Fitzgerald Pharmacology Midterm Exam Questions
And Answers | Latest Updated 2026/2027 | Graded
A+ | 100% Assured Pass.
All of the following are determined at the state level EXCEPT:
Criteria for entry into advanced practice.
Recognized roles and titles of APRNs.
Certification examinations accepted for entry-level competence assessment.
Employer's qualifications for evaluating the performance of APRNs. - ANSWER
Employer's qualifications for evaluating the performance of APRNs.
The permanent and/or substantial injury resulting from an act of malpractice is
known as:
Proximate cause.
Duty.
Damages.
Maleficence. - ANSWER Damages
The plaintiff's establishment of a relationship between the breach and the injuries is
known as:
Proximate cause.
Duty to act.
Professional responsibility.
Medical error. - ANSWER Proximate Cause
Which of the following statements regarding damages and negligence is correct?
Damages require proof of physical or emotional harm.
Negligence requires proof of physical or emotional harm.
Both damages and negligence require proof of physical or emotional harm.
Neither damages nor negligence requires proof of physical or emotional harm. -
ANSWER Damages require proof of physical or emotional harm.
Which of the following is the basis for an APRN's prescriptive authority?
Employer's policies and procedures
Nurse practice act
Pharmacy practice act
Federal Drug Administration regulations - ANSWER Nurse Practice Act
Malpractice requires all of the following EXCEPT:
A relationship between the patient and the healthcare professional.
Damages.
A breach of duty.
Intentional misconduct. - ANSWER Intentional misconduct.
,When writing a prescription, the APRN must do all of the following
Identify the correct patient.
Assess the patient's allergy status.
Consider diagnoses that affect the choice of medication.
Consider whether the selected medication is available in generic form. - ANSWER
Consider whether the selected medication is available in generic form.
According to the Institute for Safe Medication practices, which of the following
abbreviations is frequently misinterpreted and involved in harmful medication errors?
µg
mg
IM
b.i.d. - ANSWER µg
A drug's mechanism of action is part of its:
Pharmacokinetics.
Therapeutic transformation.
Pharmacodynamics.
Metabolism. - ANSWER Pharmacodynamics
The process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of a drug is
known as:
Therapeutic transformation.
Drug interactions study.
Pharmacokinetics.
Pharmacodynamics. - ANSWER Pharmacokinetics
Which of the following would best describe a pharmacodynamic study?
Determining the half-life of a specific medication dose
Determining the effect of a specific medication dose in treating a disease
Determining the Cmax of various medication doses
Determining the AUC of various medication doses - ANSWER Determining the
effect of a specific medication dose in treating a disease
The legal scope of practice for an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) is
determined by:
Federally-guided initiatives.
The policies of the APRN's employer.
Legislation at the state level.
Nationally-recognized professional organizations. - ANSWER Legislation at the
state level.
When prescribing an off-label drug, the APRN should:
Document the reason for the prescription.
Check with the institution's pharmacy.
Document the reasons why the drug is not approved for the patient's condition.
Consult another healthcare professional. - ANSWER Document the reason for the
prescription.
,Cmax is best described as:
Percent of dose that enters systemic circulation after administration of a given
dosage form.
A plotted curve of drug plasma concentration versus time.
Biotransformation and/or excretion of oral drug by hepatic mechanisms prior to
entering GI tract.
Maximum or peak concentration of a drug observed after its administration. -
ANSWER Maximum or peak concentration of a drug observed after its
administration.
When counseling a 56-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the NP
mentions which of the following regarding the use of semaglutide?
Identical A1C reduction is observed with the oral or injectable formulation
The oral form should be taken immediately following the first meal of the day
Tablets can be cut in half if a lower dose is needed
The oral dose of the medication needed is quite high compared to the injectable for
due to issues with GI absorption. - ANSWER The oral dose of the medication
needed is quite high compared to the injectable for due to issues with GI absorption.
Tmax is best defined as:
Maximum or peak concentration of a drug observed after its administration.
The drug plasma concentration against time after a single dose drug administration.
Time to maximum drug level is observed.
The process of passive diffusion. - ANSWER Time to maximum drug level is
observed.
When considering the movement of drugs throughout the body, it is important to
consider that the most common form of drug absorption is via:
Active transport.
Facilitated transfer.
Passive diffusion.
Creation of a pH gradient. - ANSWER Passive diffusion.
The safety and pharmacokinetics of a new drug are best determined in which phase
of clinical trials?
Pre-clinical
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3 - ANSWER Phase 1
Bioavailability is defined as the:
Solubility of the drug.
Fraction of the administered drug that reaches systemic circulation.
The drug's alkalinity or acidity.
Protein-bound fraction of a drug. - ANSWER Fraction of the administered drug
that reaches systemic circulation.
, A nursing mother is taking a medication with a 2-hour half-life and is concerned
about her infant ingesting some of the drug through breastmilk. The NP knows that
<10% of the original drug dose will remain in the body after how many hours
following her dose?
2
4
8
12 - ANSWER 8
7 of 10In the development, testing, and approval of a new medication, which of the
following best describes the question that is being asked in phase 3 testing?
Does the medication appear to have a clinical effect when subjected to a double-
blind clinical trial?
What is the drug's PK in healthy volunteers?
What are the results of post-marketing surveillance?
How does the medication work in laboratory animals? - ANSWER Does the
medication appear to have a clinical effect when subjected to a double-blind clinical
trial?
Age-related changes in the elder include all of the following except:
Total body water decreases.
Body weight as fat increases.
Increase in serum albumin.
Decrease in kidney weight. - ANSWER Increase in serum albumin.
Drugs that are antagonists exhibit clinical action primarily by:
Stimulating the activity of a receptor site.
Enhancing biotransformation of product.
Forming a therapeutically-active macromolecule.
Occupying a receptor site and inhibiting its endogenous activity. - ANSWER
Occupying a receptor site and inhibiting its endogenous activity.
In advising a 40-year-old woman who is taking ciprofloxacin with a calcium-
containing antacid, which of the following statement is correct?
She should be instructed to take the medications together with a large glass of
water.
This combination will help alleviate the stomach upset often found with
fluoroquinolone use.
Ciprofloxacin absorption will be enhanced because of slower GI motility associated
with antacid use.
The clinical effect of the antimicrobial will be reduced via chelation if the two
medications are taken together. - ANSWER The clinical effect of the antimicrobial
will be reduced via chelation if the two medications are taken together.
Which of the following is not a requirement for a medication to be delivered
transdermally?
And Answers | Latest Updated 2026/2027 | Graded
A+ | 100% Assured Pass.
All of the following are determined at the state level EXCEPT:
Criteria for entry into advanced practice.
Recognized roles and titles of APRNs.
Certification examinations accepted for entry-level competence assessment.
Employer's qualifications for evaluating the performance of APRNs. - ANSWER
Employer's qualifications for evaluating the performance of APRNs.
The permanent and/or substantial injury resulting from an act of malpractice is
known as:
Proximate cause.
Duty.
Damages.
Maleficence. - ANSWER Damages
The plaintiff's establishment of a relationship between the breach and the injuries is
known as:
Proximate cause.
Duty to act.
Professional responsibility.
Medical error. - ANSWER Proximate Cause
Which of the following statements regarding damages and negligence is correct?
Damages require proof of physical or emotional harm.
Negligence requires proof of physical or emotional harm.
Both damages and negligence require proof of physical or emotional harm.
Neither damages nor negligence requires proof of physical or emotional harm. -
ANSWER Damages require proof of physical or emotional harm.
Which of the following is the basis for an APRN's prescriptive authority?
Employer's policies and procedures
Nurse practice act
Pharmacy practice act
Federal Drug Administration regulations - ANSWER Nurse Practice Act
Malpractice requires all of the following EXCEPT:
A relationship between the patient and the healthcare professional.
Damages.
A breach of duty.
Intentional misconduct. - ANSWER Intentional misconduct.
,When writing a prescription, the APRN must do all of the following
Identify the correct patient.
Assess the patient's allergy status.
Consider diagnoses that affect the choice of medication.
Consider whether the selected medication is available in generic form. - ANSWER
Consider whether the selected medication is available in generic form.
According to the Institute for Safe Medication practices, which of the following
abbreviations is frequently misinterpreted and involved in harmful medication errors?
µg
mg
IM
b.i.d. - ANSWER µg
A drug's mechanism of action is part of its:
Pharmacokinetics.
Therapeutic transformation.
Pharmacodynamics.
Metabolism. - ANSWER Pharmacodynamics
The process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of a drug is
known as:
Therapeutic transformation.
Drug interactions study.
Pharmacokinetics.
Pharmacodynamics. - ANSWER Pharmacokinetics
Which of the following would best describe a pharmacodynamic study?
Determining the half-life of a specific medication dose
Determining the effect of a specific medication dose in treating a disease
Determining the Cmax of various medication doses
Determining the AUC of various medication doses - ANSWER Determining the
effect of a specific medication dose in treating a disease
The legal scope of practice for an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) is
determined by:
Federally-guided initiatives.
The policies of the APRN's employer.
Legislation at the state level.
Nationally-recognized professional organizations. - ANSWER Legislation at the
state level.
When prescribing an off-label drug, the APRN should:
Document the reason for the prescription.
Check with the institution's pharmacy.
Document the reasons why the drug is not approved for the patient's condition.
Consult another healthcare professional. - ANSWER Document the reason for the
prescription.
,Cmax is best described as:
Percent of dose that enters systemic circulation after administration of a given
dosage form.
A plotted curve of drug plasma concentration versus time.
Biotransformation and/or excretion of oral drug by hepatic mechanisms prior to
entering GI tract.
Maximum or peak concentration of a drug observed after its administration. -
ANSWER Maximum or peak concentration of a drug observed after its
administration.
When counseling a 56-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the NP
mentions which of the following regarding the use of semaglutide?
Identical A1C reduction is observed with the oral or injectable formulation
The oral form should be taken immediately following the first meal of the day
Tablets can be cut in half if a lower dose is needed
The oral dose of the medication needed is quite high compared to the injectable for
due to issues with GI absorption. - ANSWER The oral dose of the medication
needed is quite high compared to the injectable for due to issues with GI absorption.
Tmax is best defined as:
Maximum or peak concentration of a drug observed after its administration.
The drug plasma concentration against time after a single dose drug administration.
Time to maximum drug level is observed.
The process of passive diffusion. - ANSWER Time to maximum drug level is
observed.
When considering the movement of drugs throughout the body, it is important to
consider that the most common form of drug absorption is via:
Active transport.
Facilitated transfer.
Passive diffusion.
Creation of a pH gradient. - ANSWER Passive diffusion.
The safety and pharmacokinetics of a new drug are best determined in which phase
of clinical trials?
Pre-clinical
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3 - ANSWER Phase 1
Bioavailability is defined as the:
Solubility of the drug.
Fraction of the administered drug that reaches systemic circulation.
The drug's alkalinity or acidity.
Protein-bound fraction of a drug. - ANSWER Fraction of the administered drug
that reaches systemic circulation.
, A nursing mother is taking a medication with a 2-hour half-life and is concerned
about her infant ingesting some of the drug through breastmilk. The NP knows that
<10% of the original drug dose will remain in the body after how many hours
following her dose?
2
4
8
12 - ANSWER 8
7 of 10In the development, testing, and approval of a new medication, which of the
following best describes the question that is being asked in phase 3 testing?
Does the medication appear to have a clinical effect when subjected to a double-
blind clinical trial?
What is the drug's PK in healthy volunteers?
What are the results of post-marketing surveillance?
How does the medication work in laboratory animals? - ANSWER Does the
medication appear to have a clinical effect when subjected to a double-blind clinical
trial?
Age-related changes in the elder include all of the following except:
Total body water decreases.
Body weight as fat increases.
Increase in serum albumin.
Decrease in kidney weight. - ANSWER Increase in serum albumin.
Drugs that are antagonists exhibit clinical action primarily by:
Stimulating the activity of a receptor site.
Enhancing biotransformation of product.
Forming a therapeutically-active macromolecule.
Occupying a receptor site and inhibiting its endogenous activity. - ANSWER
Occupying a receptor site and inhibiting its endogenous activity.
In advising a 40-year-old woman who is taking ciprofloxacin with a calcium-
containing antacid, which of the following statement is correct?
She should be instructed to take the medications together with a large glass of
water.
This combination will help alleviate the stomach upset often found with
fluoroquinolone use.
Ciprofloxacin absorption will be enhanced because of slower GI motility associated
with antacid use.
The clinical effect of the antimicrobial will be reduced via chelation if the two
medications are taken together. - ANSWER The clinical effect of the antimicrobial
will be reduced via chelation if the two medications are taken together.
Which of the following is not a requirement for a medication to be delivered
transdermally?
