children in this stage understand that other people see the world differently than they do. Yet, they have trouble with abstract thinking. Concerete operational stage According to Piaget, children in this stage can mentally reverse things (such as picturing a a changed object returning to its original shape). Concrete operational stage In Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory, a 4 year old should be in what stage of development? Preoperational stage In Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory, a 14 year old child should be in what stage of development? Formal operational stage According to Piaget, children in this stage are able to think in an abstract manner. Formal operational stage According to Piaget, this stage of development does not require operations to be carried out upon concrete things (like slicing up a cake to understand division), but solely with ideas. Formal operational stage The basic building blocks of intelligent behavior, or units of knowledge, are also known as ___________________. Schemas As we age, our schemas become more complex. True or False? True The regulatory process that maintains a balance between assimilation and accommodation to facilitate cognitive growth is known as ____________________. (Piaget) Equilibration When our existing schema can explain what we perceive around us, we are in a state of _______________________. (Piaget) Equilibration When a child becomes aware that they hold two contradictory views, one of which cannot be true, they enter a state of _______________________. (Piaget) Disequilibrium The cognitive process of fitting new information into existing schemas is known as __________________. (Piaget) Assimilation The cognitive process of revising existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding so that new information can be incorporated is known as ________________. (Piaget). This happens when the existing schema does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation. Accommodation Piaget's work in cognitive development had a significant impact on the _____________________ system. education __________________________________ compares the human brain to a computer in terms of how it processes information, learning and memory. Information processing theory Konrad Lorenz is known for ______________ Theory. Ethological Konrad Lorenz used geese to show _____________, an attachment behavior he noted in newly hatched goslings. Imprinting "Imprinting" describes how newly born geese (and others) will immediately follow the first living being they are exposed to. True or False? True Lorenz's work with geese led to the notion of a ________________ period in the development of the brain and subsequent behavior. critical Lev Vygotsky is will known for ______________ theory. Sociocultural According to Vygotsky, children are influenced by the people around them, particularly the people in _________. authority Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory focuses on an environment of ______________________________, rather than the natural environment. Development According to Bronfenbrenner, human beings are significantly shaped by the environmental systems in which they exist. These systems range from very small (_________________) to the very large (____________________________________________). one's neighborhood; the period of history in which one exists. 1A: What, according to Erikson, is the negative possible outcome of the crisis in late adulthood? 1B: According to Erikson, which comes first: Identity or Intimacy? 1C: Erikson uses the term,------to refer to producing something that benefits others. 1D: According to Erikson, unsuccessful completion of the first psychosocial stage will result in ____________of the world. 1E: According to Erikson, the "terrible two's" stem from a toddler's need to assert what? 1A: Impact on an instinctive virtue is a negative effect that could occur in late maturity. 1B: Identity 1C: generativity 1D: mistrust 1E: autonomy 2A: Which psychological perspective likens the human brain to a computer? 2B: Human development is comprised of biological, social, and cognitive changes, to name a few. Therefore, development is mult 2C: Janice is sixty years old and feels that she is in the prime of her life, at least mentally. However, she is starting to experience some problems with arthritis and knows she doesn't have quite the stamina that she used to. These trends are a good illustration of development being multi 2D: In classical conditioning, a ______________ is the term for a learned response. 2A: Information-Processing Theory is the psychological perspective that likens the human brain to a computer. 2B: Multidimensional 2C: Directional 2D: conditioned response 3A: Since professionals from various fields may study or apply principles in lifespan development, this field is multi 3B: According to a lifespan perspective of human development, aging, maturation, and growth are all different types of change. This change can therefore be positive or negative. Therefore, development is multi 3A: This area is multidisciplinary since experts from different fields may investigate or use lifespan development principles 3B: Directional. 4A: The phallic stage of psychosexual development ends at age 4B: Which of the following most accurately summarizes Freud's view of the Oedipus complex? 4C: For each of the age groups listed below, list the psychosexual stage described by Freud.( age six-puberty) 4D: Compare Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stage theory with Erikson's stage theory 4A:6 years old 4B: Boys experience competition with their fathers and eventually identify with them while repressing sexual feelings toward their mothers 4C: Latency 4D: Whereas Erikson places more emphasis on environmental and social circumstances, Freud's psychosexual stage emphasizes the significance of a person's fundamental wants. From the genital stage on, Freud's final psychosexual stage begins, whereas Erikson's final stage is for the following age group: older adults. 5A: For each of the age groups listed below, list the psychosexual stage described by Freud. ( 18 months- 3 years) 5B: According to Freud, the Oedipus Complex arises during which psychosexual stage? 5C: Freud believed that unsuccessful completion of a psychosexual stage would result in a person becoming ______________ an erogenous part of the body 5D:. According to Freud, the ____________ stage follows the latency stage 5E: True or false? According to Freud, a child who becomes fixated on an erogenous zone will either over- or under-indulge this area as an adult. 5A: Anal stage 5B: phallic 5C: Fixated on 5D: Genital 5E: True 6A: Freud would say that heavy smokers exhibit a/an __________ fixation 6B: For each of the age groups listed below, list the psychosexual stage described by Freud (Puberty through adulthood:). 6C: The latency stage of psychosexual development ends at 6A: oral 6B: genital 6C: The latency stage of psychosexual development ends at puberty. 7A: For the following question, choose either "continuous" or "discontinuous" for your answer. Stage theorists illustrate a ____________ view of development. 7B: Someone who believes that one's parents are the primary contributor to developmental changes is emphasizing [CHOOSE ONE: Nature/Nurture]. 7C: Someone who believes that genetics are the primary contributor to developmental changes is emphasizing [CHOOSE ONE: Nature/Nurture]. 7D: Eustace, a biologist, likely emphasizes [CHOOSE ONE: Nature/Nurture] when considering what primarily influences development 7A: discontinuous 7B: Nurture 7C: nature 7D: Nature 8A: True or False? Bronfenbrenner considered the period of history that one has lived through to be a key influence on development. 8B: He studied social and cultural influences on learning. 8C: What reflexive behavior did Pavlov's dogs begin exhibiting at the sound of a bell? 8D: He studied children's cognitive development. 8A: True 8B: Vygotsky 8C: salivation 8D: Piaget 9A: True or false? Erikson emphasized the id, while Freud emphasized the ego 9B: True or false? Erikson felt that parents should force children into the "right" identity. 9C: True or false? Erikson advocated letting children initiate any activity and warned parents to never interfere lest a hint of guilt develops. 9D: In which of the following stages do children typically begin asking lots of questions in order to learn about and find out things? 9E: Which of the following is true regarding Erikson's Trust vs Mistrust stage? 9A: False 9B: False 9C: False 9D: Initiative vs Guilt 9E: Bowlby, Ainsworth, and Erikson's work all support the view that early life experiences impact future relationships. 10A: True or false? Erikson would agree with current parenting models that emphasize the importance of encouraging children so that they feel competent. 10B: True or false? Erikson's stage theory has been criticized for being primarily descriptive. 10C: Which age group did Erikson say faces the crisis Generativity vs. Stagnation? 10D: Choose which of the following labels are most appropriate: Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, or Social Learning. When a previously neutral stimulus becomes able to bring about a response. 10A: True 10B: True 10C: middle adulthood 10D: Classical Conditioning 11A: Which age group did Erikson say faces the crisis Ego Integrity vs. Despair? 11B: True or false? Erikson emphasized the ego, while Freud emphasized the id. 11C: In which of the following stages is it important for children to establish a sense of competence? 11D: Which of the following statements is true regarding Piaget's Formal Operations stage? 11E: Which age group did Erikson say faces the crisis Generativity vs. Stagnation? 11F: which age group did Erikson say faces the crisis of intimacy vs isolation 11G: Which age group did Erikson say faces the crisis of Trust vs. Mistrust? 11A: late adulthood 11B: False 11C: Industry vs Inferiority 11D: Research indicates that only a few adults succeed at Piaget's formal operation tasks. 11E: middle adulthood (20-40) 11F: Early Adulthood 11G: infancy 12A: In operant conditioning, [answer1] are applied so that behaviors are more likely to continue in the future, while [answer2] are applied to decrease the likelihood of behaviors continuing. 12B: True or false? Pavlov first became interested in studying dogs' reflexive behaviors when he saw them salivating when the smelled food 12C: True or false? Training based on Pavlovian principles is used in the treatment of phobias. 12A: Reinforcers; punishment 12B: False 12C: True 13A: Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development start with which age group? 13B: Which of the following statements accurately reflects Piaget's impact on developmental psychology? 13C: Which of the following statements most accurately reflects Piaget's stages of cognitive development? 13A: infant 13B: The impact was very strong since he changed how researchers viewed and studied children's cognitive development. 13C: Children progress through stages in the same order. 14A: What was B.F. Skinner's position on free will? Be specific and thorough in your answer. Where does he, therefore, fall on the nature/nurture debate? 14B: What are two critiques, discussed in the module, regarding Freud's psychosexual stages? 14C: What should a parent of a toddler do to address the delicate balance of navigating a child through the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage? Be specific in indicating a realistic way a parent can do this. 14D: For each of the following theorists, indicate whether each had a continuous or discontinuous view of development: a) Piaget: b) Erikson: c) Skinner: d) Freud: 14A: Free will, in the opinion of B.F. Skinner, is only an illusion, and human conduct is the result of conditioning. He, in my opinion, belongs on the nurture side of the argument. He thought that each person's unique experiences and Environments had an impact on people's conduct. Every individual's unique experiences influence how they behave. 14B: The first criticism raised is that Freud blended the periods of adolescence and maturity. His clinical sample and biased research techniques are the focus of the second criticism. 14C: Rather than criticizing their children, parents should encourage their independence. 14D: a) Piaget: Discontinuous b) Erikson: Discontinuous c) Skinner: continuous d) Freud: Discontinuous 15A: Is food aversion an example of Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning? 15B: Explain why Jean Piaget's theory is considered to come from a cognitive perspective. 15C: According to Konrad Lorenz, what is imprinting? In his most famous research, which animals imprinted? 15A: An illustration of classical conditioning is aversion to food. You can't explain why you like or detest a particular cuisine when you taste it. You could have a strong preference for a certain dish yet be unable to explain why, which is an unconditional response. What you like and detest is a response to a stimulus that is beyond your control. If you claim you prefer a particular dish because you received a reward, this is an operant condition. Food aversions are uncontrollable. 15B: Piaget investigated how children's thinking evolved through time, and the cognitive viewpoint describes how changes in thinking occur at various phases of life, from infancy to puberty, as a result of environmental and biological variables. 15C: Konrad Lorenz claims that imprinting is a behavioral characteristic that animals exhibit shortly after birth in which they form a tight association with their first encounter. The animal's parents would be a typical situation. Yet in his well-known research work, Lorenz used geese and the 16A: Choose two of Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages and do the following: a. Name each stage. b. Name the age group associated with each stage. c. Describe in detail the crises that occur in each stage. 16A: 1. distrust versus trust birth to 18 months (1b) 1c. The infant is uneasy about their surroundings at this stage and seeks for the caregiver to reassure them. They will acquire a strong sense of trust if the individual providing care offers the stable and comforting care they are looking for. They will get suspicious if the person providing for them wasn't dependable or constant. Future relationships will be affected by the level of trust or mistrust, and they will either feel safe or uneasy depending on it. -2a. Shame versus autonomy 2b. From birth to three years 2c. Children are attempting to gain a sense of autonomy and independence at this stage. Children at this period will develop a sense of independence and confidence if they are supported and encouraged. Children who experience excessive control may believe they lack self-control, depend on others, and lack confidence. According to Erikson , unsuccessful completion of the first psychosocial stage will result in ____________ of the world . mistrust According to Erikson , the " terrible two's " stem from a toddler's need to assert what ? autonomy Human development is comprised of biological , social , and cognitive changes , to name a few . Therefore , development is multi___________ dimensional Janice is sixty years old and feels that she is in the prime of her life , at least mentally . However , she is starting to experience some problems with arthritis and knows she doesn't have quite the stamina that she used to . These trends are a good illustration of development being multi ________ Directional Which of the following most accurately summarizes Freud's view of the Oedipus complex ? Boys experience competition with their fathers and eventually identify with them , while repressing sexual feelings toward their mothers . For each of the age groups listed below , list the psychosexual stage described by Freud . Birth - 18 months :_______________ oral Freud believed that unsuccessful completion of a psychosexual stage would result in a person becoming _____________an erogenous part of the body . Fixated on Where did Freud get the name " Oedipus " for the Oedipus complex ? Greek mythology For each of the age groups listed below , list the psychosexual stage described by Freud . Puberty through adulthood :__________ genital Compare Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stage theory with Erikson's stage theory . Freud's final psychosexual stage occurs from [ answer1 ] on while , Erikson's final stage is for the following age group : [ answer2 ] . 1. 12-18 2. 65+ For the following question , choose either " continuous " or " discontinuous " for your answer . Stage theorists illustrate a __________ view of development discontinuous He coined the term , " operant conditioning . " B.F. Skinner What reflexive behavior did Pavlov's dogs begin exhibiting at the sound of a bell ? salivation True or false ? Erikson emphasized the id , while Freud emphasized the ego . False True or false ? Erikson believed that it was not unusual for an adolescent to experiment with different identities . True Which age group did Erikson say faces the crisis Generativity vs. Stagnation ? middle adulthood In which of the following stages is it important for children to establish a sense of competence ? Industry vs Inferiority True or false ? Erikson viewed adolescence as a crucial period of development True True or false ? Training based on Pavlovian principles is used in the treatment of phobias . True In operant conditioning , [ answer1 ] are applied so that behaviors are more likely to continue in the future , while [ answer2 ] are applied to decrease the likelihood of behaviors continuing . 1. Rewards 2. Punishments Which of the following statements most accurately reflects Piaget's stages of cognitive development ? Children progress through stages in the same order . Which of the following statements is true regarding Piaget's Formal Operations stage ? Research indicates that only a few adults succeed at Piaget's formal operation tasks . What should a parent of a toddler do to address the delicate balance of navigating a child through the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage ? Be specific in indicating a realistic way a parent can do this . Parents should foster the child's independence but not be critical of them Which theorist or theory describing development do you agree with the most ? Summarize this theory and describe why you agree with it . I agree more with Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development The theory places emphasy on the fact that development can truly be life long , and that is evident in every humans life . Development dose not only occur in childhood to adolescents just like Freud , and Piaget explained . Erik also stated in his views that humans are psychosocial , that is the need to be accepted in the society in terms of their social and emotional needs and so leaned more to the development controversy of nurture as seen in his eight stages of his psychosocial development . In addition , Erikson's early stage of change in humans show that nature is also involved in their development . Hence , nature and nuture truly both affect development in humans . Some of his stages as seen in , trust versus mistrust , Autonomy versus shame , through to the late stages of development as seen in generativity versus stagnation , and ego intergrity versus despair . They truly capture that development also occurs in stages and are discontinuous . According to Konrad Lorenz , what is imprinting ? In his most famous research , which animals imprinted ? Imprimting is what occurs when an animal follows or forms an attachment to the first thing it sees . Geese The module article on Piaget describes three basic components to Piaget's cognitive theory . For each of the components below , describe the component in your own words and discuss how learning about each component informs or changes your view of cognition or thinking . Be specific and detailed . For example how does learning about schemas influence what you think of the way people build knowledge ? 1. Schemas . 2. Adaptation processes that include assimilation and accommodation . 3. Stages of cognitive development - 4 stages . 1. Allows us to form a mental representation of the world , what all knowledge is constantly built upon 2. Assimilation is Using an existing building block ( schema ) to relate or process new information accomodation occurs when theres no building block and you must process something new 3. Sensorimotor , preoperational , concrete operational , formal operational What, according to Erikson, is the negative possible outcome of the crisis in late adulthood? Despair In classical conditioning, a ______________ is the term for a learned response. Conditioned response Janice is sixty years old and feels that she is in the prime of her life, at least mentally. However, she is starting to experience some problems with arthritis and knows she doesn't have quite the stamina that she used to. These trends are a good illustration of development being multi __________. Multidirectional Freud's final psychosexual stage occurs from [answer 1] on while, Erikson's final stage is for the following age group: [answer 2]. 1: puberty, 2: older adults 65+ Freud would say that a person obsessed with cleanliness may have unsuccessfully completed the __________ psychosexual stage. Anal For each of the age groups listed below, list the psychosexual stage described by Freud- Puberty through adulthood: ______________ Genital For the following question, choose either "continuous" or "discontinuous" for your answer. Stage theorists illustrate a _____________ view of development. Discontinuous According to the theorist, _____________, to understand human development, one must understand the various context environment in which the individual interacts. Bronfenbrenner Which age group did Erikson say faces the crisis Trust vs. Mistrust? Infancy True or false? Erikson's model illustrates a lifespan perspective of development. True True or false? Erikson's stage theory has been criticized for being primarily descriptive. True Which theorist discovered classical conditioning? Pavlov Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development start with which age group? Infants Which theorist or theory describing development do you agree with the most? Summarize this theory and describe why you agree with it. Erikson. Erikson describes an 8 stage theory that analyzes how social events shape our development. I believe that our environments and events that happen to us shape our beliefs, personalities, and our reactions to events in our relationships According to Konrad Lorenz, what is imprinting? In his most famous research, which animals imprinted? Imprinting is when an animal connects with and follows the first creature it sees during the critical period. They follow this individual and recognize them as a caretaker. He studied geese in his research. The module article on Piaget describes three basic components to Piaget's cognitive theory. For each of the components below, describe the component in your own words and discuss how learning about each component informs or changes your view of cognition or thinking. Be specific and detailed. For example, how does learning about schemas influence what you think of the way people build knowledge? 1. Schemas. 2. Adaptation processes that include assimilation and accommodation. 3. Stages of cognitive development—4 stages. 1. piaget describes schemas as building blocks of learning models and how we create a mental representation of the the world. this explains how people develop different ways of thinking. each time we learn a new way of processing information it builds upon ways we've already learned. 2. we meet new situations that we don't know how to approach and go into "disequilibrium" so we must develop a new way of thinking 3. piaget's stages tell us about how we develop in problem solving and processing rather than focusing on behaviors. he breaks down how we think in each stage and how each stage presents advancement in problem solving and how we see the world. According to Erikson, unsucessful completion of the first psychosocial stage will result in ___ mistrust According to Erikson, the "terrible two's" stem from a toddler's need to assert what? Autonomy Erikson used the term _____ to refer to producing something that benefits others generativity How many psychological stages did Erikson describe? Eight list psychosexual stage described by Freud based on the age group: birth-18 months oral list psychosexual stage described by Freud based on the age group: 18mo-3 years anal list psychosexual stage described by Freud based on the age group: 3-6 years old phallic list psychosexual stage described by Freud based on the age group: 6 years old-puberty latency list psychosexual stage described by Freud based on the age group: puberty-adulthood genital Freud: Continuous or Discontinuous discontinuous Erikson: Continuous or Discontinuous discontinuous Piaget: Continuous or Discontinuous discontinuous Skinner: Continuous or Discontinuous continuous ___ stage theory covers the greatest breadth in the greatest detail (___ through late adulthood). He incorporates ___ development to a greater extent than do the other theorists. Erikson's, infancy, social ___ focuses exclusively on ___ development and primarily focuses on ____. Piaget, cognitive, childhood ____ emphasizes _____ development and also focuses mainly on childhood and ___. Freud, psychosexual, adolescence What, according to Erikson, is the negative possible outcome of the crisis in late adulthood? despair who was one of the foremost researchers on operant conditioning (he even coined the term)? B.F Skinner social learning process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others learning technique revolved around modeling ___ emphasizes that people learn by observing others, and this learning can occur without necessarily shaping behavior through reward and punishment. social learning who embraced a cognitive perspective, meaning his stages of development focus on the changes in thinking that children from infancy through adolescence experience? jean piaget jean piaget's four stage theory of cognitive development 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, 4. formal operational he said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth assimilation and accommodation what is unique about piaget's theory of cognitive development? -it is concerned with children rather than all learners -focuses on development rather than learning -proposes discrete stages of development marked by qualitative differences rather than gradual increase in number & complexity of behaviors, concepts, ideas, etc. information processing theory a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output like a computer, the human brain actively manipulates information in specific ways which theory holds that cognitive development is continuous rather than discontinuous? information processing theory who is an example of sociocultural theorist? Lev vygotsky who's work and kind of theory is admired for the emphasis on what students can accomplish in conjunction with a teacher's guidance? lev vygotsky sociocultural theory sociocultural theory cultural transmission and the role of key individuals in a person's life are extremely important to development Brofenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory -focuses on an environment of development (rather than the natural environment) -includes five environmental systems that influence development determine whether each theorist leans toward the nature or nurture side (freud, erikson, skinner, and piaget) freud-both erikson-nurture skinner-nurture piaget-nature major periods of development prenatal infancy and toddlerhood early childhood middle childhood adolescence early adulthood middle adulthood late adulthood distinctive features of human development lifelong multidirectional multidimensional multidiscliplinary is development specific to a certain period in your life? no, development is lifelong which feature of human development is described by change being either good, bad, or both, simultaneouly? i.e., at every period, an individual might be improving in some ways and failing at others multidirectional which feature of human development is aging considered to be? multidirectional has to do with something becoming more developed and more advanced can be physical, emotional, and/or cognitive maturation changes in the following dimensions: biological, social, emotional, and cognitive describe how development is what? multidimensional Erikson's stage name, success leads to ___ and failure leads to ____ -- Age: 0-1.5 y/o trust vs. mistrust virtue: hope failure: mistrust, suspicion, anxiety Erikson's stage name, success leads to ___ and failure leads to ____ -- Age: 18mo-3 y/o autonomy vs. shame/doubt virtue: will (increased independence) failure: overly dependent, lack self-esteem, feeling of shame/doubt in abilities Erikson's stage name, success leads to ___ and failure leads to ____ -- Age: 3-5 y/o initiative vs. guilt virtue: purpose (secure to lead, make decisions) failture: sense of guilt (inhibition of interaction or creativity) Erikson's stage name, success leads to ___ and failure leads to ____ -- Age: 5-12 y/o industry vs. inferiority virtue: competence (being confident to achieve goals) failure: sense of inferiority (doubt of their own abilities) Erikson's stage name, success leads to ___ and failure leads to ____ -- Age: 12-18 y/o identity vs. role confusion virtue: fidelity (accepting of others even when differences and themselves) failure: role confusion or identity crisis (not sure of theirselves or their place in society) Erikson's stage name, success leads to ___ and failure leads to ____ -- Age: 18-40 y/o intimacy vs. isolation virtue: love (happy relationships, sense of commitment, safety, care) failure: isolation (avoiding intimacy, fear of commitment, loneliness, depression) Erikson's stage name, success leads to ___ and failure leads to ____ -- Age: 40-65 y/o generativity vs. stagnation virtue: care (feelings of usefulness and accomplishment) failure: stagnation (feeling unproductive, disconnected, uninvolved) Erikson's stage name, success leads to ___ and failure leads to ____ -- Age: 65-death ego integrity vs. despair virtue: wisdom (enables one to look back on life with sense of closure and completeness, accept death without fear) failure: despair (dissatisfied with life, feeling life was unproductive, guilt, not accomplished, depression, hopelessness) types of behaviorism -classical conditioning -operant conditioning -social learning classical conditioning a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events operant conditioning a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher why do various discliplines study lifespan development? it is important to health professions, education, and social sciences biological dimension physical changes going on in the body. Also, it is important to note how external influences (for instance, drugs, healthful behaviors) influence biology and vice versa social dimension how the individual changes in their social interactions with others emotional dimension how the individual changes in how they regulate and experience emotion cognitive dimension how the individual changes in the way they think differences between erikson, freud and piaget's theories -erikson-covers the greatest breadth in greatest detail (infancy to late adulthood), and incorporates social development to a greater extent than the other two theorists -piaget- focuses exclusively on cognitive development and primarily on childhood -freud- emphasizes psychosexual development and also focuses mainly on childhood and adolescence 1. choose 2 of erikson's psychosocial stages and do the following: A. name the stage B. name age group associated C. describe in detail the crises that occurs 1. A. trust vs. mistrust B. birth-18 months C. at this age, the care by their primary caregiver that is received is vital. if they receive consistent care that is reliable they will develop a sense of trust and a feeling of secure and will lead to the virtue of hope. as a new crisis arises the hope they have give them a trusting feeling that they will have a source of support. if the care they receive is not consistent not reliable or unpredictable, hope will turn to mistrust and leading to fear. they will have a sense of mistrust when new crisis arise with increased anxiety, insecurities, etc. 2. choose 2 of erikson's psychosocial stages and do the following: A. name the stage B. name age group associated C. describe in detail the crises that occurs 2. A. identity vs. role confusion B. 12-18 years old C. the crises that occur at this stage are searching for a sense of self and personal identity through exploration of personal values, beliefs and goals. the individual explores possibilities and begin to form their own identity based on the outcome. during this stage, this age group may feel uncomfortable about the changes in their body for a while until they can adapt and grow into the changes, success in this stage leads to fidelity. the virtue of fidelity allows one to commit to their own self and accepting others even if ideas or opinions differ. failure to establish a sense of self can lead to role confusion such as an individual not being sure about who they are or their place in society so they may begin to experiment with a variety of different lifestyles what should a parent of a toddler do to address the delicate balance of navigating a child through the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage? be specific in indicating a realistic way a parent can do this this stage is when toddlers begin to become more mobile, and independent. for a parent wanting to address the balance of navigation through this stage would be to encourage the child to become more independent while also protecting them so constant failure is avoided. this environment will lead to a healthy balance and success of the stage. for example, instead of when the toddler was an infant and were dependent on the parent, now instead of putting their clothes on or picking what they wear, allow the toddler to try themselves until they succeed for ask for help. attempt to not do everything for them, but if failure occurs they cannot criticize them for this but continue to be encouraging such as potty training