CHEM210 / CHEM 210 Module 4: (Latest Update 2026 / 2027) Organic Chemistry | Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct – Portage Learning

CHEM210 / CHEM 210 Module 4: (Latest Update 2026 / 2027) Organic Chemistry | Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct – Portage Learning Q: Glycerol contains how many carbon atoms? - 3 - 4 - 5 - 15 Answer - 3 Q: Which of the following are derived from or made from fatty acids? - Cholesterol - Carotenoids - Phosphoglycerides - Both A and B - Both A and C Answer - Phosphoglycerides Q: Triacylglycerols are made from a ________ and ________. - glycerol; cholesterol Correct! - glycerol; three fatty acids - ceramide; three fatty acids - ceramide; three cholesterols - carotenoid; two cholesterols Answer - glycerol; three fatty acids Q: PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid Answer - 2 or more double bonds Q: A ________ is a carboxylic acid that is a structural component of lipids. - Amino acid - Carotenoid - Sphingolipid - cholesterol - None of the above Answer - None of the above Q: A particular lipid is a liquid at room temperature, so it is called a(n) ________. - Oil - Fat - Lipid - Membrane - Sphingolipid Answer - Oil Q: ________ are a class of membrane proteins that are loosely associated with the membrane bilayer. - Transmembrane protein - Integral protein - Channel protein - Transport protein - Peripheral protein Answer - Peripheral protein Q: Isoprene units are used to make all of the following except __________. A. Fatty acids B. Carotenoid molecules C. Sphingolipids D. Both B and C E. All of the above Answer A. Fatty acids Q: Which notation is for a fatty acid with one double bond? A) 18:1( Δ 12) B) 1:18 ( C) 1:12 ( D) 2:18 ( E) 12:1(7,9) Answer A) 18:1( Δ 12) Q: Which notation indicates a 14-carbon omega-3 fatty acid that contains no other double bonds? A) 14:1 Δ 11) ( B) 17:1 Δ 14) ( C) 14:1 Δ3) ( D) 13:1(Δ11) E) 14:0( Δ 11) Answer A) 14:1 Δ 11) Q: __________ is used as the backbone molecule in the formation of storage fats. - Ceramide - Glucose - Sphingolipid - Glycerol - Phosphoglycerol Answer - Glycerol Q: __________ molecules determine blood type in humans. - Sphingolipids - Triacylglycerols - Cholesterol - Phosphoglycerides - carotenoid Answer - Sphingolipids Q: ________ are found in high concentrations in the membranes of the myelin sheath. - Fatty acids - Cholesterol - Triacylglycerols - Sphingolipids - Vitamin K molecules Answer - Sphingolipids Q: In a sphingolipid, the fatty acids are attached at carbon-2 by this type of linkage? - Amide linkage - An ether linkage - An alcohol linkage - A peptide linkage - Alkyl linkage Answer - Amide linkage Q: Membrane proteins: - Are sometimes peripheral - Are sometimes integral -Are types of lipids - Both A and B - None of the above Answer - Both A and B Q: Peripheral membrane proteins - Go all the way through the membrane - Can be chemically separated from the membrane - Are firmly attached to the membrane - Are lipids - None of the above Answer - Can be chemically separated from the membrane Q: Which statement best describes a general feature of membranes? - The membrane breaks easily - Individual lipid molecules stay in one place - The polar heads face inward - The interior of the lipid bilayer is very polar - The membrane is fluid Answer - The membrane is fluid Which vitamin is critical for blood coagulation? - Vitamin A - Vitamin B - Vitamin C - Vitamin D - Vitamin K Answer - Vitamin K What molecule is not found in membrane bilayers? - Phosphoglycerides - Sphingolipid - Cholesterol - Integral proteins - None of these Answer - None of these What molecule that protects against UV rays is found both in bacteria and in the eyes? - Phosphoglycerides - Triacylglycerol - Cholesterol - Carotenoid - Vitamin K Answer - Carotenoid What molecule has four fused rings in its structure? - Sphingolipid - Carotenoid - Triacylglycerol - Cholesterol - Water Answer - Cholesterol In triacylglycerols, fatty acids are attached to glycerol via ______ linkage. -O-CO- -NH- -O-NH- -COO- -C=C- Answer -O-CO- A lipid is __________. - A fat - An oil - A molecule that dissolves in a non-polar solvent - Is made from isoprene units - Is water soluble Answer - A molecule that dissolves in a non-polar solvent What is the effect of a double bond on structure of fatty acids? Answer Fatty acids with double bonds are referred to as unsaturated fatty acids. Most double bonds cause the fatty acids to bend or kink about in solution. This bending reduces the packing structure of fatty acids making them more liquid-like. Where in the body are membranes found? Answer In the cell. The cell, itself, and the organelles have membranes. What type of lipid contains a ceramide? What is the purpose of this lipid? Answer Sphingolipids contains a ceramide. The purpose of this lipid is to form the structure of membrane bilayers and in the myelin sheath of neurons. They also aid in defining blood type in individuals. What is the most significant chemical difference between triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides that lead to their different functions? Phosphoglycerides have two fatty acid attached to the glycerol. Triacylglycerols have three fatty acids. Phospoglycerides also have a polar head group attached. What is the fluid mosaic model and what feature of the cells does it help us understand? The fluid mosaic model helps us understand biological membranes. It describes the fluid, complex nature of the membrane bilayer. Membranes have lipids and proteins in a rich mixture to help the cell survive. T/F: Hydrogen is called the superglue of the chemical world. false carbon = superglue of the world T/F: Small elements, such as nitrogen, are common in biomolecules. true Small elements that are common in biomolecules: CHOPS N: - carbon - hydrogen - oxygen - phosphorous - sulfur - nitrogen T/F: The time it takes for a compound to flow through a metabolic pathway is called the flux. true T/F: Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats all get broken down into NADH and FADH2 in energy production. true T/F: A fat is a lipid molecules that is a liquid at room temperature. false In RNA, guanine always pairs with: cytosine In RNA, adenine always pairs with: uracil In DNA, adenine always pairs with: thymine Water is considered a polar solvent due to attractive forces known as hydrogen bonds. A hydrogen bond is: an attractive force between molecules where partially positive hydrogen atoms are attracted to partially negative atoms of F, O, or N What is a London force? a temporary attraction between atoms due to electron alignment What is a dipole-dipole force? an attraction between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another What attributes contribute to water's unusual properties? 1. geometry of the molecule 2. polarity of the -OH bonds 3. ability of water molecules to hydrogen bond 4. body angle of water molecules to H bond The H+ concentration of a solution is 7.9 x 10^-13 M. What is the pH? 12.1 pH = -log(7.9 x 10^-13) What represents the free-energy change of a reaction? ΔG = Gibbs free energy What is the measure of heat content in a reaction? ΔH = enthalpy What is the measure of order of the system in a reaction? ΔS = entropy A fibrous protein is an example of a protein ___. conformation What is an example of protein conformation? fibrous and globular Any molecule or ion that is necessary for an enzyme's function is called: cofactor In a particular cell, molecules X binds to an enzyme causing to stop catalyzing reactions. Molecule X is called what? inhibitor What is the function of lipids in cells? 1. energy source/storage 2. structural role in membranes (myelin sheaths) 3. vitamins 4. basis for dye molecules (carotenoids) What is the function of carbohydrates in cells? 1. structural role in DNA and RNA 2. intermediate in metabolism 3. energy source for cells In a particular cell, molecule X binds near the active site on an enzyme causing it to slow catalyzing reactions. Molecules X is called what? uncompetitive inhibitor In a particular cell, molecule X binds to an enzyme at the active site causing it to stop catalyzing reactions. Molecules X is called what? competitive inhibitor A particular lipid is solid at room temperature, so it is called: fat A particular lipid is liquid at room temperature, so it is called: oil What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? saturated fatty acid = no double bonds unsaturated fatty acid = double bonds PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid, 2 or more double bonds What separates life from non-life? lipid bilayer surrounding the cell The secondary structure of a protein is shown with: alpha helices beta sheets beta turns The primary sequence of proteins is written ___. N to C-terminal The primary sequence of DNA is written ___. 5' to 3' What is a lipid? an organic molecule that dissolves in a non-polar solvent Proteins are catabolized by the ___ pathway. urea cycle Fatty acids are catabolized by the ___ pathway. beta-oxidation Glucose is catabolized by the ___ pathway. glycolysis FADH2 provides energy by donating electrons and hydrogens to the ___. ETC The direct production of ATP occurs as H+ ions flow through ___ into the mitochondrial matrix. ATP synthase The following processes result in either the "production of ATP" or in the "consumption of ATP." Put each of the following into the appropriate category. Fructose-6-phosphate form fructose-1,6-bisphophate consumption of ATP The following processes result in either the "production of ATP" or in the "consumption of ATP." Oxidative phosphorylation production of ATP The following processes result in either the "production of ATP" or in the "consumption of ATP." Glucose forms 2 pyruvates production of ATP The following processes result in either the "production of ATP" or in the "consumption of ATP." NH4+ is made into urea consumption of ATP The following processes result in either the "production of ATP" or in the "consumption of ATP." Pyruvate forms acetyl coA consumption of ATP In human cells, amino acids are degraded to ammonium NH4+ and carbon skeletons. How is the nitrogen then further processed and excreted from these cell? Nitrogen is processed separately from carbon and oxygen in the urea cycle. The urea cycle is a 4-step cyclic process that converts NH4+ to urea, which can then be excreted from the body. Once nitrogen has been removed from an amino acid through oxidative deamination, NH4+ is converted to carbamoyl-phosphate by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 in the mitochondrial matrix. The nitrogen can then enter the urea cycle as carbamoyl-phosphate in which it produces urea that contains two atoms of nitrogen in the cytosol. The urea is then excreted. What element is the basis for life? Describe at least 2 properties of this element that permit it to serve as the basis for life. Carbon is described as the element that is the basis for life due its ability to form: - covalent bonds with different elements as well as form double and triple bonds with other carbon atoms and elements, such as N and O - structures known as polymers, which are long chains of carbon-carbon bonds. - cyclic structures called cyclic compounds Which types of molecules are most likely to be present in membranes? Phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, and proteins are all most likely to be present in membranes. According to the fluid mosaic model, these molecule work together to form a bilayer membrane through association with each other. A group of molecules form a clathrate. What is a clathrate and why does it form? A clathrate is a cage structure that forms around a substance that has been placed in water as a result of the hydrophobic effect. Water orders itself around the hydrophobic portion of non-polar regions of a substance to maximize hydrogen bonds. The formation of this structure occurs due to the spontaneous drive of water to bind to itself through hydrogen bonds. What is the fluid mosaic model and what features of the cell does it help us understand? The fluid mosaic model is used to described membrane composition. The membrane bilayer contains a mixture of proteins and lipid that interact to maintain life within the cell. Individual membrane molecules are free-moving, which allows the membrane to move and flow while maintaining its shape. which of the following monosaccharides is not an aldose? a. erythrose b. dihydroxyacetone c. glucose d. glyceraldehyde e. ribose b. dihydroxyacetone when two monosaccharides are epimers: a. they differ only in the configuration about the penultimate carbon b. one is an aldose, the other a ketose c. they differ only in the configuration about one carbon atom d. they form o-glycosidic bonds e. they are oligosaccharides c. they differ only in the configuration about one carbon atom which pair is anomeric? a. D-glucose and D-fructose b. D-glucose and L-fructose c. D-glucose and L-glucose d. alpha-D-glucose and beta-D-fructose e. alpha-D-glucose and beta-D-glucose e. alpha-D-glucose and beta-D-glucose lactose is made from linking galactose and glucose. when this happens: a. a polysaccharide is formed b. gas is eliminated c. an epimer is formed d. an anomeric carbon is formed on carbon-1 e. lactose forms by a condensation reaction e. lactose forms by a condensation reaction lactose is made from linking galactose and glucose. when this happens: a. gas is eliminated b. an anomeric carbon is formed on carbon-1 c. water is released d. an epimer is formed e. an aldose is formed c. water is released chitin and cellulose are both polymers of: a. alpha-D-glucose b. galactose c. beta-D-glucose d. idose e. maltose c. beta-D-glucose *starch, glycogen, amylose, and amylopectin = alpha-D-glucose amylose and amylopectin are both polymers of: a. alpha-D-glucose b. beta-D-glucose c. galactose d. idose e. maltose a. alpha-D-glucose *cellulose and chitin = beta-D-glucose *starch, glycogen, amylose, and amylopectin = alpha-D-glucose which statement about starch and glycogen is false? a. amylose is unbranched; amylopectin and glycogen contain many branches b. both are heteropolymers of glucose c. both have many -OH groups in their structures d. both starch and glycogen are energy storage polysaccharides e. glycogen is more extensively branched than starch b. both are heteropolymers of glucose which statement about starch and glycogen is false? a. both have beta-D-glucose monomers b. both starch and glycogen are energy storage polysaccharides c. both are homopolymers of glucose d. glycogen is more extensively branched that starch e. both have O-glycosidic linkages a. both have beta-D-glucose monomers *starch and glycogen have alpha-D-glucose monomers which monosaccharide is not a 6-carbon monosaccharide? a. idose b. glucose c. galactose d. dihydroxyacetone e. allose d. dihydroxyacetone which monosaccharide is not a 6-carbon monosaccharide? a. fructose b. ribose c. mannose d. galactose e. glucose b. ribose what are the 2 monosaccharides shown below? aldose (1 C2OH group) ketose (2 C3OH groups) the 2 monosaccharides shown below could be best described as: a. anomers b. aldoses c. ketoses d. epimers e. pentoses d. epimers *epimers = D/l anomers = alpha/beta what is an anomeric carbon? the new chiral center formed in ring closure; it was the carbon containing the carbonyl in the straight-chain form attached to an -OR group, -OH group, C, and H which arrow correctly identifies the atom that will become the anomeric carbon? carbon-1, which is at the top of the Fischer structure based on the form of the cyclic sugar below in a Haworth projection, which Fischer projection formula could have formed this structure? *look at the Haworth projection and create Fischer projections for it the following monosaccharides are covalently bonded. what type of bond unites them? alpha 1--6 which statement about cellulose is true? a. cellulose is found in plants b. cellulose in the primary storage polysaccharide of animal cells c. cellulose is found in DNA d. the glucose residues of cellulose contain the same configuration as the glucose residues of amylose e. cellulose is an epimer of chitin a. cellulose is found in plants which statement about cellulose is true? a. cellulose is the primary storage polysaccharide of animal cells b. cellulose is a highly branched polysaccharide c. cellulose is a homopolysaccharide d. the glucose residues of cellulose contain the same configuration as the glucose residues of amylose e. cellulose is an anomer of chitin c. cellulose is a homopolysaccharide the polysaccharide cellulose is most chemically similar to: a. glycogen b. dextrose c. glucose d. chitin e. starch d. chitin which of the following is the most common monosaccharide on earth? a. ribose b. cellulose c. chitin d. sucrose e. glucose e. glucose the "D" in D-carbohydrates stands for: a. 3-dimensional b. dextrorotatory c. derivative d. design e. double b. dextrorotatory which compound does not fit the formal definition of a carbohydrate? a. C6H12O6 b. C7H10O7 c. C8H16O8 d. C3H6O3 e. C4H8O4 b. C7H10O7 what is a hemiacetal bond? a functional group that contains an anomeric carbon bonded to an -OR group, -OH group, alkyl chain, and H what is the difference between alpha/beta and D/L configurations? alpha = -OH on top of the anomeric carbon beta = -OH under the anomeric carbon D = -OH on right of penultimate (second to last) carbon L= -OH on left of penultimate (second to last) carbon sucrose is also known as: a. lactose b. milk sugar c. chitin d. table sugar e. glycogen d. table sugar table sugar is also known as: a. sucrose b. dextrose c. glucose d. galactose e. glycogen a. sucrose amylopectin has alpha 1--6 branching about every ___ residues. a. 1 to 10 b. 8 to 12 c. 10 to 30 d. 24 to 30 e. no branching d. 24 to 30 besides C, H, and O, what other element is found in the structure of chitin? a. F b. Cl c. P d. S e. N e. N amylose folds into which of the following structures? a. beta sheet b. beta turn c. alpha helix d. D-configuration e. alpha form c. alpha helix the equilibrium between ___ structures is called mutarotation. a. anomer and epimer b. alpha and beta c. L and D d. helix and beta sheet e. none of the above b. alpha and beta consider the functions of carbohydrates. which of the following is not a function of these molecules? a. structure b. energy storage c. enzyme structure d. both A and B e. both A and C c. enzyme structure the word saccharide means: a. sugar b. carbohydrate c. energy molecule d. sucrose e. starch a. sugar A) How many monosaccharide units are furanoses, and how many are pyranoses? B) What is the linkage between the monosaccharides? C) Is this a reducing sugar? A) 0 furanoses and 2 pyranoses B) beta 1--4 C) Yes, this is a reducing sugar because a true anomeric carbon is present. Table sugar dissolves easily in water. Given its structure, explain why this is. Sucrose contains -OH groups, which can form hydrogen bonds with H2O. These noncovalent interactions of the hydrogen bonds allows table sugar to dissolve in water through the formation of an aqueous solution. The following oligosaccharide interacts favorable with water. What is the source of the ability of the interaction between H2O and this carbohydrate. The -OH groups of the following oligosaccharide form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. These noncovalent interactions permit solubility of the oligosaccharide in water by forming an aqueous solution. Explain in molecular terms why humans cannot use cellulose as a nutrient. Humans cannot use cellulose as a nutrient because human enzymes cannot breakdown the bonds associated with it. Cellulose contains a beta 1--4 linkage, and human enzymes can only split alpha 1--4 linkages. Because cellulose linkages cannot be broken down by the human body, it cannot be used as a nutrient. A hike is lost in the wilderness and without food. He runs across several beetles with hard chitin exoskeletons. Would he get nutrition in the form of glucose from eating these beetles? Explain. The exoskeleton of beetles are composed of chitin. Chitin is made of glucose residues with beta 1--4 linkage, however, human enzymes cannot breakdown this type of linkage. Human enzymes are able to breakdown alpha 1--4 linkages only. Therefore, the hiker will not intake glucose or get nutrition from the beetle and should not eat it. How are oligosaccharides and polysaccharides similar in their structure? How are they different? Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are both composed of monosaccharides, which are the functional unit of carbohydrates. However, oligosaccharides consist of shorts chains of monosaccharides joined together, and polysaccharides consists of long chains of 20 or more monosaccharides joined together. Polysaccharides form linear structures as well as highly branched structures. A) Which carbon in the following molecule determines if the molecule is D or L? Explain. B) Is this molecule D or L? A) Carbon D, the penultimate carbon, determines if the molecules is D or L. In the case of glucose, this would be carbon-5. B) The monosaccharide is L because the -OH group is on the left side. on a Fischer projection, what is the carbon that is the second furthest away from the carbonyl group is termed? the penultimate carbon What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin? Amylose is a linear chain of glucose joined together in alpha 1--4 bonds in one continuous chain with no branching. These chains have a few thousand to a million glucose molecules bonded together and are referred to as the main chain. Like amylose, amylopectin has a long chain of glucose bonded together, but it also has branches every 24 to 30 glucose molecules apart from the main chain. These branches then have large numbers of residues connected by alpha 1--4 connections. The branch points permit amylopectin to form larger compounds. what is the difference between epimer and anomer? Epimers are monosaccharides that differ in the orientation at only one carbon position. Anomers are the alpha and beta forms that differ only in the -OH orientation about the anomeric carbon that forms the hemiacetal group. polysaccharide vs. oligosaccharide Polysaccharides are LONG chains of 20 or more monosaccharides joined together. Oligosaccharides consists of SHORT chains of monosaccharides joined together. what are Fischer projections? 2D structures that represent 3D carbohydrates or other organic molecules furanose vs. pyranose A furanose ring is a 5-atom structure consisting of 4 carbons and 1 oxygen. A pyranose ring is a 6-atom structure consisting of 5 carbons and 1 oxygen. 3 homopolysaccharides of glucose starch, glycogen, and cellulose when is an alpha 1--4 linkage typically found in carbohydrates? polysaccharides when branching occurs when is an alpha 1--6 linkage typically found in carbohydrates? where glycogen branches what is a reducing end? a free anomeric carbon within a hemiacetal group due to its lack of an o-glycosidic linkage can undergo chemical changes easily because the carbon is not connected to another monosaccharide what is a non-reducing end? the end without a free anomeric carbon that contains an o-glycosidic linkage Is the following molecule an aldose or ketose? Briefly explain. ketose. There is a C=O on the third carbon from the top. Which carbon in erythrose would tell you if the monosaccharide is D or L? Give the carbon's number in your answer. On carbon number 3, which is the penultimate carbon. Glucose and mannose are epimers. Name another epimer of glucose besides mannose. Galactose Is the following structure a D or L carbohydrate? Briefly explain. L. The -OH group is on the left side on the penultimate carbon. Does the compound C7H14O8 fit the formal definition of a carbohydrate? Explain. No. This compound has does not fit the formula CnH2nOn as indicated in the module. There is one additional oxygen in this compound. Which of the following is carbon number 3? (Indicate by the appropriate letter.) C Which carbon in this molecule is the anomeric carbon? (Indicate by the appropriate letter.) A Is the following a furan or pyran ring? Briefly explain. furan. There are only five atoms in the ring: one oxygen and four carbons. When is the alpha 1→6 connection typically found in carbohydrates? The alpha 1→6 bond is found in polysaccharides when branching occurs. Is the following an alpha 1→4 or beta 1→4 connection? Briefly explain. This is a beta 1→4 because the molecule on the left has the oxygen in the up, or beta, position. What are the similarities and differences between amylose and amylopectin? Explain in at least three complete sentences. Similarities: Both of are homopolysaccharides of glucose. They each have alpha 1 → 4 connections between glucose. They each are part of starch. Differences: Amylopectin has branching with alpha 1→6 linkages. Amylose does not. Amylopectin is typically larger than amylose. How is chitin different from cellulose? Chitin has glucose with derivatives attached. -NH-CO-CH3 is connected to each glucose. Where are alpha 1 → 6 bonds found in carbohydrates? They are found where glycogen and amylopectin branch. In what ways are amylose and a protein alike? They both can form alpha helices. What is the name of the carbohydrate found in beetle exoskeleton? Chitin Which of the following monosaccharides is a ketose? Dihydroxyacetone Galactose Glucose Glyceraldehyde Idose Dihydroxyacetone When two monosaccharides are epimers: They differ only in the configuration about one carbon atom One is a furanose, the other a pyranose One is an aldose, the other a ketose They can form ring structures They form O-glycosidic bonds They differ only in the configuration about one carbon atom Which pair is anomeric? A) D-ribose and D-galactose B) alpha-D-allose and beta-D-allose C) D-Ribose and L-fructose D) D-glucose and L-glucose E) alpha-D-idose and beta-L-idose B) alpha-D-allose and beta-D-allose When forming the disaccharide maltose from two glucose monosaccharides: Water is eliminated Gas is eliminated An anomeric carbon is formed An epimer is formed A hydrogen bond is formed Water is eliminated Chitin and cellulose are both polymers of: A) alpha-D-glucose B) Galactose C) beta-D-glucose D) Idose E) Maltose C) beta-D-glucose Which statement about starch and glycogen is false? A) Amylose is unbranched; amylopectin and glycogen contain many (alpha 1 → 6) branches B) Both are homopolymers of glucose C) Both serve primarily as structural elements in cell walls D) Both starch and glycogen are energy storage polysaccharides E) Glycogen is more extensively branched than starch C) Both serve primarily as structural elements in cell walls Which monosaccharide is not a six-carbon monosaccharide? Glyceraldehyde Atrose Galactose Talose Allose Glyceraldehyde The two monosaccharides shown below could best be described as: Aldoses Which arrow correctly identifies the atom that will become the anomeric carbon? D (carbon group at top of chain) Based on the form of the cyclic sugar below in a Haworth projection, which Fischer projection formula could have formed this structure? E What is the correct name for the linkage between these monosaccharide derivatives? A) beta 1 → 4 Which statement about cellulose is true? Cellulose is the primary storage polysaccharide of animal cells Cellulose is a highly branched polysaccharide Cellulose is a homopolysaccharide The glucose residues of cellulose contain the same configuration as the glucose residues of amylose Cellulose is an anomer of chitin Cellulose is a homopolysaccharide The polysaccharide chitin is most chemically similar to: Cellulose Dextrose Glycogen Starch Amylose Cellulose The organic molecule that is produced abundantly by photosynthesis is ________. Ribose Glucose Cellulose Chitin Sucrose Glucose The "D" in the D-carbohydrates stands for: Derivation Double Disaccharide 3-dimensional Dextrorotatory Dextrorotatory Which compound does not fit the formal definition of a carbohydrate? A. C6H12O6 B. C7H10O7 C. C8H16O8 D. C3H6O3 E. C4H8O4 B. C7H10O7 Which letter represents the hemiacetal bond? A (between oxygen and anomer group) What is the configuration of the following compound? D configuration Sucrose is also known as: Lactose Milk sugar Chitin Table sugar Glycogen Table sugar Amylopectin has alpha 1 → 6 branching about every________ residues. 1 to 10 8 to 12 10 to 30 24 to 30 No branching 24 to 30 What element besides C, H, and O is found in the chitin? Br N P S Cl N Amylose folds into which of the following structures? A) Beta-sheet B) Beta-turn C) Alpha-helix D) D-configuration E) Alpha form Alpha-helix The equilibrium between _________ structures is called mutarotation. A) Anomer and epimer B) Alpha and Beta C) L and D D) Helix and beta sheet E) None of the above B) Alpha and Beta Carbohydrates are not used in the following function. Structure Energy storage RNA sugar Metabolic intermediate All of the above are functions. All of the above are functions. Which word is Greek for sugar? Sugar Carbohydrate Saccharide Sucrose Starch Saccharide (Short response) The following oligosaccharide interacts favorably with water. What is the source of the ability of the interaction between H2O and this carbohydrate? The -OH groups on the oligosaccharide form many hydrogen bonds with water molecules. For this reason, the carbohydrate forms an aqueous solution with many molecules dissolving. These interactions permit water to solubilize the carbohydrate. (Short response) In the following structure: A) In the above structure, how many monosaccharide units are furanoses and how many are pyranoses? B) What is the linkage between the monosaccharides? C) Is this a reducing sugar? A) 1 pyranose; 1 furanose B) beta 1 → 4 C) yes, it has free anomeric carbon (Short response) A hiker is lost in the wilderness and without food. He runs across several beetles with hard chitin exoskeletons. Would he get nutrition in the form of glucose from eating these beetles? Explain. The human enzyme cannot break down the bond between the glucose residues in chitin. The bond is a beta 1 →4, but human enzymes only act upon alpha 1 →4. So, no he should not eat the beetles as food. (Short response) How are oligosaccharides and polysaccharides similar in their structure? How are they different? An oligosaccharide is a polymer of 2 to 20 monosaccharides joined together. A polysaccharide is more than 20 monosaccharides joined together. They are typically linked together by the same1 → 4 linkages practically, and there are usually thousands of monosaccharides in a polysaccharide. In addition, polysaccharides can have branches in the structure, which permits them to form large complexes. In contrast, most oligosaccharides do not have branching. (Short response) A) Which carbon in the following molecule determines if the molecule is D or L? Indicate the letter corresponding the correct carbon ("A", "B", etc.) and explain. B) Is this molecule D or L? Carbon E. It is the penultimate carbon and tells the viewer if the sugar is D or L. This monosacch