3040- Final Exam
Where are fluids located in the body? Examples of 1CF and ECF - answer-ICF
(intracellular space) is 2/3 of the fluid in the body, this is the fluid inside the cell
-ECF (extracellular space) is 1/3 of the fluid in the body and includes the plasma and
the interstitial space
What are causes of hypervolemia? And what does it look like in a patient? - answer-
hypervolemia is too much fluid
-edema
-low serum osmolality
-increased weight
-increased BP
-bounding pulse
-more intake than output
What are causes of hypovolemia? And what does it look like in a patient? - answer-
hypovolemia is too little fluid
-tenting skin turgor
-high serum osmolality
-decreased BP
-weak pulse
-more output than intake
What is osmolality? - answer-osmolality is the hydration status of the cell
-it determines the thickness of the blood
-it is the ratio of solute (Na+) compared to the solvent
What is hydrostatic pressure? - answer-hydrostatic pressure is the "pushing pressure"
which is generated by the fluid volume
-the increased fluid volume pushes against the capillary vessel wall and pushes the
fluids out of the vessel into the interstitial space
What is osmotic/oncotic pressure? - answer-osmotic/oncotic pressure (aka colloidal) is
the "holding pressure"
-this pressure is exerted by proteins (albumin) which holds the fluid in the correct places
Normal range of sodium (Na+) ? - answer135-145 mEq/L
Jobs of sodium in the body? - answer-fluid distribution
-acid-base balance
How are hypernatremia & hyponatremia corrected? - answer
,Normal range of potassium (K+)? - answer3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Jobs of potassium in the body? - answer-muscle contraction
How are hyperkalemia & hypokalemia corrected? - answerhypokalemia
-IV or PO replacement
-IV potassium chloride *ALWAYS DILUTE, NEVER IV PUSH, MAX 10mEq/hour in
100mL NS*
-PO potassium through diet (bananas, almonds, spinach) or supplements (Klor-Con)
hyperkalemia *UPSET STOMACH COMMON, TAKE WITH FOOD/JUICE*
hyperkalemia
-stop potassium supplements
-avoid K in foods, fluid, and salt substitutues
-IV hydration (to level out osmolality)
-Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) PO or PR
-10% Calcium gluconate (emergency)
Normal range of calcium (Ca++)? - answer8.6-10.2 mg/dL
Jobs of calcium in the body? - answer-teeth and bone formation
-nerve impulse transmission
How are hypercalcemia & hypocalcemia corrected? - answerHypocalcemia
-calcium gluconate IV (acute) *infuse 1-2gm over 2 hours and IV push IF SEVERE
-Oral calcium and vitamin D (chronic)
ex. TUMS and Caltrate
Hypercalcemia
-no treatment if mild
-Fluid hydration and Calcitonin if severe
What is ADH? Where is it made? What does it do in the body? - answer-antidiuretic
hormone
-made in the hypothalamus
-stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
-acts on kidneys to reabsorb (hold onto) water
How is ADH replaced? - answerSIADH
-DDAVP (desmopressin acetate)
Know the IV fluids discussed in class - answerisotonic solution
-0.9% NaCl
-lactated ringers
-ringer's solution
-5% Dextrose in water
, hypotonic solution
-0.45% NaCl
-0.33% NaCl
-0.2% NaCl
-2.5% Dextrose in water
hypertonic solution
-3% NaCl
-5% NaCl
-3% NaCl or 5% NaCl and Dextrose
->5% D/W
What is the role of the heart in the human body? - answer-driver of central and tissue
perfusion
How are arteries and veins different? - answerarteries
-carries blood away from the heart
-blood under high pressure
-thick walls
-pulse flow
-narrow lumen
-no valves
veins
-carries blood towards the heart
-blood under low pressure
-thin walls
-smooth flow
-large lumen
-valves
Where are the coronary arteries located? - answer-arise from the aorta
-on surface of the myocardium
What is CAD? Who is at risk? S/Sx of CAD - answer-leading cause of death in the US
-narrowing or occlusion of a coronary artery
-caused by atherosclerotic plaque, fatty plaque built up inside the coronary artery
Risk factor
-people as they age
-people with high fat
-low fiber diets
-obesity
-smoking
-lack of exercise
-stress
Where are fluids located in the body? Examples of 1CF and ECF - answer-ICF
(intracellular space) is 2/3 of the fluid in the body, this is the fluid inside the cell
-ECF (extracellular space) is 1/3 of the fluid in the body and includes the plasma and
the interstitial space
What are causes of hypervolemia? And what does it look like in a patient? - answer-
hypervolemia is too much fluid
-edema
-low serum osmolality
-increased weight
-increased BP
-bounding pulse
-more intake than output
What are causes of hypovolemia? And what does it look like in a patient? - answer-
hypovolemia is too little fluid
-tenting skin turgor
-high serum osmolality
-decreased BP
-weak pulse
-more output than intake
What is osmolality? - answer-osmolality is the hydration status of the cell
-it determines the thickness of the blood
-it is the ratio of solute (Na+) compared to the solvent
What is hydrostatic pressure? - answer-hydrostatic pressure is the "pushing pressure"
which is generated by the fluid volume
-the increased fluid volume pushes against the capillary vessel wall and pushes the
fluids out of the vessel into the interstitial space
What is osmotic/oncotic pressure? - answer-osmotic/oncotic pressure (aka colloidal) is
the "holding pressure"
-this pressure is exerted by proteins (albumin) which holds the fluid in the correct places
Normal range of sodium (Na+) ? - answer135-145 mEq/L
Jobs of sodium in the body? - answer-fluid distribution
-acid-base balance
How are hypernatremia & hyponatremia corrected? - answer
,Normal range of potassium (K+)? - answer3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Jobs of potassium in the body? - answer-muscle contraction
How are hyperkalemia & hypokalemia corrected? - answerhypokalemia
-IV or PO replacement
-IV potassium chloride *ALWAYS DILUTE, NEVER IV PUSH, MAX 10mEq/hour in
100mL NS*
-PO potassium through diet (bananas, almonds, spinach) or supplements (Klor-Con)
hyperkalemia *UPSET STOMACH COMMON, TAKE WITH FOOD/JUICE*
hyperkalemia
-stop potassium supplements
-avoid K in foods, fluid, and salt substitutues
-IV hydration (to level out osmolality)
-Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) PO or PR
-10% Calcium gluconate (emergency)
Normal range of calcium (Ca++)? - answer8.6-10.2 mg/dL
Jobs of calcium in the body? - answer-teeth and bone formation
-nerve impulse transmission
How are hypercalcemia & hypocalcemia corrected? - answerHypocalcemia
-calcium gluconate IV (acute) *infuse 1-2gm over 2 hours and IV push IF SEVERE
-Oral calcium and vitamin D (chronic)
ex. TUMS and Caltrate
Hypercalcemia
-no treatment if mild
-Fluid hydration and Calcitonin if severe
What is ADH? Where is it made? What does it do in the body? - answer-antidiuretic
hormone
-made in the hypothalamus
-stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
-acts on kidneys to reabsorb (hold onto) water
How is ADH replaced? - answerSIADH
-DDAVP (desmopressin acetate)
Know the IV fluids discussed in class - answerisotonic solution
-0.9% NaCl
-lactated ringers
-ringer's solution
-5% Dextrose in water
, hypotonic solution
-0.45% NaCl
-0.33% NaCl
-0.2% NaCl
-2.5% Dextrose in water
hypertonic solution
-3% NaCl
-5% NaCl
-3% NaCl or 5% NaCl and Dextrose
->5% D/W
What is the role of the heart in the human body? - answer-driver of central and tissue
perfusion
How are arteries and veins different? - answerarteries
-carries blood away from the heart
-blood under high pressure
-thick walls
-pulse flow
-narrow lumen
-no valves
veins
-carries blood towards the heart
-blood under low pressure
-thin walls
-smooth flow
-large lumen
-valves
Where are the coronary arteries located? - answer-arise from the aorta
-on surface of the myocardium
What is CAD? Who is at risk? S/Sx of CAD - answer-leading cause of death in the US
-narrowing or occlusion of a coronary artery
-caused by atherosclerotic plaque, fatty plaque built up inside the coronary artery
Risk factor
-people as they age
-people with high fat
-low fiber diets
-obesity
-smoking
-lack of exercise
-stress
