CVRS
Lecture 1A- anatomy of cardiovascular system
Arteries- transport blood AWAY from the heart, have branches that supply oxygenated
blood to tissues and organs
Veins- transport blood TOWARDS the heart, have tributaries that drain deoxygenated blood
from tissues and organs
Capillaries- smallest blood vessels in body, transport blood from arteries to veins, nutrient
and waste exchange occurs here
- The heat
Can be functionally considered as 2 separate pumps
Right side for pulmonary circulation
Left side for systemic circulation
, The heart is located in the mediastinum, the area in the center of the thorax
containing heart and other structures, superior boundary consisting of
superior thoracic aperture and inferior boundary of the diaphragm.
- Mediastinum divisions
Superior mediastinum consists of the first rib till the T4 rib
Anterior inferior mediastinum consists of T4-T9 ribs, sternum and
pericardium
Middle inferior mediastinum consists of T4-T9 as well and the anterior of
pericardium
Posterior inferior consists of T4-T12 and anterior pericardium and spine as
well
Mediastinum is bounded laterally by pleura of lungs, pleura is a thin
membrane that envelops the lungs and lines the inner chest wall
- Pericardium
Thin doubled layered fluid filled sac and portions of great blood vessel.
Protects the heart and holds it in place, provides lubrication
Fibrous pericardium is a dense connective tissue acting as a protective
barrier, prevents excessive movement of heart within mediastinum
, Serous pericardium is a thin 2 layer membrane that lies inside the fibrous
pericardium, produces serous pericardial fluid found in pericardial cavity
acting as the lubricant, the 2 layers are parietal layer which is the outer layer
close to fibrous pericardium and visceral layer/epicardium which is the inner
layer in contact with heart’s surface
- Heart- orientation
Sits on the diaphragm, the apex of the heart pointing to the left and base of
the heart projecting towards vertebrae
Histology and anatomy skipped
, Lecture 2- cardiac cycle
- The blood flow within the heart
Deoxygenated blood flows from body through superior and inferior vena cava
to the right atrium and then right ventricle and then through the pulmonary
artery to the lungs. The valve between right atrium and ventricle is called the
tricuspid valve. After being oxygenated in the lungs, the blood flows to the
pulmonary vein to reach left atrium, and then through the bicuspid/mitral
valve to the left ventricle and out for systemic distribution through the aorta.
- Cardiac cycle
2 main phases- Diastole (relaxing) and Systole (contracting)
- Basic concepts
Valves open and close due to pressure differences across them, blood flows
down energy gradient, when a muscle surrounding a chamber contracts,
pressure increases and when it relaxes, it decreases.
Cardiac output refers to the pumping activity of the heart,
CO = volume of blood pumped/min
Stroke volume refers to volume ejected per contraction, and heart rate is
heart rate
CO = SV + HR
- Cardiac cycle
When the patrial is greater than pventricular (pressure), then the tri and
bicuspid valves open, happening in ventricular diastole (atria is unaffected
too, this just refers to filling of ventricular chamber), around 90% filled
When pventricular is greater than paortic, and when atrial systole occurs, the
atrial chambers contract, account for the rest of the 10%
In ventricular systole, isovolumetric contraction occurs where basically ALL
valves are closed to prevent backflow, and the ventricular chambers start
contracting increasing the pressure, while this is happening, the atrial systole
Lecture 1A- anatomy of cardiovascular system
Arteries- transport blood AWAY from the heart, have branches that supply oxygenated
blood to tissues and organs
Veins- transport blood TOWARDS the heart, have tributaries that drain deoxygenated blood
from tissues and organs
Capillaries- smallest blood vessels in body, transport blood from arteries to veins, nutrient
and waste exchange occurs here
- The heat
Can be functionally considered as 2 separate pumps
Right side for pulmonary circulation
Left side for systemic circulation
, The heart is located in the mediastinum, the area in the center of the thorax
containing heart and other structures, superior boundary consisting of
superior thoracic aperture and inferior boundary of the diaphragm.
- Mediastinum divisions
Superior mediastinum consists of the first rib till the T4 rib
Anterior inferior mediastinum consists of T4-T9 ribs, sternum and
pericardium
Middle inferior mediastinum consists of T4-T9 as well and the anterior of
pericardium
Posterior inferior consists of T4-T12 and anterior pericardium and spine as
well
Mediastinum is bounded laterally by pleura of lungs, pleura is a thin
membrane that envelops the lungs and lines the inner chest wall
- Pericardium
Thin doubled layered fluid filled sac and portions of great blood vessel.
Protects the heart and holds it in place, provides lubrication
Fibrous pericardium is a dense connective tissue acting as a protective
barrier, prevents excessive movement of heart within mediastinum
, Serous pericardium is a thin 2 layer membrane that lies inside the fibrous
pericardium, produces serous pericardial fluid found in pericardial cavity
acting as the lubricant, the 2 layers are parietal layer which is the outer layer
close to fibrous pericardium and visceral layer/epicardium which is the inner
layer in contact with heart’s surface
- Heart- orientation
Sits on the diaphragm, the apex of the heart pointing to the left and base of
the heart projecting towards vertebrae
Histology and anatomy skipped
, Lecture 2- cardiac cycle
- The blood flow within the heart
Deoxygenated blood flows from body through superior and inferior vena cava
to the right atrium and then right ventricle and then through the pulmonary
artery to the lungs. The valve between right atrium and ventricle is called the
tricuspid valve. After being oxygenated in the lungs, the blood flows to the
pulmonary vein to reach left atrium, and then through the bicuspid/mitral
valve to the left ventricle and out for systemic distribution through the aorta.
- Cardiac cycle
2 main phases- Diastole (relaxing) and Systole (contracting)
- Basic concepts
Valves open and close due to pressure differences across them, blood flows
down energy gradient, when a muscle surrounding a chamber contracts,
pressure increases and when it relaxes, it decreases.
Cardiac output refers to the pumping activity of the heart,
CO = volume of blood pumped/min
Stroke volume refers to volume ejected per contraction, and heart rate is
heart rate
CO = SV + HR
- Cardiac cycle
When the patrial is greater than pventricular (pressure), then the tri and
bicuspid valves open, happening in ventricular diastole (atria is unaffected
too, this just refers to filling of ventricular chamber), around 90% filled
When pventricular is greater than paortic, and when atrial systole occurs, the
atrial chambers contract, account for the rest of the 10%
In ventricular systole, isovolumetric contraction occurs where basically ALL
valves are closed to prevent backflow, and the ventricular chambers start
contracting increasing the pressure, while this is happening, the atrial systole
