NURS 5315 Advanced
Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1
(Latest Update)
Real Questions and Verified
Answers | 100% Correct |
Already Graded A+.
Hypoxic injury clinical manifestations - correct answer 1. Increased CK (muscle and heart)
2. Increased LDH (muscle, liver, lung, heart, RBC, brain)
3. Increased ALT and AST (liver)
4. Increased troponin (heart)
Reperfusion injury - correct answer Oxygen supply is restored to ischemic tissues. Triggers
oxygen intermediates which causes cell membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium
overload.
Xanthine dehydrogenase --> xanthine oxidate. This makes large amounts of free radicals,
superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Causes cell membrane damage and *mitochondrial calcium
overload*
Reperfusion injury clinical manifestations - correct answer White blood cell count is impaired.
Seen in tissue transplantation, ischemic syndromes of the heart, liver, intestines, kidneys, and
cerebrum.
,Free Radical - correct answer Molecules that have an unpaired electron on its outer shell. This
makes the molecule unstable.
Cause cellular injury, aging, and disease to occur.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - correct answer Produced as a normal byproduct of ATP
production in mitochondria. ROS can overwhelm the mitochondria and exhaust intracellular
antioxidants. Also produced by absorption of high energy sources like radiation or UV light.
Ethanol - correct answer Acute affects in the liver include inflammation, fatty infiltration,
hepatomegaly, acute liver necrosis, suppressed fatty acid oxidation. Chronic ethanol use is
mainly seen in the stomach and liver, and is caused by free radicals.
*Elevated anion gap and osmolar gap >10 is diagnostic*
Infarct - correct answer Form of necrosis that is a SUDDEN insufficiency of arterial blood flow.
(ie: heart attack, cold leg, MI)
Apoptosis - correct answer Programmed cell death (normal). Needed to prevent cellular
proliferation that would result in a large body.
Clinical implications: neurodegenerative disease, ischemic injury, death of virus infected cells
Autophagy - correct answer Autodigestion of the cell. When cells lack nutrition, autophagy is
triggered. During times of metabolic stress, autophagy provides ATP and other macromolecules
for energy and cell survival. When stress progresses, it leads to cell death
Aging - correct answer Body released more cytokines and proinflammatory substances which
results in chronic inflammation
What lab values are elevated as we age? - correct answer Interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor-
alpha, and C-reactive protein
, Role of hepatocytes - correct answer Acetyl CoA is processed by hepatocytes and transforms to
3 ketone bodies:
1. Acetoacetate
2. Acetone
3. B-hydroxybutyrate
Role of mitochondria - correct answer Ketogenesis: occurs mostly in the hepatocytes
What triggers ketogenesis? - correct answer Unavailability of glucose. Keto diet = no sugar.
Starvation and Type 2 DM can lead to this.
Role of Acetyl-CoA - correct answer Returns to citric acid cycle and combines with oxaloacetate
to form citrate. Also transforms into ketone bodies by hepatocytes
Oxaloacetate - correct answer Used in gluconeogenesis (process of getting sugars from carbs).
During starvation or uncontrolled diabetes, oxaloacetate levels are insufficient because it has
been completely used by gluconeogenesis. Depletion of oxaloacetate increases amount of
Acetyl CoA.
Normal cells - correct answer Will not grow unless attached to a firm surface. Normal cells have
a limited life span and divide 10-50 times. Uniform in size and shape.
Cancer cells - correct answer Cells continue to crowd and eventually pile over. Immortal and
divide for years. Divide rapidly and are parasites. Must grow in a hypoxic or acidic environment.
Which cancer produces alpha fetoprotein? - correct answer Liver and germ cell tumors secrete
this into the blood. Found in liver, testicles, or ovaries.
Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1
(Latest Update)
Real Questions and Verified
Answers | 100% Correct |
Already Graded A+.
Hypoxic injury clinical manifestations - correct answer 1. Increased CK (muscle and heart)
2. Increased LDH (muscle, liver, lung, heart, RBC, brain)
3. Increased ALT and AST (liver)
4. Increased troponin (heart)
Reperfusion injury - correct answer Oxygen supply is restored to ischemic tissues. Triggers
oxygen intermediates which causes cell membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium
overload.
Xanthine dehydrogenase --> xanthine oxidate. This makes large amounts of free radicals,
superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Causes cell membrane damage and *mitochondrial calcium
overload*
Reperfusion injury clinical manifestations - correct answer White blood cell count is impaired.
Seen in tissue transplantation, ischemic syndromes of the heart, liver, intestines, kidneys, and
cerebrum.
,Free Radical - correct answer Molecules that have an unpaired electron on its outer shell. This
makes the molecule unstable.
Cause cellular injury, aging, and disease to occur.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - correct answer Produced as a normal byproduct of ATP
production in mitochondria. ROS can overwhelm the mitochondria and exhaust intracellular
antioxidants. Also produced by absorption of high energy sources like radiation or UV light.
Ethanol - correct answer Acute affects in the liver include inflammation, fatty infiltration,
hepatomegaly, acute liver necrosis, suppressed fatty acid oxidation. Chronic ethanol use is
mainly seen in the stomach and liver, and is caused by free radicals.
*Elevated anion gap and osmolar gap >10 is diagnostic*
Infarct - correct answer Form of necrosis that is a SUDDEN insufficiency of arterial blood flow.
(ie: heart attack, cold leg, MI)
Apoptosis - correct answer Programmed cell death (normal). Needed to prevent cellular
proliferation that would result in a large body.
Clinical implications: neurodegenerative disease, ischemic injury, death of virus infected cells
Autophagy - correct answer Autodigestion of the cell. When cells lack nutrition, autophagy is
triggered. During times of metabolic stress, autophagy provides ATP and other macromolecules
for energy and cell survival. When stress progresses, it leads to cell death
Aging - correct answer Body released more cytokines and proinflammatory substances which
results in chronic inflammation
What lab values are elevated as we age? - correct answer Interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor-
alpha, and C-reactive protein
, Role of hepatocytes - correct answer Acetyl CoA is processed by hepatocytes and transforms to
3 ketone bodies:
1. Acetoacetate
2. Acetone
3. B-hydroxybutyrate
Role of mitochondria - correct answer Ketogenesis: occurs mostly in the hepatocytes
What triggers ketogenesis? - correct answer Unavailability of glucose. Keto diet = no sugar.
Starvation and Type 2 DM can lead to this.
Role of Acetyl-CoA - correct answer Returns to citric acid cycle and combines with oxaloacetate
to form citrate. Also transforms into ketone bodies by hepatocytes
Oxaloacetate - correct answer Used in gluconeogenesis (process of getting sugars from carbs).
During starvation or uncontrolled diabetes, oxaloacetate levels are insufficient because it has
been completely used by gluconeogenesis. Depletion of oxaloacetate increases amount of
Acetyl CoA.
Normal cells - correct answer Will not grow unless attached to a firm surface. Normal cells have
a limited life span and divide 10-50 times. Uniform in size and shape.
Cancer cells - correct answer Cells continue to crowd and eventually pile over. Immortal and
divide for years. Divide rapidly and are parasites. Must grow in a hypoxic or acidic environment.
Which cancer produces alpha fetoprotein? - correct answer Liver and germ cell tumors secrete
this into the blood. Found in liver, testicles, or ovaries.
