NR 293 Final Cardiovascular and Renal Pharmacology Examination: ACE
Inhibitors, Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists, Antihypertensives, Vasopressin,
Osmotic Diuretics, Calcium Channel Blockers, Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril,
Losartan, Valsartan, Mannitol, Nifedipine, Hypertension Management, Heart
Failure Therapy, Diabetic Nephropathy, Myocardial Infarction Outcomes,
Vasodilation Mechanisms, Renal Function Monitoring, Electrolyte Balance,
Blood Pressure Regulation, Angioedema Risk, Drug Interactions, Nursing
Implementation, Patient Education, Pharmacokinetics, Therapeutic Effects,
Adverse Reactions, Contraindications, Lifespan Considerations, Clinical
Assessment, Medication Administration, and Safety Protocols Exam Questions
Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Classification of Captopril
Therapeutic: antihypertensives
Pharmacologic: ACE inhibitors
Indications for Captopril
Alone or with other agents in the management of hypertension.
Management of HF.
Reduction of risk of death or development of HF following MI.
Decrease the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
,Action of ACE inhibitors
ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II.
Also prevent the degradation of bradykinin and other vasodilatory prostaglandins.
Increase plasma renin levels and decrease aldosterone levels.
Net result is systemic vasodilation.
Examples of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Captopril
Enalapril
Lisinopril
Benazepril
Ramipril
Moexipril
Contraindications of ACE inhibitors
Hypersensitivity
Hx of angioedema with previous use of ACE inhibitors.
Concurrent use with aliskiren in patients with diabetes or moderate-to-severe renal impairment.
, Concurrent use with sacubitril
Pregnancy/Lactation
Precautions of ACE inhibitors
Renal/hepatic impairment
Hypovolemia
Hyponatremia
Concurrent diuretic therapy
Black patients with hypertension
Women of childbearing potential
Surgery/anesthesia
Lifespan considerations for ACE inhibitors
Pedi: safety not established for most agents; benzapril, fosinopril, and lisinopril may be used in
children ages 6 years or older (captopril and enalapril may be used in all ages)
Geri: decrease initial dose recommended due to age-related decrease in renal function
Adverse reactions of ACE inhibitors
CNS: dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache
Resp: cough, dyspnea
CV: hypotension, edema, tachycardia
Inhibitors, Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists, Antihypertensives, Vasopressin,
Osmotic Diuretics, Calcium Channel Blockers, Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril,
Losartan, Valsartan, Mannitol, Nifedipine, Hypertension Management, Heart
Failure Therapy, Diabetic Nephropathy, Myocardial Infarction Outcomes,
Vasodilation Mechanisms, Renal Function Monitoring, Electrolyte Balance,
Blood Pressure Regulation, Angioedema Risk, Drug Interactions, Nursing
Implementation, Patient Education, Pharmacokinetics, Therapeutic Effects,
Adverse Reactions, Contraindications, Lifespan Considerations, Clinical
Assessment, Medication Administration, and Safety Protocols Exam Questions
Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Classification of Captopril
Therapeutic: antihypertensives
Pharmacologic: ACE inhibitors
Indications for Captopril
Alone or with other agents in the management of hypertension.
Management of HF.
Reduction of risk of death or development of HF following MI.
Decrease the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
,Action of ACE inhibitors
ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II.
Also prevent the degradation of bradykinin and other vasodilatory prostaglandins.
Increase plasma renin levels and decrease aldosterone levels.
Net result is systemic vasodilation.
Examples of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Captopril
Enalapril
Lisinopril
Benazepril
Ramipril
Moexipril
Contraindications of ACE inhibitors
Hypersensitivity
Hx of angioedema with previous use of ACE inhibitors.
Concurrent use with aliskiren in patients with diabetes or moderate-to-severe renal impairment.
, Concurrent use with sacubitril
Pregnancy/Lactation
Precautions of ACE inhibitors
Renal/hepatic impairment
Hypovolemia
Hyponatremia
Concurrent diuretic therapy
Black patients with hypertension
Women of childbearing potential
Surgery/anesthesia
Lifespan considerations for ACE inhibitors
Pedi: safety not established for most agents; benzapril, fosinopril, and lisinopril may be used in
children ages 6 years or older (captopril and enalapril may be used in all ages)
Geri: decrease initial dose recommended due to age-related decrease in renal function
Adverse reactions of ACE inhibitors
CNS: dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache
Resp: cough, dyspnea
CV: hypotension, edema, tachycardia
