PSYC140 / PSYC 140 Module 10 Final Exam Questions and Answers | Latest 2026–2027 Update | Developmental (Lifespan) Psychology | Portage Learning | Verified Solutions | Grade A

PSYC140 / PSYC 140 Module 10 Final Exam Questions and Answers | Latest 2026–2027 Update | Developmental (Lifespan) Psychology | Portage Learning | Verified Solutions | Grade A Q: According to Erikson, which comes first: Identity or Intimacy? Answer Identity Q: According to a lifespan perspective of human development, aging, maturation, and growth are all different types of change. This change can therefore be positive or negative. Therefore, development is multi ____________. Answer Directional Q: Since professionals from various fields may study or apply principles in lifespan development, this field is multi ____________. Answer Disciplinary Q: Which of the following most accurately summarizes Freud's view of the Oedipus complex? Answer Boys experience competition with their fathers and eventually identify with them, while repressing sexual feelings toward their mothers. Q: True or false? According to Freud, a child who becomes fixated on an erogenous zone will either over- or under-indulge this area as an adult. Answer True Q: Regarding the nature/nurture debate, Freud's emphasis on the role of early childhood experiences reflects an emphasis on [answer1]. Erikson's psychosocial stages clearly lean toward this side of the debate: [answer2 Answer Nuture,Nuture Q: According to the theorist, _____________, to understand human development, one must understand the various context environment in which the individual interacts. Answer Bronfenbrenner Q: Which age group did Erikson say faces the crisis Generativity vs. Stagnation? Answer Middle Adulthood Q: True or false? Erikson emphasized the id, while Freud emphasized the ego. Answer False Q: In which of the following stages is it important for children to establish a sense of competence? Answer Industry Vs Inferiority Q: True or false? Pavlov first became interested in studying dogs' reflexive behaviors when he saw them salivating without food being present. Answer False Q: Which of the following statements most accurately reflects Piaget's stages of cognitive development? Answer Children progress thought stages in the same order. Q: What was B.F. Skinner's position on free will? Be specific and thorough in your answer. Where does he therefore fall on the nature/nurture debate? Answer B.F Skinner's position on free will, there is no free will; all behavior is due to conditioning. We only believe there is free will because we cannot see what causes the behavior. Skinner is fully on the nurture side. Q: Is food aversion an example of Classical Conditioning or Operant Conditioning? Explain why Answer Food aversion is an example of classical conditioning. Food aversion is an association between nausea and induced substance organisms learn to associate events or stimuli that repeatedly happen together. Classical Conditioning is an example of association learning. Q: Which psychological perspective likens the human brain to a computer? Answer Information processing theory Q: According to Freud, the Oedipus Complex arises during which psychosexual stage? Answer Phallic Q: Freud's final psychosexual stage occurs from [answer1] on while, Erikson's final stage is for the following age group: [answer2]. Answer Puberty, Older adults. Q: Freud believed that unsuccessful completion of a psychosexual stage would result in a person becoming ____________ on an erogenous part of the body. Answer Fixated Q: Someone who believes that genetics are the primary contributor to developmental changes is emphasizing [CHOOSE ONE: Nature/Nurture]. Answer Nature Q: He coined the term, "operant conditioning." Answer B.F. Skinner Q: Which age group did Erikson say faces the crisis Identity vs. Identity Confusion? Answer Adolescene Q: Which age group did Erikson say faces the crisis Intimacy vs. Isolation? Answer Early Adulthood Q: In operant conditioning, [answer1] are applied so that behaviors are more likely to continue in the future, while [answer2] are applied to decrease the likelihood of behaviors continuing. Answer Reinforcers, Punishment Q: Which of the following statements accurately reflect Piaget's impact on developmental psychology? Answer The impact was very strong, since he changed how researchers viewed and studied children's cognitive development. Q: Which theorist or theory describing development do you agree with the most? Summarize this theory and describe why you agree with it. Answer I agree with Erik Erikson's theory of development. Erikson's theory covers development across the life span and not just certain age groups. His theory state that individuals go through Specific stages of psychosocial development. Successfully completing these stages lead them to healthy development. Q: Zeke's father is a volleyball coach and Zeke grew up wanting to play volleyball. In fifth grade, he asked his father to show him how to play and teach him basic skills. By the time that he reaches junior high, he's skilled enough to make the varsity volleyball team. What type of genotype-environment interaction best explains Zeke's sports success? Answer Active Q: Jillian's mother is a librarian and her father is a high school English teacher. When Jillian began elementary school, her teacher found her reading fourth-grade level books in the school library. The teacher then encouraged Jillian to read high quality fiction books. By high school, Jillian is one of her school's top English students. What type of genotype-environment interaction might best explain how this occurred? Answer Evocative Q: A researcher follows a group of children over a period of ten years to assess socioemotional development. Which research design is the researcher using? Answer Longitudinal Q: True or false? It is common for new mothers (and fathers) to go through significant psychological adjustments following the birth of a child. Answer True Q: Place the following prenatal events in order, from earliest to latest: Answer 1: Spinal Cord begins to develop 2: Heartbeat can be heard with stethoscope. 3: Lanugo is nearly gone. Q: True or false? Smoking during pregnancy can cause a miscarriage. Answer True Q: The __________ period of prenatal development takes place in the first two weeks after conception. Answer Germinal Q: This prenatal diagnostic test involves removing a sample of amniotic fluid. Answer Amniocentsis Q: For the following scenarios, identify whether the study's design is cross-sectional or Answer longitudinal. a. Martha's children participated in a study from the time that they were in preschool until they reached middle school. A researcher is studying a group of Baby Boomers to see whether, as they age, they become increasingly religious. Teenagers in a study are interviewed regarding who are the most popular peers in their grade. a. longitudinal b. longitudinal c. cross-sectional According to Piaget, the first substage of the sensorimotor stage is ____________. Answer Simple Reflexes Which Sensorimotor substage is characterized by experimentation with objects and may even interact with multiple objects: Primary Circular Reactions, Secondary Circular Reactions, or Tertiary Circular Reactions. Answer Tertiary Circular Reactions True or false? Infants are born with the understanding that objects can exist even if they can't be seen. Answer False Name one theorist or researcher mentioned in the module as making an important contribution to our understanding of infant attachment. Bowlby, Erikson, Ainsworth or Freud Which attachment style (Secure, Ambivalent, Avoidant, Disorganized) is thought to be the most problematic? Disorganized Which infant temperament is associated with the most problems with the infant adjusting to new people and situations? Difficult REM stands for rapid eye ____________. movement Little Max is two years old and has a squat trunk and a head that is disproportionately larger than other body patterns. Which infant growth pattern (cephalocaudal or proximodistal) most accurately describes these features? Correct Answer cephalocaudal True or false? Infants' heads are disproportionately small compared to the rest of their bodies. False The _____________ reflex can be observed when adult places her finger in an infant's palm, and the infant immediately closes his fingers around the adult finger. Grasping What is neural pruning? Removal of unneeded synaptic connections. Which theorist, Piaget or Vygotsky, thought that collaborative work with teachers or older peers is the key to cognitive development? Vygotsky This researcher focused on how young children experiment on their world in order to learn about it. Piaget Which of the following accurately describes Piaget's views on assimilation and accommodation? Problem solving skills must be taught, they cannot be discovered. This researcher underestimated how early children attain object permanence. Piaget This researcher viewed "nurture" over "nature" as the primary contributor to child cognitive development. Vygotsky The process by which neurons become insulated with a layer of fat cells is known as ____________. Myelination True or false? Myelination can impact the way that children think. True Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is associated with the best long-term outcomes? Authoritative What age group of children is most likely to experience child abuse? Under age 7 Which of Baumrind's parenting styles is associated with the best long-term outcomes? Authoritative According to Piaget, what is centration? Centration is when a child focuses all their attention on one feature of an object. Give an example of a child exhibiting animism, as defined by Piaget. A child thinking that their dolls have real feelings and thoughts. Or thinking because its raining that the clouds are crying. Another example is thinking because they tripped and scrapped their knee, they child may say "the side walk jumped up and bit me!" What purpose does myelination in the brains of young children serve? To speed up synaptic transmission What purpose does synaptic pruning serve in the brains of young children? To clear out underused synaptic connections. Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of Inattention or Hyperactivity Impulsivity: Has trouble sitting still at mealtime. Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of Inattention or Hyperactivity Impulsivity: Frequently forgets things. Inattention __________ children receive high numbers of negative votes in research studies on peer statuses. Rejected __________ children tend to receive both positive and negative votes in research studies on peer statuses. Controversial True or false? In early childhood and the beginning of middle childhood, girls tend to show more advances in fine motor skills compared to boys. True True or false? Male adolescents tend to respond differently than female adolescents to early and late maturation. True Choose one of the following answers: Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa OR Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa. For whom is the disorder more likely to be fatal? Anorexia Nervosa Meghan is a twelve-year old girl who felt that she was too fat. She put herself on a strict all-lettuce diet and started running after school every day. Once the weight started coming off, she was still dissatisfied and decided to up her exercise routine and cut out lunch. What eating disorder might she have? Anorexia Nervosa Mia is a junior in high school and has not yet had her first period. Her seventeenth birthday is in three months. Based on this information, answer the following questions: Is Mia earlier than average, later than average, or neither in regard to menarche? Later Than Average According to experts, adolescents' increase in sarcastic humor may be tied to what increased cognitive ability during adolescence? Be specific. Formal operations and their ability to do abstract thinking. True or false? The majority of people who attempt suicide mention their suicidality to someone else before the attempt. True True or false? Teenage break-ups are common causes of teenage suicides. True Identify which of the following identity statuses would best describe the individual, in terms of occupational identity: Identity Diffusion, Identity Moratorium, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Achieved. Liz, a junior in high school, has been so busy with sports and other activities that she hasn't given much thought to whether she'll be attending college or working after high school. She's really not sure what her skills and interests are beyond her day-to-day activities in high school. Identity Diffusion Which of Sternberg's types of love only includes intimacy? Liking For the following couples, identify which of the following types of love best describes their relationship: Consummate love, Fatuous, Liking, Romantic, Companionate. Bill and Mary have been married for 30 years and are comfortable with each other. They rarely go on romantic outings, and rarely have sex. However, they enjoy simply spending time together. Companionate ____________ adulthood is a term for the in-between period during which individuals leave adolescence but are not fully adults. Emerging True or false? "Launching" an adult child in the United States is often not a one-time event for many families. True True or false? Men are more likely than women to experience a mid-life crisis. True True or false? Middle adulthood is roughly between the ages of 40-60. True Which of the following age ranges most accurately reflects when one's physical peak is? 20-35 True or false? Women who experience early menopause are at lower risk for osteoporosis. False True or false? Most doctors today define death as occurring when the heart and lungs have ceased to function. False True or false? Approximately 50% of 65-year-olds have some type of dementia or neurocognitive disorder. False For the following descriptions, identify the most likely type of neurocognitive disorder most likely indicated by these symptoms and situations. Sam does not have access to a hospital in his village. When he was injured, a local practitioner used unsterilized instruments to operate on him. Sam then quickly developed spasms and memory deterioration. Prion Disease For the following descriptions, identify the most likely type of neurocognitive disorder most likely indicated by these symptoms and situations. Zack was in a severe car accident that resulted in him losing consciousness. Upon regaining consciousness, he was confused and disoriented. Now that some time has elapsed Zack has been very irritable, has trouble paying attention, and is experiencing sleep disturbances. Tramatic Brain Injury True or false? Having trouble remembering the source of information that you learned is a normal part of aging. True True or false? It is unusual for someone who is grieving to experience anger as a result of the loss. False True or false? If an individual lives long enough with a terminal illness, he will eventually reach a point of acceptance of the illness. False Which of the following individuals is NOT in late adulthood? 55 Year Old Man Short Answer Essay/ Essay Questions. The module article on Piaget describes three basic components to Piaget's cognitive theory. For each of the components below, describe the component in your own words and discuss how learning about each component informs or changes your view of cognition or thinking. Be specific and detailed. For example, how does learning about schemas influence what you think of the way people build knowledge? Schemas. Adaptation processes that include assimilation and accommodation. Stages of cognitive development—4 stage Schemas are the building blocks of cognitive models, and it enables us to form mental representations of the world. Adaption is the process of adapting to new information. Adaption is defined as the process in which children change their mental models to match closely to the world. Assimilation is new information taken into existing schemas. Accommodation is schemas changed to make sense of incoming information. Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development or Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Formal, and concrete operations. These 4 stages have to do with cognitive development because each stage builds on one another. Sensorimotor goal is to obtain Object permanence, preoperational goal is to obtain symbolic thought, concrete operation is to obtain logical thought, and formal operation goal is to obtain the ability to engage in abstract thought. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a survey design? Describe one advantage and one disadvantage. The advantanges of using a survey design can be administered anonymously via Internet, mail, or in person. The disadvantages of a survey, people may answer the questions untruthfully or forget. Surveys are also used for large sample sizes. Describe in detail the three stages of childbirth as well as the postpartum period. In your answer, be sure to include the following: names for each stage, general length of time for each stage, and key events that occur during each stage. The first stage of active labor is dilation and effacement of the cervix (Early and active labor), which may take between 11-20 hours; the second stage is delivery of the baby, which begins after the cervix is dilated 10CM. The mother will experience contractions, and once fully dilated, the mother is directed to push. For most women, this may take 20 minutes to 2 hours. Stage 3 is the delivery of the placenta, as the uterus begins to contract and the placenta begins to detach from the uterus, which usually takes 5-30 minutes women may experience shivering during this stage. The postpartum period usually lasts up to 6 weeks. During this time, the mother's body has to adjust from childbearing to childrearing. Breastfeeding helps the uterus go back to its normal size. During the postpartum period, the mother learns to adjust to the new baby, feeding and sleeping schedule, and bonding with the baby. Both mother and father go through psychological changes during this time. Define object permanence. How would an infant behave if he did not understand object permanence? Object permanence is defined as an infant knowing about an object without it being directly in front of them. An infant not knowing object permanence will result in them losing interest in unseen items. Choose 2 of the following attachment styles: Secure, Anxious-Ambivalent Insecure, and Anxious-Avoidant Insecure. Describe the two in detail, including how the infant would behave during Ainsworth's Strange Situation. Ainsworth believed that infants developed secure attachments with caregivers who were responsive. These caregivers are in tune with their infant's every need at any given time and are skilled at reading the signals that infants give to indicate their needs. Infants are upset when the caregiver leaves and happy when they return. In avoidant attachment, the infant does not explore with or without caregiver available. When their caregiver returns the child treats them and the stranger the same. Compare and contrast Assimilation and Accommodation. In your answer, be sure to describe each and describe how they differ from one another. Then, give a specific example of each. Finally, give a personal example of when you engaged in either assimilation or accommodation (be sure to say which one that you are describing!). Note: the module video used the example of eating food to illustrate these points. You must choose different examples. Assimilation and accommodation are similar because new information is being taken in. Assimilation takes in new information and added it to existing schemas. Accommodation changes schemas to make sense of incoming information. Schemas accommodate new information. A personal example of when I engaged in assimilation is knowing how to do makeup, but that does not stop me from learning new techniques and tips from others. Describe two applications of Piaget's Preoperational stage to early childhood education. Your description should reflect material discussed in the module as being applicable to educational practices today. In your description, be sure to explain these applications and how they connect with Piaget's theory. Intuitve thoughts is an substage of preoperational stage, In this stage children start to develop reasoning ability. also in this substage, children want to know the answers to many question. Short essays should be written in complete sentences. Give an example of a child exhibiting animism, as defined by Piaget. A child given there baby doll realistic feelings such as crying, talking and acting as if their diaper change. Also, believing because its raining that clouds are crying. The Child may say, the clouds are crying because they're sad. Describe each of Baumrind's parenting styles. In your description, summarize the key features, indicating what responsiveness and demandingness look like in each parenting style. Just listing "low" and "high" levels of each feature for each parenting style is not a sufficient description. Be sure to also define "responsiveness" and "demandingness" in your answer. Then, give a detailed illustration of parents displaying each style. Be sure that your illustration showcases specific parents (you can even give pseudonyms if you'd like!) behaving according to each type of parenting style in everyday life. These illustrations should be distinct (separate) from your descriptions of the parenting styles. Authoritarian parents have low responsiveness and high in demandingness. For example, this type of parent is very strict. They set rules and expect their children to abide by them, no questions asked. Boundaries are set between parent and child. This type of parenting leads to strained relationships between parents and children. Authoritative parents are high in responsiveness and high in demandingness. In this type of parenting, parents still expect their children to follow their rules but are more proactive with their children. There tends to be more leniency in this style of parenting. Children are able to communicate more with their parents. For example, if a child breaks their curfew and it's a valid reason as to why they did, they are able to communicate that with their parents without being punished. Permissive parents are low in responsiveness and low in demandingness. This style of parenting, children tend to be more free and have fewer rules. This type of parenting leads a child to have more confidence but also affects their decision-making as adults. To me, this type of parenting seems like the parents are trying to be their child's friend more than being their parental figure. Neglectful parenting is low in responsiveness and low in demandingness. These types of parents could care less about their child's well-being in general. Which of the ADHD subtypes is the most likely to be overlooked? Inattention is most likely to be overlooked. By what methods did Lawrence Kohlberg study moral development? Be specific in your answer. Kohlberg studied moral development by interviewing children and adolescents by giving them moral dilemmas. Describe the cultural critique of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. What is the issue? Be specific. Piaget assumed that abilities naturally unfolded, but research supports that it is more nurture explanations. Adults also play a big role in the cognitive development of children. Describe the following social category of children: Rejected children. Be specific. Also, what is one possible consequence of being a socially rejected child? Rejected children are disliked by their peers. Rejected children are chosen by their peers as the least favorable student, rarely named to be anyone's friend. Socially rejected children are said to be involved in delinquent behaviors when they are older. Some rejected children are often bullies as well. What can parents do to increase the likelihood that children will cope optimally with a divorce? Provide two suggestions, based on the module. Explain to their children the reason they are divorcing. Ensure them they are not the reason behind the divorce. Explain to them that their livelihood may change a bit. Also, continue good parenting practices, and provide warm parent-child interactions. Thoroughly answer the essay questions. Answers should be in clear, complete sentences. Describe Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Describe the Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional levels, being sure to focus on the key features of each stage. Then, choose one of these levels and provide a detailed example of a specific child reasoning at that level. Be sure to focus on the why behind the child's reasoning, just like Kohlberg did. Finally, Kohlberg's theory has been critiqued for a number of reasons. Describe one of these reasons. Then, indicate whether you think that this critique is valid, and explain why or why not. Preconventional Reasoning entails obeying parental and authority figures. Children in this stage of reasoning believe wrong behavior will get you in trouble while believing good behavior will be rewarded. Conventional Reasoning entails obeying one's conscience, kindness and consideration is what's right in this level of reasoning. Children and teens believe fairness is what matters. Postconventional reasoning entails internal reasoning, this level of reasoning may lead to breaking the rules sometimes. One of the reasons why Kohlberg's theory has been critiqued is for being cuturally biased. Children at the preconventional level believe in pushiment and reward because children who often misbehave know the conseqeunces of bad behavior will get them in trouble. They also expect to be rewared for good behavior. Garbarino identifies four factors that lead to child violence. What are two of them? Depression: Acting out may be a sign of depression especially in adolescent boys. Abandonment by parent: lack of secure attachment with parent. Recently, a teen begins acting like she's never hungry. When she gets home from school, she heads up to her room, closes the door, and lies on her bed for hours. She doesn't return her friends' calls. When her parents try to get her to do the things she used to enjoy doing, she says she's too tired. Is she at risk for a suicide attempt? Why or why not? Yes this a risk of suicide attempt, the teen is showing signs of depression, she has lost interest in socializing with her friends, she's isolating herself, she has no appetite, she's fatigue and lost interest in her hobbies. These are all risks of a suicide attempt. Short essay questions should be answered in full sentences. Be sure to number your answers. Purging is not an effective way to lose weight. Neither or laxatives. Briefly explain why. Purging consits of vomiting and using laxatives. Vomiting only reduces 50% of calories consumed and laxatives only reduces 10% of water weight. What is the "imaginary audience" during adolescence? The imaginary audience during adolescence is the belief that everyone is paying attention to them and watching them. Thoroughly answer the essay question. Answers should be written in complete sentences. Choose either Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa. Give an overview description. Then describe in detail the signs and long-term consequences. Next, describe in detail possible causes of this disorder. Finally, describe in detail the interventions available for this disorder, being sure to include the special concerns with treatment for this disorder. To conclude, indicate your views about the most difficult aspect of overcoming this disorder and what intervention is most likely to be successful. Be sure to be organized in your essay. It may help to label each section (e.g. Description, Consequences, etc.) to make sure that you cover each question. I chose to give an overview of Anorexia Nervosa. AN is categorized as the deadliest mental disorder. It happens in early adolescence and affects individuals that are upper class and middle-class. AN sufferers typically go on extreme diets and extreme workouts. This is subtype 1 of AN. Subtype 2 AN partake in purging activities. AN causes damage to all major organs, causes problems with menstrual cycle, brain, and bones, and lingering heart problems. More problems that AN causes are brittle nails and hair, thyroid changes, organ loss, calcium depletion, and decreased brain volume. Intervention includes an Outpatient or hospitalization depending on the severity, a feeding tube may be needed, and family and group therapy. Short essay questions should be answered in complete sentences. How does Labouvie-Vief describe postformal thought? Labouvie-Vief describes postformal thought as moving to dualistic thinking right or wrong type of thinking. Situations are only seen in black and white and don't see grey areas. Then to Multiple Thinking, is growing to have an understanding that several opinions can exist concerning situations but still hard to reconcile various perspectives. Then to Commitment of relativism is accepting various viewpoints and being able to weigh both sides of opinions and agree with one that goes with your own beliefs. Much variety exists in women's menopausal symptoms. Describe two of the cross cultural cross-racial differences in menopausal symptoms that you learned about during this module. Be specific. Caucasian: Muscle aches, irritability, insomnia African-American: hot flashes, night sweats, more positive Chinese/Japanese: fewer night sweats and hot flashes, less positive Japanese/Nigerian: frozen shoulders rural Mayan and other indigenous cultures: more positive, as women assume the role of spiritual leader; timing differs (earliest for Latin American and African American, then Caucasian, then Asian-American Choose one of Sternberg's types of love (for example, Infatuation) and describe a couple that exemplifies this type of love. Be sure to name the type of love that you are depicting and be very specific in explaining how the couple displays the various components. John and Chrissy have been married for 5 years. Chrissy recently found out John cheated on her. Although this happened, they decided to stay married, and feelings between the two have changed. Their marriage now lacks passion and intimacy, but they are committed to working on their marriage. The type of love being depicted is empty love. In Module 1, we learned that development is multidirectional. Define multidirectional development. Then, describe in detail how developmental changes across both Early and Middle Adulthood exemplify multidirectional development. Be sure to consider and include physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes for each age group in your answer. Multidirectional can be defined as progressing and declining at the same time. An example of multidirectional in early adulthood physical development occurs between 20 and 35. While physical peek is taking place, some things start to decline, such as heart rate, respiratory capacity gradually declines. This is much more noticeable after 25, lenses of the eyes stiffen, etc. Relationships and marriage begin to develop. Adult thinking is more relativistic. In Middle adulthood, women are unable to bear children, and men become less fertile. Women experience hot flashes. Middle age adults verbal abilities increase, so does spatial reasoning, etc. Cognitive decline begins in middle age adults. Some, not all, will experience a midlife crisis. Older adults are launching their adult children. Many of these declines can be compensated with different stratergies. Describe 2 symptoms that may indicate that an individual is experiencing memory loss that is greater than normal. Two symptoms that may indicate an individual is experiencing memory loss greater than normal, the individual starts experiencing declarative memory loss, forgetting basic words and replacing them with odd words, and having trouble with some activities. Forgetting the names of their loved ones. What is hospice? Be sure to discuss the various services given through hospice. Hospice is a form of palliative care offered to the severely injured or terminally ill. Hospice is offered to patients that prefer to die in the comfort of their own home surrounded by family and friends. Hospice services that are provided are comfort care that assists with pain and nausea, spiritual needs and there is usually a team of doctors, nurses and social workers, chaplains involved in hospice care. Hospice also provides services to the patients family. Describe two reasons that experts give to explain why women typically outlive men? Two reason women typically out live men is because men tend to participate in risky behaviors, such as drugs, alcohol, etc, and they tend to be less vigilant about the overall health. Compare and contrast Activity Theory and Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory. Be sure to both "compare" and "contrast." Activity Theory states that older adults should still engage in some sort of activity in their late adult years so they won't lose their cognitive and physical function. They should still engage in society in some sort of way. Seletive Optimization with compsention theory states that elders should be selective in some activites they participate in, they should optimize those activities because they aren't physically able to partake in those activites as their younger self once could. Lastly the should compensate for certain activity for example, taking breaks in between workouts or driving at a slower pace. Activity Theory entails just engaging in society, activities all together, whereas Selective Optimazation with Compensation entalis engaging in those thing just with caution and restrictions Describe the three components of Selective Optimization with Compensation theory. Then, give an example of an older adult exhibiting all three components. Your Answer: An older adult should be selective about the activities they participate due to their age and overall functioning, they should optimize the type of activities they partake in because they aren't able to do them as they did when they were younger. (maintaining ability through practice). They should compensate for some activities for example, watching one lips move during a conversation, driving at a slower pace, or taking breaks between physical activities. For example, I have a coworker who is in his late 60s that works a physically demanding housekeeping job. He still engages by working part-time. When he comes to work, he has to be selective of the tasks he takes due to his physical function,he knows he cannot do all the heavy work as he use to do. He optimizes his workload by taking his time completing the tasks. He compensates by taking small breaks in between tasks. Possible Questions on Test Thoroughly answer the essay question. Essays should be written in complete sentences. Compare and contrast Assimilation and Accommodation. In your answer, be sure to describe each and describe how they differ from one another. Then, give a specific example of each. Finally, give a personal example of when you engaged in either assimilation or accommodation (be sure to say which one that you are describing!). Note: the module video used the example of eating food to illustrate these points. You must choose different examples. Assimilation and accomodation both take in new Describe in detail the two courses of juvenile delinquency. Then, describe in detail two of Garbarino's recommendations for how to intervene in the life of an individual troubled teenage boy. Do you think these recommendations are likely to work? Why or why not? Adolescence limited, teens begin engaging in delinquent behaviors, but become more responsible in adulthood. Limited Course persist delinquency is more problematic and often is reflective of troubles that started way before adolescence. Combination of biological and social factors, behaviors continue to expand in adolescence into adulthood. Individuals may become a repeat offender. Two of garbarino's teachings:, Teaching boys to feel and show empathy to one another, and mentoring them.I think these recommendations will work because if boys have some sort of emotional connection to one another I doubt they'll do anything to harm one another. A strong mentor in a boys life have impacts their life in a positive way. All it takes is a trustworthy adult to make a difference in a child's life. For each of the following theorists, indicate whether each had had a continuous or discontinuous view of development: Piaget Discontinuous For each of the following theorists, indicate whether each had had a continuous or discontinuous view of development: Erikson Discontinuous For each of the following theorists, indicate whether each had had a continuous or discontinuous view of development: Skinner Continuous For each of the following theorists, indicate whether each had had a continuous or discontinuous view of development: Freud Discontinuous Freud: Ages 0-18 months Oral stage Freud : 18-36 months Anal Stage Freud: 3-6 years Phallic stage Freud: 6 to Puberty Latency stage Freud: Puberty + Genital stage What types of Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) procedures are typically used? Transcervical and Transabdominal Which research design would best investigate whether diet change can serve as effective prevention for depression? Experimental John Bowlby's Attachment Theory It is crucial for infants to develop close bonds with caregivers within the first year of life. Failure to do so results in serious emotional consequences for the infant. It is an all or nothing process Infant-Parent Attachment An infant has learned they can depend on a caregiver for their needs. When they are not in your presence they may cry and will be happy when they return. They use the caregiver as a safe base to explore their environment T/F: Regular Infant sleep patterns can be observed from birth? False T/F: Experts believe that some infant reflexes are present to promote infant survival? True What is Discovery Learning? Children learn by actively exploring with an emphasis on hands-on learning In the Vygotskian model of learning, ______ is when teachers adjust the level of support they give to students Scaffolding What would Vygotsky say about a child's likelihood of success when learning and studying alone? Low success Ritalin, a common treatment for ADHD, is an example of what fond of drug? Stimulant inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity: Blurts out the answers before the question is fully asked? Hyperactivity-impulsivity Which one of Kohlberg's moral development levels emphasizes the most external control of moral behaviors? Preconventional T/F: Individuals who get married after age 20 are less likely to later divorce, compared to individuals who marry in their teens True Describe 2 common consequences of divorce on children Girls may keep their emotions inside, but cry out and boys may seek out risky behavior or act out What is spermache? first sperm emission Which protein hormone is thought to trigger the Hypothalamus' increased production of GnRh? Leptin Which of Sternberg's types of love includes only Commitment? Empty love Consummate love, Fatuous, Liking, Romantic or Companionate: Alex and Quinn just met and immediately felt a close emotional connection with one another. They love getting together to talk and have communicated their feelings of closeness to one another Liking Which of the following age-related brain changes are thought to harm cells and possibly contribute to Alzheimers disease? Atrophy in parts of the brain, Inflammation, or Production of free radicals All of the above Describe Elizabeth Kubler-Ross's 5 stages of dying Denial- occurs when an individual gets a diagnosis of a terminal illness Anger- Occurs because the individual feels robbed of life Bargaining- individual will try to bargain with medical staff, god friends and family to obtain extra time Depression- natural result to feeling there is nothing they can do to change the situation Acceptance- not a garentee and it only occurs at the end of one's life, characterized by feelings of peace Early puberty for girls Problems: Early sexual activity, ED's, Poor body image Reasons: Attention from older boys, dissatisfaction with body change Late maturing boys Problems: Problem behaviors, rejected by peers Reasons: their appearance and behavior causes them to be rejected by their peers In the module you read an APA article on early puberty. It discussed the difficulties of early puberty in terms of: fitting in with peers, experiencing social pressures, the role of unstable environments, recommendations for helping with pubertal transitions. Summarize what the article says about each area and describe in detail your reaction to what the article said about this area. -Fitting in: Challenges with looking different from one's peers, and affects disproportionately more difficult for girls. -Social Pressures: Peers and adults treating early maturing kids differently, hanging out with older friends. -Unstable environments: Early life stress, absent fathers, conflict, and low socioeconomic status are all associated with early puberty. Some difficulty untangling environmental and genetic causes -Recommendations: Increase coping skills, adaptability and planfulness For each of the age groups listed below, list the psychosexual stage described by Freud Ages 3-6:_______ phallic stage phallic stage of psychosexual development ends at age: _______ 6 Freud believed that unsuccessful completing of a psychosexual stage would result in a person becoming _______ on an erogenous part of the body fixated according the Freud, the _______ stage occurs from birth to 18 months oral where did Freud get the name "Oedipus" for the Oedipus complex greek mythology which of the following most accurately summarizes Freud's view of the Oedipus complex? A. boys experience competition with their fathers and eventually identify with them, while repressing sexual feelings towards their mothers B. Boys experience competition with their mothers and eventually identify with them, while repressing sexual feelings towards their fathers C. boys and girls both strongly experience the Oedipus complex A. Boys experience competition with their fathers and eventually identify with them, while repressing sexual feelings towards their mothers Freud would say that a person obsessed with cleanliness may have unsuccessfully completed the ________ psychosexual stage anal For each of the age groups listed below, list the psychosexual stage described by Freud birth to 18 months:______ oral stage For each of the age groups listed below, list the psychosexual stage described by Freud 18 months to 3 years:_______ anal stage For each of the age groups listed below, list the psychosexual stage described by Freud 6 years to puberty:____ latency stage T/F Malnutrition can be a teratogen true T/F maternal stress is not an example of a teratogen false when does the embryonic period begin? 2 weeks after conception what is the current age of viability? 22-26 weeks T/F maternal age has nothing to do with birth defects in babies false during which trimester do hair and nails typically form? second T/F amniocentesis utilizes sound waves to create images false which research design could give a researcher a large amount of information about one autistic child's level of functioning? A. nautralistic observation B. case study C. survey D. correlational study E. experiment B. case study which research design would best address the following question: what do most people in the US feel about the legalization of marijuana? survey which research design would be address the following question: are age and wisdom related to one another? correlational study T/F the moro reflex typically disappears after 5 months true the _______ reflex can be observed when adult places her finger in an infant's pal, and the infant immediately closes his finger around the adult finger grasping T/F REM sleep makes up roughly half of an infant's sleep cycle true T/F two year olds weight on average about 45 pounds false T/F two year olds weigh on average about 30 pounds true according to Piaget, ________ are mental activities operations which of the following accurately describes Piaget's views on assimilation and accommodation? A. problem-solving skills must be discovered; they cannot be taught B. problem-solving skills must be taught; they cannot be discovered C. the process of learning is not important; only the end product is important D. none of the above A. Problem-solving skills must be discovered; they cannot be taught which Piagetian substage occurs during the preoperational stage? A. secondary circular reactions B. symbolic function C. metacognition B. symbolic function this researchers underestimated how early children attain object permanence A. piaget B. vygotsky A. Piaget this researcher viewed "nurture" over "nature" as the primary contributor to child cognitive development A. piaget B. vygotsky B. Vygotsky this researcher emphasized the role of the teacher and expert in learning A. piaget B. vygotsky B. vygotsky which of the following accurately describes Piaget's view on children's readiness? A. children should not be taught certain concepts until they are developmentally ready to receive that information B. children should be introduced to academic concepts as early as possible to maximise learning C. both A and B D. neither A nor B A. children should not be taught certain concepts until they are developmentally ready to receive that information What would Vygotsky say about a child's likelihood of success when learning and studying alone? Low success T/F according to Piaget, children in the concrete operational stage can use logic but still struggle with abstract thought? true T/F most children with ADHD are better able to control problem behaviors when given individual attention true categorize the following symptoms as either a symptom of inattention or hyperactivity impulsivity fidgets and squirms in his/her seat hyperactivity-impulisivity who are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD boys or girls? boys what is the recommendation for diagnosing ADHD? A. any pediatrician is qualified to provide a diagnosis B. families should seek a psychiatrist, or pediatrician with expertise in ADHD C. diagnoses can only be made by pediatricians D. none of the above B. families should seek a psychologist, psychiatrist, or pediatrician with expertise in ADHD T/F parents of children with ADHD can help their kids by encouraging kids to write down homework assignments and use notebook organizers true categorize the following symptoms as either inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity talks nonstop hyperactivity-impulsivity __________ children receive high numbers of negative votes in research studies on peer statuses. rejected T/F neglected children tend to show less negative outcomes than rejected children, according to peer status research true When presented with Kohlberg's Heinz dilemma, Ben says that Heinz should steal the drug because he loves his wife and helping her show his love for her. After all, Heinz probably vowed at his wedding to care for her "in sickness and in health;" he should do as he promised. Ben believes that people should keep their promises. at what level would Kohlberg most likely categorize this response, according to his theory of moral development? conventional T/F research indicates that boys have more difficulty adjusting to remarriage compared to girls false approximately how long does it take families to adjust to a divorce? 2 years T/F research indicates that girls have more negative consequences when growing up in a single parent household, compared to boys false T/F research indicates that boys have more negative consequences when growing up in a single parent household, compared to girls true while Frued's stages are psychosexual. Erikson's are psycho______ social T/F ultrasound can be used to determine the presence of genetic abnormalities false fine hair that covers the top portion of a baby in utero is known as ______ lanugo T/F if the Babinski reflex lingers after a child is two years old, it is possible that the child has some nerve damage true T/F gross motor skills generally develop before fine motor skills true the researcher focused on how young children experiment on their world in order to learn about it A. piaget B. vygotsky A. piaget T/F parents and teachers of children with the predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD can easily miss ADHD symptoms true ADHD can be diagnosed according to three diagnostic areas or subtypes. Which of the following is NOT one of these areas? A. inattention B. hyperactivity/impulsivity C. both inattentive and hyperactivity/impulsivity D. psychosis D. psychosis Drew, a high school teacher, feels that laws should be followed so that society doesn't fall into total anarchy. after all, it's not fair for everyone else if someone gets away with stealing something. obeying the law, Drew reasons, is what we all do in order to maintain a healthy society. at what level would Kohlberg most likely categorize this response, according to his theory of moral development? conventional Mark says that people shouldn't steal because they'll get in trouble and go to jail. At what level would Kohlberg most likely categorize this response, according to his theory of moral development? preconventional on average, who ends the pubertal growth spurt earlier: boys and girls? girls the average age of menarche has_________ since the 1990s A. increased B. decreased B. decreased _______ is a term that refers to a child coming of age and leaving the family home launching T/F 50% of people who are married right now will eventually divorce false T/F hypertension is a risk factor for a neurocognitive disorder true which of the following factors is NOT currently being considered as a possible causal factor in Alzheimer's disease A. stroke B. high blood pressure C. obesity D. osteoporosis C. obesity T/F according to selection with optimization theory, older adults should be more selective in what activities they choose to do true T/F the general social survey indicates that married couples tend to have sex at least once a week, average 58 times a year true T/F women are more likely than men to experience a mid-life crisis false which of Sternberg's types of love includes all three love components? consummate love which of Sternberg's types of love includes passion and intimacy? romantic love T/F neurocognitive disorders are a noraml part of aging false which is the best summary of the role of the gene APOE e4 in Alzheimer's disease? certain alleles of this gene may increase risk for Alzheimer's for the following descriptions, identify the most likely type of neurocognitive disorder most likely indicated by these symptoms and situations Vera began drinking heavily in her 20s and continued throughout her life and is now in her 70s. she has been hospitalized with liver disease. prior to this hospitalization, her children noticed that shes been having trouble dressing herself and is exhibiting some marked forgetfulness A. Alzheimer's disease B. vascular disease C. parkinsons D. prion disease E. HIV F. substance/medication induced F. substance/medication induced which of the following age-related brain changes are thought to harm cells and possibly contribute to Alzheimer's diease A. atrophy in parts of the brain B. inflammation C. production of free radicals D. all of the above D. all of the above What is the difference between a normal age-related change that involves forgetting a name versus someone in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease? A. memory differences are identical with age-related changes and Alzheimer-related changes B. people with Alzheimer's disease cannot remember anything C. the individual remembers the name later if it is a normal, age-related change C. the individual remembers the name later if it is a normal, age-related change T/F the older you are, the more likely it is that you will have a neurocognitive disorder true 70 year old Elizabeth has trouble remembering how to use her DVR and relies on her daughter to occasionally help her. is this most likely a a. Alzheimer's disease B. age-related change B. age-related change Jan is a widow. after her husband died, she stopped spending time with friends. over a decade later, Jan is in her 80s. she is now not as involved in her church, feels that she is too old to do much. which of the following socioemotional theories of aging best fits her viewpoint: A. disengagement B. activity C. selective optimization with compensation A. disengagement for the following example, indicate which stage of Elizabeth Kubler Ross's stage theory is being depicted: when the doctor informed Zeke that he had a terminal illness, he actually laughed and said "I don't think so!" Denial Emma is in her late 80's and broke her hip last year. Now that she is recovered, she finds that she is more careful to avoid injury. Rather than walking in her hilly neighborhood, she now drives with a friend to the mall each morning for a nice, flat walk. Which of the following socioemotional theories of aging best fits her new viewpoint: A. Disengagement B. Activity C. Selective Optimization with Compensation. C. Selective Optimization with Compensation according to Erikson, the "terrible twos" stem from a toddlers need to assert what? autonomy Freuds final psychosexual stage occurs from _______ on while, Erikson's final stage is for the following age groups:______ 1. 12-18 2. 65+ which of the following statements most accurately reflects Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A. stages do not have to occur in the same order B. children progress through stages in the same order C. children often experience multiple stages at the same time D. children progress through stages in random order B. Children progress through stages in the same order T/F training based on Pavlovian principles is used in the treatment of phobias true in which of the following stages is it important for children to establish a sense of competence? A. trust vs. mistrust B. autonomy vs. shame and doubt C. identity vs. identify D. industry vs. inferiority D. Industry vs. inferiority which age group did Erikson say faces the crisis generativity vs. stagnation? Middle adulthood T/F Erikson emphasized the id, while Freud emphasized the ego false which reflexive behavior did Pavlov's dogs begin exhibiting at the sound of a bell? salivation stage theorist illustrate a _____ view of development A. continuous B. discontinuous B. discontinuous Janice is 60 years old and feels that she is in the prime of her life, at least mentally. However, she is starting to experience some problems with arthritis and knows she doesn't have quite the stamina that she used to. Those trends are a good illustration of development being multi________. A. disciplinary B. directional C. modal D. dimensional B. directional human development is comprised of biological, social, and cognitive changes, to name a few. therefore, development is mutli_________ dimensional according to Erikson, unsuccessful completion of the first psychosocial stage will result in _______ of the world mistrust what types of CVS procedures are typically used? transcervical and transabdominal which of the following is NOT an example of a transabdominal ultrasound? transcervical procedure which research design would best investigate whether diet changes can serve as effective prevention for depression? experiment T/F regular infant sleep patterns can be observed from birth false T/F experts believe that some infant reflexes are present to promote infant survival true which of the following accurately describes Discovery Learning? A. children learn by actively exploring - emphasis on hands on learning B. children learn by reading about experiments - emphasis on critical reading C. children learn by traveling to different countries - emphasis on a global perspective D. none of the above A. children learn by actively-emphasis on hands-on learning in Vygotskian model of learning, ______ is when teachers adjust the level of support they give students scaffolding Ritalin, a common treatment for ADHD, is an example of a/an [CHOOSE ONE: Stimulant, Opiate, Depressant] drug. stimulant to which of Kohlberg's moral development levels emphasizes the most external control of moral behaviors? preconventional which protein hormone is thought to trigger the hypothalamus increased production of GnRH? leptin what biological event marks the beginning of adolescence? puberty Megan is a 12-year old girl who felt she was too fat. She put herself on strict all-lettuce diet and started running after school every day. once the weight started coming off, she was still dissatisfied and decided to up her exercise routine and cut out lunch. what eating disorder might she have? anorexia nervosa name two of sternberg's types of love that are likely to be more common early in a relationship infatuation, romantic which of Sternberg's types of love includes only passion and intimacy? romantic love According to Erikson, which comes first: identity or intimacy? identity someone studying cognitive development is concerned with changes in the way people_______ think which psychological perspective likens the human brain to a computer? information processing theory the latency stage of psychosexual development ends at_____ puberty For the following question, choose either "continuous" or "discontinuous" for your answer.Stage theorists illustrate a ____________ view of development. discontinuous He studied social and cultural influences on learning Vygotsky delivery of the placenta occurs during stage _____ of childbirth three place the following prenatal events in order, from earliest to latest. Eyebrows form. Responsive to light. Swallowing is possible. a. Swallowing is possible b. eyebrows form c. responsive to light T/F gender constancy is similar to Piaget's idea of conservation true T/F current research supports that children do move through Kohlberg's first four stages of moral development in sequential order true Identify which of the following identity statuses would best describe the individual, in terms of occupational identity: .Beth is going into nursing because of what she's heard about the good job market for nurses. However, she's never stopped to consider whether her skills, abilities, and interests match a career in nursing. A. Identity Diffusion B. Identity Moratorium C. Identity Foreclosure D. Identity Achieved C. Identity Foreclosure For the following descriptions, identify the most likely type of neurocognitive disorder most likely indicated by these symptoms and situations. Sam does not have access to a hospital in his village. When he was injured, a local practitioner used unsterilized instruments to operate on him. Sam then quickly developed spasms and memory deterioration. Prion disease What are two critiques, discussed in the module, regarding Freud's psychosexual stages? Lack of a lifespan approach and his research methods. List the psychosexual stage described by Freud. Ages 3-6: ___________ Phallic Stage The phallic stage of psychosexual development ends at age ___________. 6 True or false? Maternal stress is not an example of a teratogen. False Which research design would best address the following question: What do most people in the U.S. feel about the legalization of marijuana? Survey True or false? Maternal age has nothing to do with birth defects in babies. False Describe what you learned about infant-parent attachment in the module. The approximate length of the description should be a short paragraph, and it should include sufficient detail on what you learned. Then, describe how your current knowledge on this topic compares to what you knew before taking this module. Finally, describe your views on the following issues: a) how applicable is attachment theory to everyday life and working with infants, and b) what misconceptions about attachment do you think people have, and what is a correct understanding of how to apply this attachment theory? 3 pts for a s