AC-HPAT Biology Exam with accurate detailed solutions || || || || || ||
Pancreas and Type 1 diabetes - ✔✔The pancreas is the organ that produces insulin, and it
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
plays a major role in regulating blood glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
pancreas does not make enough or any insulin. || || || || || || ||
How does insulin work in diabetes? - ✔✔Insulin pumps are small, computerized devices
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
that mimic the way the human pancreas works by delivering small doses of short acting
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
insulin continuously (basal rate). The device also is used to deliver variable amounts of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
insulin when a meal is eaten (bolus)
|| || || || || ||
chemotherapy - ✔✔Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body. It targets
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
cells that grow and divide quickly, as cancer cells do. Unlike radiation or surgery, which
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
target specific areas, chemo can work throughout your body. But it can also affect some fast-
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
growing healthy cells, like those of the skin, hair, intestines, and bone marrow.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how effective is it? -
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔✔Stem cell transplant replaces the leukemia cells in your bone marrow with new ones
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
that make blood. Your doctor can get the new stem cells from your own body or from a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
donor. Stem cell transplantation is effective against leukemia. In many cases, however, the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
transferred immune cells of the donor also attack the recipients' healthy tissue—often with
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
fatal consequences. ... Stem cell therapy offers people suffering from leukemia or bone-
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
marrow cancer the chance of full recovery.
|| || || || || ||
Why is laser technology more effective than conventional surgery in removing cancerous
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
tumours? - ✔✔Lasers are more precise than standard surgical tools (scalpels), so they do
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
less damage to normal tissues. As a result, patients usually have less pain, bleeding,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
swelling, and scarring. With laser therapy, operations are usually shorter.
|| || || || || || || || ||
,Urinary system - ✔✔· The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH
|| || || || || || || ||
Nanotechnology - ✔✔Nanotechnology can provide rapid and sensitive detection of cancer- || || || || || || || || || ||
related molecules, enabling scientists to detect molecular changes even when they occur
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
only in a small percentage of cells.
|| || || || || ||
Mercury poisoning - ✔✔The most common cause of mercury poisoning is from consuming
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
too much methyl mercury or organic mercury, which is linked to eating seafood. Small
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
amounts of mercury are present in everyday foods and products, which may not affect your
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
health. Too much mercury, however, can be poisonous. Mercury salts affect primarily the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, and can cause severe kidney damage; however, as || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier easily, these salts inflict little neurological damage
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
without continuous or heavy exposure. || || || ||
How can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the cells of the human eye? - ✔✔UV rays may
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
lead to macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss for older Americans. UV rays,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
especially UV-B rays, may also cause some kinds of cataracts. A cataract is a clouding of the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
eye's natural lens, the part of the eye that focuses the light we see.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Macromolecules - ✔✔Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of || || || || || || || || || ||
covalently connected atoms. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
macromolecules. Macromolecules are formed by many monomers linking together, forming || || || || || || || || ||
a polymer.
|| ||
passive transport - ✔✔Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. Unlike active
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
transport, it does not require an input of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
tendency of the system to grow in entropy. || || || || || || ||
, active transport - ✔✔active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement. || || || || || || || || || ||
catalyst - ✔✔Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
|| || || || ||
fluid mosaic model - ✔✔describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that|| || || || || || ||
gives the membrane a fluid character. The proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
in the plasma membrane vary with cell type
|| || || || || || || ||
Effect of lead on nerve cells - ✔✔Lead poisoning can cause peripheral nerve damage: this
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
can cause muscle weakness and problems with the sense of touch. When researchers
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
examine these damaged nerves, they find that the myelin insulation is often gone, and the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
axons are destroyed. These changes prevent nerves from transmitting messages properly.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
the effect of electromagnetic radiation on brain - ✔✔Reported symptoms include
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
headaches, anxiety, suicide and depression, nausea, fatigue and loss of libido. To date,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
scientific evidence does not support a link between these symptoms and exposure to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
electromagnetic fields. ||
Carbohydrates function - ✔✔Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecule on Earth. || || || || || || || || || || ||
Living organisms use carbohydrates as accessible energy to fuel cellular reactions and for
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
structural support inside cell walls. Cells attach carbohydrate molecules to proteins and
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
lipids, modifying structures to enhance functionality.
|| || || || ||
Proteins function - ✔✔Proteins fold up into specific shapes according to the sequence of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
amino acids in the polymer, and the protein function is directly related to the resulting 3D
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
structure. Proteins may also interact with each other or other macromolecules in the body
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
to create complex assemblies.
|| || ||
Pancreas and Type 1 diabetes - ✔✔The pancreas is the organ that produces insulin, and it
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
plays a major role in regulating blood glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
pancreas does not make enough or any insulin. || || || || || || ||
How does insulin work in diabetes? - ✔✔Insulin pumps are small, computerized devices
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
that mimic the way the human pancreas works by delivering small doses of short acting
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
insulin continuously (basal rate). The device also is used to deliver variable amounts of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
insulin when a meal is eaten (bolus)
|| || || || || ||
chemotherapy - ✔✔Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body. It targets
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
cells that grow and divide quickly, as cancer cells do. Unlike radiation or surgery, which
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
target specific areas, chemo can work throughout your body. But it can also affect some fast-
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
growing healthy cells, like those of the skin, hair, intestines, and bone marrow.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how effective is it? -
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔✔Stem cell transplant replaces the leukemia cells in your bone marrow with new ones
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
that make blood. Your doctor can get the new stem cells from your own body or from a
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
donor. Stem cell transplantation is effective against leukemia. In many cases, however, the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
transferred immune cells of the donor also attack the recipients' healthy tissue—often with
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
fatal consequences. ... Stem cell therapy offers people suffering from leukemia or bone-
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
marrow cancer the chance of full recovery.
|| || || || || ||
Why is laser technology more effective than conventional surgery in removing cancerous
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
tumours? - ✔✔Lasers are more precise than standard surgical tools (scalpels), so they do
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
less damage to normal tissues. As a result, patients usually have less pain, bleeding,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
swelling, and scarring. With laser therapy, operations are usually shorter.
|| || || || || || || || ||
,Urinary system - ✔✔· The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH
|| || || || || || || ||
Nanotechnology - ✔✔Nanotechnology can provide rapid and sensitive detection of cancer- || || || || || || || || || ||
related molecules, enabling scientists to detect molecular changes even when they occur
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
only in a small percentage of cells.
|| || || || || ||
Mercury poisoning - ✔✔The most common cause of mercury poisoning is from consuming
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
too much methyl mercury or organic mercury, which is linked to eating seafood. Small
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
amounts of mercury are present in everyday foods and products, which may not affect your
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
health. Too much mercury, however, can be poisonous. Mercury salts affect primarily the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, and can cause severe kidney damage; however, as || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier easily, these salts inflict little neurological damage
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
without continuous or heavy exposure. || || || ||
How can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the cells of the human eye? - ✔✔UV rays may
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
lead to macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss for older Americans. UV rays,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
especially UV-B rays, may also cause some kinds of cataracts. A cataract is a clouding of the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
eye's natural lens, the part of the eye that focuses the light we see.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Macromolecules - ✔✔Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of || || || || || || || || || ||
covalently connected atoms. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
macromolecules. Macromolecules are formed by many monomers linking together, forming || || || || || || || || ||
a polymer.
|| ||
passive transport - ✔✔Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. Unlike active
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
transport, it does not require an input of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
tendency of the system to grow in entropy. || || || || || || ||
, active transport - ✔✔active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement. || || || || || || || || || ||
catalyst - ✔✔Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
|| || || || ||
fluid mosaic model - ✔✔describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that|| || || || || || ||
gives the membrane a fluid character. The proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
in the plasma membrane vary with cell type
|| || || || || || || ||
Effect of lead on nerve cells - ✔✔Lead poisoning can cause peripheral nerve damage: this
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
can cause muscle weakness and problems with the sense of touch. When researchers
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
examine these damaged nerves, they find that the myelin insulation is often gone, and the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
axons are destroyed. These changes prevent nerves from transmitting messages properly.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
the effect of electromagnetic radiation on brain - ✔✔Reported symptoms include
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
headaches, anxiety, suicide and depression, nausea, fatigue and loss of libido. To date,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
scientific evidence does not support a link between these symptoms and exposure to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
electromagnetic fields. ||
Carbohydrates function - ✔✔Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecule on Earth. || || || || || || || || || || ||
Living organisms use carbohydrates as accessible energy to fuel cellular reactions and for
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
structural support inside cell walls. Cells attach carbohydrate molecules to proteins and
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
lipids, modifying structures to enhance functionality.
|| || || || ||
Proteins function - ✔✔Proteins fold up into specific shapes according to the sequence of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
amino acids in the polymer, and the protein function is directly related to the resulting 3D
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
structure. Proteins may also interact with each other or other macromolecules in the body
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
to create complex assemblies.
|| || ||
