Page | 1
NURS 526 UNIT 2- ACUTE
PRESENTATIONS 2026 LATEST
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| ACE
YOUR GRADES.
What will these lab tests tell you about the gallbladder?
GGT - correct answer -Used to diagnose and monitor
hepatobillary disease. Increased levels in : DM, drugs, alcoholism,
acute hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, alcholic hepatitis,
cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, fatty liver, OBSTRUCTIVE
JAUNDICE, and pancreatitis. Half-life is 7-10 days,
What will the lab test Total bilirubin tell you about the gallbladder?
- correct answer -High bilirubin levels indicate common bile duct
obstruction. Expect to see a normal total bilirubin level in
uncomplicated cholilethiasis as obstruction is limited just to the
gallbladder.
What will the lab test Direct bilirubin tell you about the
gallbladder? (aka conjugated) - correct answer -Conjugated, or
direct, bilirubin travels freely through your bloodstream to your
liver. Most of this bilirubin passes into the small intestine. A very
small amount passes into your kidneys and is excreted in your
urine. High levels will be present in liver disease and
cholilethiasis. Bilirubin can also form gallstones
, Page | 2
What will the lab test total cholesterol tell you about the
gallbladder? - correct answer -70-80% of gallstones are
cholesterol stones. High serum cholesterol and LDL levels were
associated with high cholesterol stone rates and positive
correlation between cholesterol and LDL levels with the
development of gallstones
Describe the treatment of cholelithiasis and when to refer to a
surgeon? - correct answer -Asymptomatic gallstones do not
require surgical interventions. Management of symptomatic
gallstones requires IV rehydration, correct electrolyte
abnormalities, NPO, antispasmodic, and antiemetic treatment.
With uncomplicated symptomatic gallstones will require a surgical
consultation before d/c.
The medical management of cholecystitis? - correct answer -
Patients require immediate emergency care. IV rehydration, pain
and nausea medication, consider IV antibiotics, and will need
surgical referral for possible laparoscopic cholecytectomy.
The relationship of gallbladder dysfunction to problems in the
pancreas and how to assess for them - correct answer -Already
discussed the relationship between CBD obstruction and
pancreatitis. S&S of pancreatitis are : (Risk for going into SIRS!),
sudden onset of constant, sharp, poorly localized abdominal pain
that radiates through to the back . Negative rebound tenderness.
Intense pain with breathing and may result in hypoventilation,
guarding, atelectasis may be present, pain worse lying supine,
, Page | 3
dehydration, N&V, shock... Serum amylase and lipase will be
elevated. Rising 6-12 hours after onset of symptoms. This
elevation is not always seen in those with alcoholic pancreatitis or
hypertriglyceridemia pancreatitis.
The significance of jaundice and abnormal liver function tests and
the relationship of gallbladder dysfunction to problems in the liver
- correct answer -The liver produces bile that is stored released
through the common bile duct into the small intestine and stored
in the gall bladder. Bile is important in the breakdown of fats.
Bilirubin is the breakdown of hemoglobin. unconjugated bilirubin
binds with albumin and circulates plasma and is lipid soluble.
When bilirubin is filtered through the hepatocytes it binds with
glucuronic acid and becomes conjugated. This becomes water-
soluble that becomes excreated with the bile. Therefore, the
elevation in jaundice if a CBD obstruction occurs due to
gallbladder dysfunction. Conjugated bilirubin is then excreated
into stoll when bacteria converts it into urobilinogen that is
excreated in feces and urine.
The relevant history to indicate etiology of pancreatitis - correct
answer -ABC's of acute pancreatitis: A: Alcohol, autoimmune,
arteritis. B: Biliary, blunt trauma. C: Congenital- pancreas divisum.
D: Drugs or medications. E: ERCP, eosinophilia. F: Formations-
primary and metastatic tumors. G: enetic- CFTR, SPINK. H:
hyperlipidemia, hypercalcemia. I: Idiopathis, infectious- HIV, IBD.
Use a laboratory and diagnostic manual to help you learn about
the following blood tests for pancreatitis:
, Page | 4
Serum lipase and serum amylase - correct answer -Serum
lipase is more specific for pancreatitis although both are products
of the liver. Serum amylase is also a product of saliva and also
has a shorter peak period in which to catch an elevated reading. If
the serum lipase is 5 times greater than the upper range of
normal the test is considered positive for pancreatitis.
Serum amylase is more sensitive for biliary tract disease.
Describe serum triglycerides and pancreatitis? - correct answer -
Serum triglycerides
Hypertriglyceridemia may cause pancreatitis.
Describe billirubin associated with pancreatitis? - correct answer
-May indicate biliary tree obstruction or disease
Discuss Calcium and Albumin in relation to pancreatitis? - correct
answer -Fat necrosis of the pancreas during pancreatitis causes
calcium binding and therefore a fall in the serum calcium levels in
severe cases within 1 to 9 days after onset. There is a risk of
tetany. Albumin must be measured at the same time to get a true
reading of the calcium level. Calcium is bound to albumin and if
the albumin level is low, the calcium will be falsely low as well. An
ionized calcium level is more useful in the case of low albumin.
Discuss glucose in relation to pancreatitis? - correct answer -
Pancreatitis may destroy or damage the islets of Langerhans and
can induce temporary or permanent diabetes (type 1). Glucosuria
can occur as well.
NURS 526 UNIT 2- ACUTE
PRESENTATIONS 2026 LATEST
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| ACE
YOUR GRADES.
What will these lab tests tell you about the gallbladder?
GGT - correct answer -Used to diagnose and monitor
hepatobillary disease. Increased levels in : DM, drugs, alcoholism,
acute hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, alcholic hepatitis,
cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, fatty liver, OBSTRUCTIVE
JAUNDICE, and pancreatitis. Half-life is 7-10 days,
What will the lab test Total bilirubin tell you about the gallbladder?
- correct answer -High bilirubin levels indicate common bile duct
obstruction. Expect to see a normal total bilirubin level in
uncomplicated cholilethiasis as obstruction is limited just to the
gallbladder.
What will the lab test Direct bilirubin tell you about the
gallbladder? (aka conjugated) - correct answer -Conjugated, or
direct, bilirubin travels freely through your bloodstream to your
liver. Most of this bilirubin passes into the small intestine. A very
small amount passes into your kidneys and is excreted in your
urine. High levels will be present in liver disease and
cholilethiasis. Bilirubin can also form gallstones
, Page | 2
What will the lab test total cholesterol tell you about the
gallbladder? - correct answer -70-80% of gallstones are
cholesterol stones. High serum cholesterol and LDL levels were
associated with high cholesterol stone rates and positive
correlation between cholesterol and LDL levels with the
development of gallstones
Describe the treatment of cholelithiasis and when to refer to a
surgeon? - correct answer -Asymptomatic gallstones do not
require surgical interventions. Management of symptomatic
gallstones requires IV rehydration, correct electrolyte
abnormalities, NPO, antispasmodic, and antiemetic treatment.
With uncomplicated symptomatic gallstones will require a surgical
consultation before d/c.
The medical management of cholecystitis? - correct answer -
Patients require immediate emergency care. IV rehydration, pain
and nausea medication, consider IV antibiotics, and will need
surgical referral for possible laparoscopic cholecytectomy.
The relationship of gallbladder dysfunction to problems in the
pancreas and how to assess for them - correct answer -Already
discussed the relationship between CBD obstruction and
pancreatitis. S&S of pancreatitis are : (Risk for going into SIRS!),
sudden onset of constant, sharp, poorly localized abdominal pain
that radiates through to the back . Negative rebound tenderness.
Intense pain with breathing and may result in hypoventilation,
guarding, atelectasis may be present, pain worse lying supine,
, Page | 3
dehydration, N&V, shock... Serum amylase and lipase will be
elevated. Rising 6-12 hours after onset of symptoms. This
elevation is not always seen in those with alcoholic pancreatitis or
hypertriglyceridemia pancreatitis.
The significance of jaundice and abnormal liver function tests and
the relationship of gallbladder dysfunction to problems in the liver
- correct answer -The liver produces bile that is stored released
through the common bile duct into the small intestine and stored
in the gall bladder. Bile is important in the breakdown of fats.
Bilirubin is the breakdown of hemoglobin. unconjugated bilirubin
binds with albumin and circulates plasma and is lipid soluble.
When bilirubin is filtered through the hepatocytes it binds with
glucuronic acid and becomes conjugated. This becomes water-
soluble that becomes excreated with the bile. Therefore, the
elevation in jaundice if a CBD obstruction occurs due to
gallbladder dysfunction. Conjugated bilirubin is then excreated
into stoll when bacteria converts it into urobilinogen that is
excreated in feces and urine.
The relevant history to indicate etiology of pancreatitis - correct
answer -ABC's of acute pancreatitis: A: Alcohol, autoimmune,
arteritis. B: Biliary, blunt trauma. C: Congenital- pancreas divisum.
D: Drugs or medications. E: ERCP, eosinophilia. F: Formations-
primary and metastatic tumors. G: enetic- CFTR, SPINK. H:
hyperlipidemia, hypercalcemia. I: Idiopathis, infectious- HIV, IBD.
Use a laboratory and diagnostic manual to help you learn about
the following blood tests for pancreatitis:
, Page | 4
Serum lipase and serum amylase - correct answer -Serum
lipase is more specific for pancreatitis although both are products
of the liver. Serum amylase is also a product of saliva and also
has a shorter peak period in which to catch an elevated reading. If
the serum lipase is 5 times greater than the upper range of
normal the test is considered positive for pancreatitis.
Serum amylase is more sensitive for biliary tract disease.
Describe serum triglycerides and pancreatitis? - correct answer -
Serum triglycerides
Hypertriglyceridemia may cause pancreatitis.
Describe billirubin associated with pancreatitis? - correct answer
-May indicate biliary tree obstruction or disease
Discuss Calcium and Albumin in relation to pancreatitis? - correct
answer -Fat necrosis of the pancreas during pancreatitis causes
calcium binding and therefore a fall in the serum calcium levels in
severe cases within 1 to 9 days after onset. There is a risk of
tetany. Albumin must be measured at the same time to get a true
reading of the calcium level. Calcium is bound to albumin and if
the albumin level is low, the calcium will be falsely low as well. An
ionized calcium level is more useful in the case of low albumin.
Discuss glucose in relation to pancreatitis? - correct answer -
Pancreatitis may destroy or damage the islets of Langerhans and
can induce temporary or permanent diabetes (type 1). Glucosuria
can occur as well.
