CMY3702 EXAM PACK TEST BANK 2026
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Gram stain procedure. Answer: 4-Step Process
Primary stain - Crystal violet (all bacteria → blue)
Mordant - Iodine (forms complex with crystal violet)
Decolorizer - Alcohol (critical step!)
Counterstain - Safranin (colors decolorized cells red
⩥ What is the purpose of gram stain?. Answer: antibiotic
recommendation
⩥ What is the target of β-lactam antibiotics?. Answer: Target:
Peptidoglycan synthesis
Mechanism: Inhibit transpeptidase enzymes
⩥ What is the target of vancomycin?. Answer: Target: Peptidoglycan
precursors
Mechanism: Binds D-Ala-D-Ala termini
⩥ Mycoplasma characteristics. Answer: - cell wall-less, only plasma
membrane
,- cholesterol requirement for growth
⩥ What antibiotics are mycoplasmas resistant to?. Answer: B-lactam
⩥ Endospores. Answer: A resistant, dormant structure formed inside of
some bacteria that can withstand adverse conditions
⩥ What 2 species are spore-forming?. Answer: Bacillus and Clostridium
⩥ Gram + antibiotic selection. Answer: Penicillin and vancomycin
⩥ Gram - antibiotic selection. Answer: Cephalosporins and FQ
⩥ Prokaryote characteristics. Answer: Circular chromosome in
cytoplasm
Operons
plasmids present
⩥ 70S vs. 80S ribosomes. Answer: Prokaryotic: 70S -> 30S/50S
subunits
Eukaryotic: 80S -> 40S/60S
⩥ lac or trp operon mechanism:
,inducible. Answer: lac operon
⩥ lac or trp operon mechanism:
repressible. Answer: trp operon
⩥ lac or trp operon mechanism:
allolactone inducer. Answer: lac operon
⩥ lac or trp operon mechanism:
transcription proceeds. Answer: lac operon
⩥ lac or trp operon mechanism:
catabolite repression by glucose. Answer: lac operon
⩥ lac or trp operon mechanism:
attenuation control. Answer: trp operon
⩥ lac or trp operon mechanism:
transcription halts. Answer: trp operon
⩥ What are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer?. Answer: -
Transformation
, - Conjugation
- Transduction
⩥ Transformation. Answer: process in which one strain of bacteria is
changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
⩥ Conjugation. Answer: A temporary union of two organisms for the
purpose of DNA transfer.
⩥ Tranduction. Answer: phages carry prokaryotic genes from one host
cell to another
⩥ List the 4 types of resistance mechanisms.. Answer: - Enzymatic
inactivation
- target modification
- efflux pumps
- reduced permeability
⩥ DNA gyrase function. Answer: relieves supercoiling
(topoisomerase)
⩥ What is the target of FQ?. Answer: DNA gyrase
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Gram stain procedure. Answer: 4-Step Process
Primary stain - Crystal violet (all bacteria → blue)
Mordant - Iodine (forms complex with crystal violet)
Decolorizer - Alcohol (critical step!)
Counterstain - Safranin (colors decolorized cells red
⩥ What is the purpose of gram stain?. Answer: antibiotic
recommendation
⩥ What is the target of β-lactam antibiotics?. Answer: Target:
Peptidoglycan synthesis
Mechanism: Inhibit transpeptidase enzymes
⩥ What is the target of vancomycin?. Answer: Target: Peptidoglycan
precursors
Mechanism: Binds D-Ala-D-Ala termini
⩥ Mycoplasma characteristics. Answer: - cell wall-less, only plasma
membrane
,- cholesterol requirement for growth
⩥ What antibiotics are mycoplasmas resistant to?. Answer: B-lactam
⩥ Endospores. Answer: A resistant, dormant structure formed inside of
some bacteria that can withstand adverse conditions
⩥ What 2 species are spore-forming?. Answer: Bacillus and Clostridium
⩥ Gram + antibiotic selection. Answer: Penicillin and vancomycin
⩥ Gram - antibiotic selection. Answer: Cephalosporins and FQ
⩥ Prokaryote characteristics. Answer: Circular chromosome in
cytoplasm
Operons
plasmids present
⩥ 70S vs. 80S ribosomes. Answer: Prokaryotic: 70S -> 30S/50S
subunits
Eukaryotic: 80S -> 40S/60S
⩥ lac or trp operon mechanism:
,inducible. Answer: lac operon
⩥ lac or trp operon mechanism:
repressible. Answer: trp operon
⩥ lac or trp operon mechanism:
allolactone inducer. Answer: lac operon
⩥ lac or trp operon mechanism:
transcription proceeds. Answer: lac operon
⩥ lac or trp operon mechanism:
catabolite repression by glucose. Answer: lac operon
⩥ lac or trp operon mechanism:
attenuation control. Answer: trp operon
⩥ lac or trp operon mechanism:
transcription halts. Answer: trp operon
⩥ What are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer?. Answer: -
Transformation
, - Conjugation
- Transduction
⩥ Transformation. Answer: process in which one strain of bacteria is
changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
⩥ Conjugation. Answer: A temporary union of two organisms for the
purpose of DNA transfer.
⩥ Tranduction. Answer: phages carry prokaryotic genes from one host
cell to another
⩥ List the 4 types of resistance mechanisms.. Answer: - Enzymatic
inactivation
- target modification
- efflux pumps
- reduced permeability
⩥ DNA gyrase function. Answer: relieves supercoiling
(topoisomerase)
⩥ What is the target of FQ?. Answer: DNA gyrase
