ANHB1101 Human Genetics Exam with accurate detailed answers || || || || || || ||
phenotypes = ____ + _____ - correct answer✔✔genotype, nature
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what is the shape of mitochondrial DNA? - correct answer✔✔circular
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where is mitochondrial DNA inherited from? - correct answer✔✔maternal side
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what is a nucleosome? - correct answer✔✔A region of DNA wound around histone proteins
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what is heterochromatin? - correct answer✔✔highly condensed chromatin
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tightly looped nucleosomes
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what does antiparallel mean? - correct answer✔✔the stands run in opposite directions
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true or false: 5' end has a phosphate and 3' end has a carboxyl - correct answer✔✔true
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what forms a nucleotide? - correct answer✔✔sugar + phosphate + base
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which bases are purines? - correct answer✔✔A and G
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which bases are pyrimidines? - correct answer✔✔T and C
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what does the combination of purines and pyrimidines determine? - correct
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answer✔✔stability
,the genomes is _____ into the transcriptome? - correct answer✔✔transcribed
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what does transcription do? - correct answer✔✔RNA copies active protein coding genes.
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what is the transcriptome translated into? - correct answer✔✔the proteome
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is the transcriptome the same in different cells? - correct answer✔✔it can be - some bits are
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different for function, while others are the same (for maintenance)
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true or false: transcriptomes serve no purpose in identifying disease - correct
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answer✔✔false - they can be used as biomarkers || || || || || || ||
how much DNA do 2 individuals share? - correct answer✔✔99.8% - but 4 million sites of
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different
what are genes made up of? - correct answer✔✔introns an exons
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what is another name for non-coding DNA? - correct answer✔✔intergenic DNA
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what part of DNA is important in translation? - correct answer✔✔exon
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is there variation in intron size? exon size? - correct answer✔✔yes, it is quite variable.
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exons are generally the same size
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how do genes become mRNA? - correct answer✔✔transcribed into initial transcript then
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spliced into mRNA (exons are kept)
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, where does the RNA polymerase form a complex with DNA? - correct answer✔✔at
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promotor region of DNA || || ||
what do transcription factors do? - correct answer✔✔mediate the binding of RNA
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polymerase and the initiation of transcription || || || || ||
what is the promotor region made of? - correct answer✔✔transcription factors
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core promotor (TATA box, cytosines and guanines)
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what and where are enhancers? - correct answer✔✔upstream of core promotor and help
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with transcription
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what direction do polymerases operate in? - correct answer✔✔5' to 3'
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what is another name for template strand? - correct answer✔✔antisense
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what do polymerases do? - correct answer✔✔copy antisense and makes the complementary
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strand
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what occurs at the end of a strand of DNA that is being replicated? - correct
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answer✔✔motifs tell polymerase to stop. || || || ||
5' cap is added
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3' Poly A tail added
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what do motifs do? - correct answer✔✔tell polymerase to stop.
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mark where RNA needs to be spliced
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phenotypes = ____ + _____ - correct answer✔✔genotype, nature
|| || || || || || || ||
what is the shape of mitochondrial DNA? - correct answer✔✔circular
|| || || || || || || || ||
where is mitochondrial DNA inherited from? - correct answer✔✔maternal side
|| || || || || || || || ||
what is a nucleosome? - correct answer✔✔A region of DNA wound around histone proteins
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
what is heterochromatin? - correct answer✔✔highly condensed chromatin
|| || || || || || ||
tightly looped nucleosomes
|| ||
what does antiparallel mean? - correct answer✔✔the stands run in opposite directions
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
true or false: 5' end has a phosphate and 3' end has a carboxyl - correct answer✔✔true
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
what forms a nucleotide? - correct answer✔✔sugar + phosphate + base
|| || || || || || || || || ||
which bases are purines? - correct answer✔✔A and G
|| || || || || || || ||
which bases are pyrimidines? - correct answer✔✔T and C
|| || || || || || || ||
what does the combination of purines and pyrimidines determine? - correct
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
answer✔✔stability
,the genomes is _____ into the transcriptome? - correct answer✔✔transcribed
|| || || || || || || || ||
what does transcription do? - correct answer✔✔RNA copies active protein coding genes.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
what is the transcriptome translated into? - correct answer✔✔the proteome
|| || || || || || || || ||
is the transcriptome the same in different cells? - correct answer✔✔it can be - some bits are
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
different for function, while others are the same (for maintenance)
|| || || || || || || || ||
true or false: transcriptomes serve no purpose in identifying disease - correct
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
answer✔✔false - they can be used as biomarkers || || || || || || ||
how much DNA do 2 individuals share? - correct answer✔✔99.8% - but 4 million sites of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
different
what are genes made up of? - correct answer✔✔introns an exons
|| || || || || || || || || ||
what is another name for non-coding DNA? - correct answer✔✔intergenic DNA
|| || || || || || || || || ||
what part of DNA is important in translation? - correct answer✔✔exon
|| || || || || || || || || ||
is there variation in intron size? exon size? - correct answer✔✔yes, it is quite variable.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
exons are generally the same size
|| || || || ||
how do genes become mRNA? - correct answer✔✔transcribed into initial transcript then
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
spliced into mRNA (exons are kept)
|| || || || ||
, where does the RNA polymerase form a complex with DNA? - correct answer✔✔at
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
promotor region of DNA || || ||
what do transcription factors do? - correct answer✔✔mediate the binding of RNA
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
polymerase and the initiation of transcription || || || || ||
what is the promotor region made of? - correct answer✔✔transcription factors
|| || || || || || || || || ||
core promotor (TATA box, cytosines and guanines)
|| || || || || ||
what and where are enhancers? - correct answer✔✔upstream of core promotor and help
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
with transcription
||
what direction do polymerases operate in? - correct answer✔✔5' to 3'
|| || || || || || || || || ||
what is another name for template strand? - correct answer✔✔antisense
|| || || || || || || || ||
what do polymerases do? - correct answer✔✔copy antisense and makes the complementary
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
strand
||
what occurs at the end of a strand of DNA that is being replicated? - correct
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
answer✔✔motifs tell polymerase to stop. || || || ||
5' cap is added
|| || ||
3' Poly A tail added
|| || || ||
what do motifs do? - correct answer✔✔tell polymerase to stop.
|| || || || || || || || ||
mark where RNA needs to be spliced
|| || || || || ||
