Introduction to Organic Chemistry
• Definition: Study of carbon compounds (excluding
oxides of carbon and carbonates).
• Unique property of carbon: Tetravalency (forms 4
bonds), catenation (ability to form chains), and ability to
form stable covalent bonds.
🧪 Hydrocarbons
Types
• Alkanes (CnH2n+2)
• Saturated hydrocarbons (single bonds).
• Example: Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6).
• Properties: Non-polar, relatively unreactive, undergo
combustion and substitution.
• Alkenes (CnH2n)
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons (double bonds).
• Example: Ethene (C2H4).
• Properties: More reactive, undergo addition
reactions.
• Alkynes (CnH2n-2)
,• Unsaturated hydrocarbons (triple bonds).
• Example: Ethyne (C2H2).
• Properties: Highly reactive, undergo addition
reactions.
🔄 Isomerism
• Structural isomers: Same molecular formula,
different arrangement (e.g., butane vs. isobutane).
• Geometric isomers: Cis/trans forms due to restricted
rotation around double bonds.
• Optical isomers: Mirror images→ polyethene
, Introduction to Organic Chemistry
• Definition: Study of carbon compounds (excluding
oxides of carbon and carbonates).
• Unique property of carbon: Tetravalency (forms 4
bonds), catenation (ability to form chains), and ability to
form stable covalent bonds.
• Definition: Study of carbon compounds (excluding
oxides of carbon and carbonates).
• Unique property of carbon: Tetravalency (forms 4
bonds), catenation (ability to form chains), and ability to
form stable covalent bonds.
🧪 Hydrocarbons
Types
• Alkanes (CnH2n+2)
• Saturated hydrocarbons (single bonds).
• Example: Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6).
• Properties: Non-polar, relatively unreactive, undergo
combustion and substitution.
• Alkenes (CnH2n)
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons (double bonds).
• Example: Ethene (C2H4).
• Properties: More reactive, undergo addition
reactions.
• Alkynes (CnH2n-2)
,• Unsaturated hydrocarbons (triple bonds).
• Example: Ethyne (C2H2).
• Properties: Highly reactive, undergo addition
reactions.
🔄 Isomerism
• Structural isomers: Same molecular formula,
different arrangement (e.g., butane vs. isobutane).
• Geometric isomers: Cis/trans forms due to restricted
rotation around double bonds.
• Optical isomers: Mirror images→ polyethene
, Introduction to Organic Chemistry
• Definition: Study of carbon compounds (excluding
oxides of carbon and carbonates).
• Unique property of carbon: Tetravalency (forms 4
bonds), catenation (ability to form chains), and ability to
form stable covalent bonds.
