, Table of content
Chapter 1. Cellular Biology
Chapter 2. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents
Chapter 3. The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Chapter 4. Genes and Genetic Diseases
Chapter 5. Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases
Chapter 6. Epigenetics and Disease
Chapter 7. Innate Immunity Inflammation and Wound Healing
Chapter 8. Adaptive Immunity
Chapter 9. Alterations in Immunity
Chapter 10. Infection
Chapter 11. Stress and Disease
Chapter 12. Cancer Biology
Chapter 13. Cancer Epidemiology
Chapter 14. Cancer in Children and Adolescents
Chapter 15. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
Chapter 16. Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function
Chapter 17. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
Chapter 18. Alterations of the Brain, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerves
Chapter 19. Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Chapter 20. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
Chapter 21. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
Chapter 22. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
Chapter 23. Obesity, Starvation, and Anorexia of Aging
Chapter 24. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
Chapter 25. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
Chapter 26. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
Chapter 27. Sexually Transmitted Infections
Chapter 28. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
Chapter 29. Alterations of Hematologic Function
Chapter 30. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
Chapter 31. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Chapter 32. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
Chapter 33. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
Chapter 34. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
Chapter 35. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
Chapter 36. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
Chapter 37. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
Chapter 38. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
Chapter 39. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
Chapter 40. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
Chapter 41. Alterations of Digestive Function
Chapter 42. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
Chapter 43. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
Chapter 44. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
Chapter 45. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
Chapter 46. Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument
Chapter 47. Alterations of the Integument in Children
Chapter 48. Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults
Chapter 49. Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children
,Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
: McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology, 9th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins.
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
d. Cells can synthesize fats.
ANS: C
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular
metabolic absorption.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA,
most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which
regulate its activity. The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy
production. Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
Lysosomes function as the intracellular digestive system.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B
Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces
H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes
from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear
envelope called nuclear pore complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate
from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases,
which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. An endosome is
a vesical that has been pinched off from the cellular membrane.
, DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
injury?
a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Lysosomes
ANS: D
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive
enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the
cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury
leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific
substrates, causing cellular self-digestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide
sites for cellular protein synthesis. The Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth
vesicles and membranes often located near the cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic
reticulum is involved in steroid hormone production and removing toxic substances from
the cell.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction
b. Secretion of cortisol
c. Increased retention of water
d. Breakdown of fat
ANS: C
Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes
increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to
ACTH. Breakdown of fat is due to glucagon.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS: B
The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the
period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase
(S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase,
during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of
DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and
cytoplasmic division.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
Chapter 1. Cellular Biology
Chapter 2. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents
Chapter 3. The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Chapter 4. Genes and Genetic Diseases
Chapter 5. Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases
Chapter 6. Epigenetics and Disease
Chapter 7. Innate Immunity Inflammation and Wound Healing
Chapter 8. Adaptive Immunity
Chapter 9. Alterations in Immunity
Chapter 10. Infection
Chapter 11. Stress and Disease
Chapter 12. Cancer Biology
Chapter 13. Cancer Epidemiology
Chapter 14. Cancer in Children and Adolescents
Chapter 15. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
Chapter 16. Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function
Chapter 17. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
Chapter 18. Alterations of the Brain, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerves
Chapter 19. Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Chapter 20. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
Chapter 21. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
Chapter 22. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
Chapter 23. Obesity, Starvation, and Anorexia of Aging
Chapter 24. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
Chapter 25. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
Chapter 26. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
Chapter 27. Sexually Transmitted Infections
Chapter 28. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
Chapter 29. Alterations of Hematologic Function
Chapter 30. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
Chapter 31. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Chapter 32. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
Chapter 33. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
Chapter 34. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
Chapter 35. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
Chapter 36. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
Chapter 37. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
Chapter 38. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
Chapter 39. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
Chapter 40. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
Chapter 41. Alterations of Digestive Function
Chapter 42. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
Chapter 43. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
Chapter 44. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
Chapter 45. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
Chapter 46. Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument
Chapter 47. Alterations of the Integument in Children
Chapter 48. Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults
Chapter 49. Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children
,Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
: McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology, 9th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins.
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
d. Cells can synthesize fats.
ANS: C
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular
metabolic absorption.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA,
most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which
regulate its activity. The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy
production. Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
Lysosomes function as the intracellular digestive system.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B
Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces
H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes
from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear
envelope called nuclear pore complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate
from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases,
which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. An endosome is
a vesical that has been pinched off from the cellular membrane.
, DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell
injury?
a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Lysosomes
ANS: D
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive
enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the
cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury
leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific
substrates, causing cellular self-digestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide
sites for cellular protein synthesis. The Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth
vesicles and membranes often located near the cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic
reticulum is involved in steroid hormone production and removing toxic substances from
the cell.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction
b. Secretion of cortisol
c. Increased retention of water
d. Breakdown of fat
ANS: C
Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes
increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to
ACTH. Breakdown of fat is due to glucagon.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS: B
The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the
period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase
(S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase,
during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of
DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and
cytoplasmic division.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
