Exam 2: NUR208 / NUR 208 Mental Health Nursing Review | Latest 2026–2027 Update | Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) – Fortis

Exam 2: NUR208 / NUR 208 Mental Health Nursing Review | Latest 2026–2027 Update | Questions & Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) – Fortis 2026 / 2027 Academic Year 1. Which of the following best describes the ethical concept of values? A. Values are an individual's feelings about situations. B. Values are learned through family systems. C. Values are organized ways of thinking about the meaning of life. D. Values determine the rightness or wrongness of behavior. A. Values are an individual's feelings about situations. 2. Which of the following best describes intrinsic values? A. Intrinsic values are often abstract ideas. B. Intrinsic values are basic needs for sustaining life. C. Intrinsic values are qualities patients consider to be important in their private lives. D. Intrinsic values are qualities patients consider important for nurses to have. B. Intrinsic values are basic needs for sustaining life. 3. Values are learned through which of the following methods? A. Reading books B. Formal degrees C. Continuous reinforcement D. Meeting diverse individuals C. Continuous reinforcement 4. Which of the following statements about ethical principles and laws is true? A. The government holds the power to enforce ethics. B. Laws provide standards that assist in decision making. C. Ethics are very specific. D. As a standard for measuring actions, ethical principles may be the basis for laws. D. As a standard for measuring actions, ethical principles may be the basis for laws. 5. A registered nurse (RN) is caring for a patient who is one of Jehovah's Witnesses and has refused a blood transfusion even though her hemoglobin is dangerously low. After providing information about all the alternatives available and risks and benefits of each, the health-care provider allows the patient to determine which course of treatment she would prefer. The RN knows this is an example of which ethical principle? A. Autonomy B. Nonmaleficence C. Beneficence D. Distributive justice A. Autonomy 6. An RN cared for a state senator during the day shift. Later that day he was having dinner with friends when the news mentioned the senator had been hospitalized. The RN's friends asked if he knew what was wrong with the senator. Which ethical principle should the RN consider when replying? A. Fidelity B. Confidentiality C. Veracity D. Accountability B. Confidentiality 7. When considering virtue ethics, which of the following is true? A. Virtue ethics attributes behaviors to moral rules. B. Virtue ethics attributes behaviors to knowledge of consequences. C. Virtue ethics focuses on moral character, rather than rules for behavior. D. Virtue ethics is a formal statement of rules for behavior. C. Virtue ethics focuses on moral character, rather than rules for behavior. 8. Which of the following statements is true regarding nursing ethics? A. Nursing ethics focus on the organizational level at the workplace. B. Nursing ethics focus on the duties and rules of behavior for professional nurses. C. Nursing ethics focus on the moral character of nurses. D. Nursing ethics focus on the experiences and needs of nurses. D. Nursing ethics focus on the experiences and needs of nurses. 9. A recent ethical issue has resulted in uneasiness and discomfort for several nurses on a unit. The unit manager has decided to discuss the issues at the next team meeting. The situation has resulted in which of the following for some of the nurses? A. Moral suffering B. Moral distress C. Ethical dilemma D. Veracity A. Moral suffering 10. An RN's current patient and family have presented her with an ethical dilemma. What is the first step the RN should take to find a workable solution to the problem? A. Planning B. Assessment C. Evaluation D. Implementation B. Assessment 11. An RN is working through an ethical dilemma involving a patient on his unit. He has just identified the decision makers involved. Which step best describes the current stage the RN is working through? A. Assessment B. Diagnosis C. Planning D. Implementation C. Planning 12. An RN knows that sometimes, when working through an ethical dilemma, the decision makers are unable to arrive at a mutually agreed upon decision. Which of the following is a reason why an agreement cannot be reached? A. One or more of the parties may be able to reconcile their values. B. The patient's point of view is recognized as valuable. C. The dilemma involves two or more equally unpleasant choices. D. The institution is unable to honor the patient's request. D. The institution is unable to honor the patient's request. 13. An RN recognizes which of the following as a primary goal of nursing? A. Assist patients to achieve a peaceful death. B. Improve personal knowledge and skill in order to improve patient outcomes. C. Advocate for quality of life over quantity of life. D. Work to control costs so that patients can live the best quality of life possible. A. Assist patients to achieve a peaceful death. 14. Although technology has seen many advances, which two ethical principles may be in conflict because of technology? A. Beneficence and justice B. Beneficence and nonmaleficence C. Beneficence and veracity D. Beneficence and confidentiality B. Beneficence and nonmaleficence 15. A unit director at a local hospital knows even leadership may face ethical dilemmas. Which of the following should the director take into consideration when dealing with an employee who is incompetent? A. The situation should be tolerated for as long as possible because of the amount of time and paperwork required to terminate an incompetent nurse. B. Incompetence only impacts the individual nurse. C. The director should follow her institution's formal process for reporting and handling practices that jeopardize patient safety. D. Most nurse practice acts direct how to handle incompetent nurses. C. The director should follow her institution's formal process for reporting and handling practices that jeopardize patient safety. 1. Which of the following laws govern nursing practice? A. Statutory laws B. Common laws C. Administrative laws D. Constitutional laws A. Statutory laws 2. Which of the following categories does a violation of the nurse practice act fall under? A. Juvenile B. Felony C. Misdemeanor D. Tort B. Felony 3. A registered nurse (RN) administered a patient's morning insulin as the breakfast tray arrived at 0800. The RN performed a complete assessment at the same time. Then, the RN got busy with her other patients and did not check on the patient until 1400. At that time, she found the patient unresponsive with a blood glucose of 23. Both the breakfast and lunch tray were at the bedside untouched. Which of the following could the RN be charged with? A. Quasi-intentional tort B. Misdemeanor C. Negligence D. Juvenile offense C. Negligence 4. Which of the following is true of malpractice? A. Malpractice occurs when a professional shares information about a patient that could damage that patient's reputation. B. Malpractice is a serious criminal offense. C. Malpractice is a minor criminal offense. D. Malpractice is a negligent act by an individual whose duties require specialized education. D. Malpractice is a negligent act by an individual whose duties require specialized education. 5. An RN comes upon a serious motor vehicle accident that has just occurred and no first responders are on the scene. One car has been flipped upside down and she can see the driver still in the car. The RN decides to stop and help. She knows she is protected from civil liability as long as she does which of the following? A. Acts in an ordinary, reasonable, and prudent professional manner B. Assures that information obtained is not communicated to anyone else C. Does not make any verbal comments that could lead to economic harm D. Fails to meet the established standards of practice A. Acts in an ordinary, reasonable, and prudent professional manner 6. As an RN stands in line for the cafeteria cashier, he overhears the staff in front of him talking about a client the RN took care of earlier in the week. The client's room number is mentioned along with the diagnosis and prognosis. Which of the following actions should the RN take? A. Join in the conversation in case the RN is assigned to care for the client in the future. B. Remind the staff members that they are in a public location and sharing this information is a breach of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). C. Correct a statement made by one of the staff members. D. Ignore the conversation, B. Remind the staff members that they are in a public location and sharing this information is a breach of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). 7. Which of the following is a potential benefit to social media? A. Sharing the fun side of nursing by posting a video of nurses singing and dancing in the hallways of the hospital while on duty B. Connecting with clients to keep up with their health status C. Connecting with the public to encourage healthy behaviors D. Sharing pictures of interesting clinical experiences with friends C. Connecting with the public to encourage healthy behaviors 8. There are several pitfalls that should be avoided when using social media of any type. For example, a nurse or student could be found guilty of libel in which of the following scenarios? A. Snapping a selfie with a patient B. Posting a positive review of the hospital where the student completed clinicals C. Creating a closed online forum where students can discuss clinical experiences without providing client information D. Complaining about her nurse preceptor on social media, discussing the preceptor's unprofessional characteristics. D. Complaining about her nurse preceptor on social media, discussing the preceptor's unprofessional characteristics 9. An RN enters a patient's room to place an indwelling urinary catheter, as ordered by the health-care professional. The client is alert and oriented and tells the RN he wants to leave the hospital now and not receive further treatment. Which of the following actions by the RN would be considered false imprisonment? A. The RN tells the client he is not allowed to leave until the physician has released him. B. The RN asks the client why he wishes to leave. C. The RN asks the client to explain what he understands about his medical diagnosis. D. The RN asks the client to sign an against medical advice discharge form. A. The RN tells the client he is not allowed to leave until the physician has released him. 10. Which of the following is a recommendation for avoiding charges of negligence and false imprisonment for confused clients? A. Carefully assess and document client status. B. Ensure all patient information is closed and the nurse has signed out of the computer before leaving the computer station. C. Keep careful notes while providing care so that documentation later in the day is accurate. D. Discuss safety needs with clients. A. Carefully assess and document client status. 11. A postop nurse is caring for a client after knee replacement. She discovers the consent was not signed before the surgery. Which of the following charges could be filed? A. False imprisonment B. Libel C. Battery D. Malpractice C. Battery 12. Which of the following should be included in a discussion of advance directives with new nurse graduates? A. According to the Patient Self-Determination Act, nurses are required to inform clients of their right to create an advance directive. B. The advance directive designates an individual who will make financial decisions for the client if he or she is unable to do so. C. A living will designates who will make health-care decisions for an individual in the event the individual is unable or incompetent to make his or her own decisions. D. The advance directive designates a health-care surrogate who will make known the client's wishes regarding medical treatment if the client is unable to do so. D. The advance directive designates a health-care surrogate who will make known the client's wishes regarding medical treatment if the client is unable to do so. 13. An RN's client with terminal pancreatic cancer asks questions about a do not resuscitate order. Which of the following statements should be included in the RN's teaching to the client? A. When a heart ceases to beat, the client is pronounced clinically dead. B. Physicians must write do not resuscitate (DNR) orders. C. A DNR order can be written after the health-care provider has discussed it with the client and family. D. A DNR requires a court decision. C. A DNR order can be written after the health-care provider has discussed it with the client and family. 14. Two RNs are discussing the benefits of professional liability insurance. Which of the following is a reason for an RN to have a professional liability insurance policy? A. No expense is involved in frivolous lawsuits. B. If a nurse is found guilty of malpractice, the institution cannot sue the nurse. C. Liability policies may also cover charges of libel, slander, assault, and HIPAA violations. D. Only doctors are sued for malpractice. C. Liability policies may also cover charges of libel, slander, assault, and HIPAA violations. 15. An RN is writing reminders for good documentation for the nurses on her staff. The purpose is to ensure nursing documentation is legally credible. Which of the following is a recommendation she should include in the reminders? A. Use shortcuts in documentation. B. Only use approved abbreviations. C. Documentation should be subjective. D. Document after care is provided. B. Only use approved abbreviations. A woman who is 14 weeks pregnant says that she has abstained from alcohol during her first trimester and would like to know if it is now safe to have a drink with dinner. The health-care worker's best response would be: "Because no one knows how much or how little alcohol it takes to cause fetal problems, it is recommended that you abstain throughout your pregnancy." The difference between a nurse midwife and a doula is that a doula is a: specially trained coach that stays with the mother during labor and delivery. A new mother of a baby girl who has a 2 1/2-year-old son at home says, "I don't know how I'll ever manage both children when I get home." The most informative response would be: "You may see babyish behavior in your son, which is a typical reaction." The health-care worker observes several interactions between a postpartum woman and her newborn. The behavior that would be assessed as maladaptive is: seldom making eye contact with the baby. A 15-year-old mother seems to ignore her newborn. A strategy that the health-care worker can use to facilitate mother-infant attachment in this mother is to: show the mother how the baby initiates interaction in face-to-face encounters. During a telephone follow-up conversation 5 days postpartum, the woman tells the health- care worker, "I don't know what's wrong with me. I love my baby, but I seem to be crying all the time!" The woman is most likely experiencing: postpartum blues. Parents of a newborn ask about the baby's vision and specifically want to know what visual stimuli they should provide for the newborn. The most appropriate response is: "Newborns have good near vision. A brightly colored mobile to hang over the crib is a good choice for your baby." Characteristics of dizygotic twins include their being: similar to each other as any sibling. The pH of the female reproductive tract and estrogen level have an effect on fertilization in that they: affect the speed of the ova and sperm entering the fallopian tube. The young pregnant woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus should get at least minutes of exercise a day to control weight and blood glucose. 30 Development of neural tube defects seems to be more common in the fetuses of pregnant women whose diet is low in: folic acid. The Moro (startle) reflex, which is present at birth, disappears normally at the age of: 3 months. Good prenatal nutrition is stressed to an expectant mother because poor nutrition could increase the baby's risk of in later life. coronary artery disease After delivery, the new father is staring intently at his newborn and lightly running his fingertips over the baby's face. The father is beginning: engrossment In speaking with a group of parents, the health-care worker informs them that in the case of a premature delivery, the fetus of 25 weeks gestation has many attributes that would help support extrauterine life. These include: (Select all that apply.) surfactant in the lungs. respiratory movements. The 5-month-old should demonstrate: ability to grasp an object voluntarily. A parent of an 8-month-old infant says that the baby cries and screams whenever she is left with her grandparents. The reply should be based on the fact that the: infant is experiencing separation anxiety. According to Erikson, infancy is concerned with acquiring a sense of: trust Object permanence is: actively searching for a hidden object. The parents of a 6-month-old infant say that they are worried about their baby's thumb- sucking. The reply that is most informative would be: "Nonnutritive sucking during infancy is normal." The health-care worker instructs the parents of an infant that they can expect the first tooth eruption at the age of: 6 months. Regarding the introduction of solid foods during infancy, the nurse would advise: foods should be introduced one at a time, at intervals of 4 to 7 days. The health-care worker ensures doting parents that they will hear the first meaningful words from their infant when the baby is about months old. 10 The parents of a 3-month-old complain that they are exhausted because she still wakes up as often as every 1 to 2 hours during the night. When she awakens, they change her diaper, and her mother nurses her back to sleep. The best suggestion would be to: give the baby a pacifier while the child is in a semi-awake state. A mother is concerned that her 12-month-old is "getting fat." She plans to switch the infant from formula to 2% low-fat milk. Based on knowledge of infant nutrition, the best response should be: "Your child needs whole milk instead of low-fat milk to promote proper growth and development." The usual initial age at which infants begin to demonstrate meaningful social smiles in response to parental interaction is at: 2 months. An appropriate play activity to encourage sensorimotor stimulation in a 7-month-old would be: playing peek-a-boo. To support the development of language skills in their child, the parents should: talk to the infant in their native language. According to Freud's theory of development, the best toy for an infant would be a: teething ring. The information that should be given to the parents of a 12-month-old regarding appropriate play activities would include which of the following? Give large push-pull toys for kinetic stimulation. At what age would the health-care worker expect an infant to be able to say "mama" and "dada" with meaning? 9-10 months What is a possible indication of child abuse on an 11-month-old? Bruises in various stages of healing Which age-appropriate toy(s) for a 3-month-old infant should be recommended? (Select all that apply.) Crib mobile Soft or furry quilt Stuffed animals growth refers to the progression of the growth pattern that proceeds from head to toe. For example, infants are able to lift their heads before they can sit, and they are able to sit before they can stand. Cephalocaudal Prematurity increases the risk for developing which of the following diseases? Hypertension, Coronary Artery Disease, Diabetes When it comes to birth weight, which of the following statements is true? Africans and Caucasians had similar rates of premature infants while African-American infants weighed about 8 oz. less According to the video, how may stress influence pregnancy? Stress can reduce placental blood flow and induce inflammation in the uterus which can lead to premature labor A 2-year-old should be able to: run Erik Erikson describes the major developmental task of the toddler to be: autonomy A parent of a 24-month-old boy say that the child has frequent tantrums and that "no" is becoming his favorite word. This behavior: is a response to frustration in gaining autonomy. According to Piaget, magical thinking is the belief that: dolls are real people. Most children use sentences of five words by the age of years. 5 Although a 14-month-old girl received a shock from an electrical outlet recently, her mother finds her about to place a paper clip in another outlet. The repeated behavior is due to: inability to understand cause and effect. When a toddler snatches a toy from another toddler, this behavior is: typical behavior because toddlers are egocentric. According to Kohlberg, the moral task of childhood is learning to: share with others. An example of parallel play is a toddler: sitting with another toddler playing with toys without interaction. When a toddler acquires receptive language skills, the child is able to: understand simple messages. A "time-out" for unacceptable behavior may be effective discipline for children between 1 and 6 years of age if the time-out period is no more than minute(s) per year of child's age. 1 Dental evaluations should start at the age of months. 12 The toddler is vulnerable to ear infections because: there is a short, straight internal ear canal leading to the oropharynx. The preschool child learns socially acceptable behavior through the use of: positive reinforcement. A parent has a 2-year-old in the clinic for a well-child checkup. Which statement by the parent would indicate the need for more instruction regarding child safety? "We're using the car seat belt instead of the car seat now that the baby is older." The activity that is most appropriate for a hospitalized 5-year-old who is allowed to go to the playroom is: joining a group of boys and girls who are playing house. Preschool children need a minimum of minutes a day of age-appropriate active play. 60 In middle childhood, the child's developing cognition is more focused on: fact Middle childhood-age children will grow on the average of per year. 2 inches Eight-year-olds enjoy play that employs: competitive team play. The behavior that alerts the school nurse to a possible cognitive deficit in a 7-year-old child would be: confusing letters b, d, and g. Frequent spankings as a discipline technique can: teach violent behavior. The child experiencing middle childhood forms a positive self-esteem from: developing internal sources. According to Freud, the child is in a period of latency during middle childhood, which is characterized by: identification with the parent of the same sex. A parent says, "I am worried about my 13-year-old son. He hasn't started puberty, and my daughter did when she was 11 years old." The health-care worker should explain to this parent that this is: normal because the onset of puberty is usually earlier in girls than in boys. According to Kohlberg, the development of occurs as cognitive function matures and the school-age child learns to understand rules and to determine if an action is right or wrong. moral reasoning The Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC-V) for school-age children has been administered to a group of 7-year-olds. The parents of one of the children ask why this test is being administered to these children. The best response is: "This test can be used to predict school ability and future performance." The description of behaviors of the school-age child that is most closely linked to Erikson's theory is that during this time, school-age children: with greater independence can carry tasks through to completion. The health-care worker giving parents guidelines about discipline for their school-age children would include which of the following guidelines? Discipline should combine reward and punishment, based on age-appropriate behavior expectation. The major health teaching need(s) of middle childhood include: (Select all that apply.) injury prevention. scoliosis screening. need for immunizations. Parents of latchkey children can help ensure their safety by instructing the child to: (Select all that apply.) walk to and from school with friends. call a work number if necessary. According to Piaget, school-age children are concrete thinkers, and retained best. hands-on learning is The health-care worker designing a class on maintenance of good nutrition for middle childhood children would ensure each class lasted no more than minutes. 45 What are some of the physiologic ramifications from chronic stress? Elevated hormone levels leading to increased risk of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and immunocompromise What was one community improvement project that occurred as a result of the asthma rates in Seattle's High Point neighborhood? The U.S. government extended grants to the Seattle Housing Authority and other partners to build Breathe Easy homes that would include gardens and new ventilation systems Where you live can have an impact on your health. What are some community factors that may play a role? All of the above The Human Genome Project is credited with the development of significant research on the subject of: - analysis of chemicals that make up RNA. - prevention of birth defects. - ethical use of stem cells. - gene mapping. gene mapping. The ELSI program has been developed for the purpose of: -promoting fund raising for the study of gene therapy. -publishing up-to-date information on the progress of gene therapy. -evaluating the ethical, legal, and social implications of gene therapy. -educating the general public about the benefits of gene therapy. -evaluating the ethical, legal, and social implications of gene therapy. The newlywed couple most appropriately referred to genetic counseling would be the: -Jewish couple who feel they must have a male child. -Caucasian couple who both have family histories of schizophrenia. -mixed cultural couple of a Japanese wife and American husband. -African Americans, one of whom has sickle cell trait. -African Americans, one of whom has sickle cell trait. A woman who is 14 weeks pregnant says that she has abstained from alcohol during her first trimester and would like to know if it is now safe to have a drink with dinner. The health-care worker's best response would be: -"As you are in your second trimester, there is no problem with having one drink with dinner." -"One drink every night is too much. One drink three times a week should be fine." -"Because no one knows how much or how little alcohol it takes to cause fetal problems, it is recommended that you abstain throughout your pregnancy." -"Because you are in your second trimester, you can drink as much as you like." -"Because no one knows how much or how little alcohol it takes to cause fetal problems, it is recommended that you abstain throughout your pregnancy." The home health-care worker visiting a pregnant woman in her second trimester observes the patient doing chores and performing errands. Because of a threat to the fetus, the woman should refrain from: - walking a mile to the grocery store. - sweeping the floor with a broom. - using bleach when doing the wash - emptying and cleaning the cat box. - emptying and cleaning the cat box. According to parental role development theory, the reality of the pregnancy occurs for the couple when: - the mother is aware that she has missed her period. - the pregnancy is confirmed in the first trimester. - movement is felt in the second trimester. - actual plans for the birth are made in the third trimester. - movement is felt in the second trimester. The difference between a nurse midwife and a doula is that a doula is a: - registered nurse with advanced training in labor and delivery. - registered nurse with advanced practice education. - specially trained coach that stays with the mother during labor and delivery. - medical doctor with advanced education in women's health. - specially trained coach that stays with the mother during labor and delivery. A new mother of a baby girl who has a 2 1/2-year-old son at home says, "I don't know how I'll ever manage both children when I get home." The most informative response would be: - "Your son is a big brother now and will love his new sister." - "You might consider letting your son stay with his grandparents for several weeks to allow him to adjust to the new baby." - "Make sure your husband bonds with your son while you are busy with your new daughter." - "You may see babyish behavior in your son, which is a typical reaction." - "You may see babyish behavior in your son, which is a typical reaction." The health-care worker observes several interactions between a postpartum woman and her newborn. The behavior that would be assessed as maladaptive is: - seldom making eye contact with the baby. - reading a magazine while the baby sleeps. - cuddling the baby close to her chest. - telling visitors how well the baby is feeding. - seldom making eye contact with the baby. A 15-year-old mother seems to ignore her newborn. A strategy that the health-care worker can use to facilitate mother-infant attachment in this mother is to: - tell the mother that she must pay attention to her baby. - show the mother how the baby initiates interaction in face-to-face encounters. - demonstrate for the mother different positions for holding her baby while feeding. - arrange for the mother to watch a video on parent-infant interaction. - show the mother how the baby initiates interaction in face-to-face encounters. "Taking hold" is occurring when the new mother: - requests help with ambulation and perineal care. - shows interest in learning more about infant care. - sleeps most of the time when the baby is not present. - is very excited and talkative about the birth experience. - shows interest in learning more about infant care. During a telephone follow-up conversation 5 days postpartum, the woman tells the health- care worker, "I don't know what's wrong with me. I love my baby, but I seem to be crying all the time!" The woman is most likely experiencing: - taking-in. - letting go. - postpartum blues. - attachment. - postpartum blues. The home health-care worker can help a father in his transition to parenthood by: - pointing out that the infant recognizes his voice. - asking him what child care arrangements have been made. - teaching him to tape the baby's diaper a different way. - reminding him that he must be ready to help with household chores. - pointing out that the infant recognizes his voice. The mother asks how much her baby will sleep every day. The best response is: - "He will only wake up to be fed, and you should not bother him between feedings." - "A newborn sleeps about 17 hours a day with periods of wakefulness gradually increasing." - "He will probably follow your same sleep and wake patterns, so you can expect him to be awake soon." - "You should try to limit day sleep to about 3 hours so he will sleep through the night." - "A newborn sleeps about 17 hours a day with periods of wakefulness gradually increasing." Parents of a newborn ask about the baby's vision and specifically want to know what visual stimuli they should provide for the newborn. The most appropriate response is: - "Babies can see very little until about age 3 months." - "It is important to shield the baby's eyes. You should ask your physician what visual stimulation to offer your child." - "The baby's eyes are immature and must be protected. Any visual stimuli should not contain bright or strong colors." - "Newborns have good near vision. A brightly colored mobile to hang over the crib is a good choice for your baby." - "Newborns have good near vision. A brightly colored mobile to hang over the crib is a good choice for your baby." Characteristics of dizygotic twins include their being: - of the same sex. - formed from the same single ovum and sperm. - always carried to full term. - similar to each other as any sibling. - similar to each other as any sibling. A young, newly pregnant woman who led a sedentary life prior to pregnancy asks what sort of exercise would be beneficial. Helpful suggestions would be to engage in regular: - aggressive exercise at a gym. - jogging. - lifting free weights. - swimming. - swimming. Warnings that are appropriate to an exercising pregnant woman in her second trimester of pregnancy would include: - limiting water while exercising to prevent hypertension. - avoiding exercises that require the supine position. - performing exaggerated range-of-motion exercises. - exercising strenuously to supply extra heat and blood to the placenta. - avoiding exercises that require the supine position. The pH of the female reproductive tract and estrogen level have an effect on fertilization in that they: - soften the ovum to enhance fertilization. - can trap defective sperm. - determine the sex of the fetus. - affect the speed of the ova and sperm entering the fallopian tube. - affect the speed of the ova and sperm entering the fallopian tube. The young pregnant woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus should get at least minutes of exercise a day to control weight and blood glucose. - Development of neural tube defects seems to be more common in the fetuses of pregnant women whose diet is low in: - iron - vitamin D. - folic acid. - essential amino acids. - folic acid. The term fetus refers to an embryo that is weeks old. - 2 - 3 - 6 - 9 - 9 The Moro (startle) reflex, which is present at birth, disappears normally at the age of: - 3 months. - 4 months. - 5 months. - 6 months. - 3 months. Good prenatal nutrition is stressed to an expectant mother because poor nutrition could increase the baby's risk of in later life. - diabetes - kidney failure - respiratory disorders - coronary artery disease - coronary artery disease The prenatal intervention that would be most helpful to a prospective father about his new role would be to: - explain the physiological and psychological changes he can expect in the mother. - demonstrate diapering and bathing techniques. - let him verbalize his feelings about the pregnancy and fatherhood. - encourage him to think about his role in the pregnancy. - let him verbalize his feelings about the pregnancy and fatherhood. The single most important influence on appropriate growth and disease prevention at all stages of development is: - nutrition. - heredity. - culture. - environment. - nutrition. The most effective time for interaction between parents and the new baby is when the baby is in the state of: - active alert. - crying. - drowsiness. - quiet alert. - quiet alert. A woman delivered a baby 1 hour ago. The nurse is ready to assist her with breastfeeding. The woman states she cannot breastfeed until her "good" milk comes in. She says she is afraid the "thin" milk will harm the baby. The nurse's best response is: - "You should begin breastfeeding now or your milk will never come in." - "I understand that you believe this colostrum is unhealthy for the baby. Let's talk about feeding alternatives until your milk comes in." - "If you don't provide your baby with the benefits of colostrum, he will have more childhood illnesses than normal." - "Your baby will not learn to suck correctly if you don't start breastfeeding now." - "I understand that you believe this colostrum is unhealthy for the baby. Let's talk about feeding alternatives until your milk comes in. After the delivery of the newborn, the major focus for its well-being is to: - initiate hydration. - provide nutrition. - prevent heat loss. - stimulate bonding. - prevent heat loss. After delivery, the new father is staring intently at his newborn and lightly running his fingertips over the baby's face. The father is beginning: - parenting. - engrossment. - development. - identification. - engrossment. A Chinese woman rejects the plan for her to bring the newborn to the health clinic before the seventh day of life to repeat the test for phenylketonuria (PKU) stating that it is too early for her to come. The culturally competent health-care worker would ask: - "Do you lack transportation to the clinic?" - "Isn't your baby's health important enough to come to the clinic?" - "Do you realize that the state requires this test to be done?" - "Do you need more time to heal after your delivery?" - "Do you need more time to heal after your delivery?" Methods of holding a neonate that are comforting and consoling to the baby and reinforce bonding include: (Select all that apply.) - holding baby upright on parent's knee. - placing the nude baby on the naked chest of the parent. - swaddling the baby. - cuddling the baby. - the football hold supporting baby with one arm. - placing the nude baby on the naked chest of the parent. - swaddling the baby. - cuddling the baby. In speaking with a group of parents, the health-care worker informs them that in the case of a premature delivery, the fetus of 25 weeks gestation has many attributes that would help support extrauterine life. These include: (Select all that apply.) - surfactant in the lungs. - respiratory movements. - a functioning central nervous system (CNS). - smooth skin. - subcutaneous fat. - surfactant in the lungs. - respiratory movements. A complete set of DNA contained in all human cells is referred to as a(n) genome A can now be programmed to destroy a defective gene, allowing a pure gene to replace it. suicide gene The 5-month-old should demonstrate: - hand-to-mouth coordination. - neat pincer grasp. - building a tower of two cubes. - ability to grasp an object voluntarily - ability to grasp an object voluntarily According to Erikson, infancy is concerned with acquiring a sense of: - trust. - Industry. - initiative. - autonomy. - trust. Object permanence is: - recognizing a familiar face, such as mother. - recognizing a familiar object, such as bottle. - actively searching for a hidden object. - securing objects by pulling on a string - actively searching for a hidden object. A parent of an 8-month-old infant says that the baby cries and screams whenever she is left with her grandparents. The reply should be based on the fact that the: - infant is most likely spoiled. - infant is experiencing separation anxiety. - infant should be left with another caretaker. - grandparents' home may be a frightening environment. - infant is experiencing separation anxiety. The parents of a 2-month-old boy are concerned about spoiling their son by picking him up when he cries. The most informative response would be: - "Allow him to cry for no longer than 15 minutes, then pick him up." - "Babies need comforting and cuddling. Meeting these needs will not spoil him." - "Babies this young cry when they are hungry. Try feeding him when he cries." - "If he isn't soiled or wet, leave him and he'll cry himself to sleep." - "Babies need comforting and cuddling. Meeting these needs will not spoil him." The parents of a 6-month-old infant say that they are worried about their baby's thumb- sucking. The reply that is most informative would be: - "A pacifier should be substituted for the thumb." - "Nonnutritive sucking may indicate unsatisfied hunger." - "Sucking should be interrupted by diverting the baby's attention." - "Nonnutritive sucking during infancy is normal." - "Nonnutritive sucking during infancy is normal." The health-care worker instructs the parents of an infant that they can expect the first tooth eruption at the age of: - 2 months. - 6 months. - 8 months. - 10 months. - 6 months. The parent of a 12-month-old says, "He pushes the spoon right out of my hand and screams when I feed him. I can't let him feed himself, he makes too much of a mess." The best response is: - "It's important not to give in to this kind of temper tantrum at this age." - "Maybe you need to try a different type of spoon, one designed for children." - "He is old enough to try to feed himself. Let's think of ways to limit the mess." - "You should continue to feed him. Self-feeding may interfere with adequate nutrition." - "He is old enough to try to feed himself. Let's think of ways to limit the mess." A 4-month-old infant is brought to the clinic by her parents for a well-baby checkup.Because 4-month-old infants are developing very fast, the health-care worker reminds parents that they can help prevent an accident by: - using a tray on highchair as restraint rather than the restraining strap. - placing adjustable gates at the head of the stairs. - placing the child on the stomach to sleep at night or at nap time. - supporting child firmly during bath time. - supporting child firmly during bath time. Regarding the introduction of solid foods during infancy, the nurse would advise: - solid foods should not be introduced until 8 to 10 months of age when the extrusion reflex begins to disappear. - foods should be introduced one at a time, at intervals of 4 to 7 days. - solid foods should be mixed in a bottle to make the transition easier for the infant. - fruits and vegetables should be introduced into the diet first. - foods should be introduced one at a time, at intervals of 4 to 7 days. The health-care worker ensures doting parents that they will hear the first meaningful words from their infant when the baby is about months old. - The parents of a 6-month-old infant say, "She cries sometimes after we have put her down after we have played with her. We know she is dry and has recently been fed." The most appropriate intervention is to suggest that the baby: - is learning elementary language skills. - may still be hungry. - is uncomfortable. - still wants parental stimulation. - still wants parental stimulation. Even infants can develop coping skills, which allow the infant to: - enhance speech development. - manage a stressful situation. - manipulate his environment. - increase parental bonding. - manage a stressful situation. The parents of a 3-month-old complain that they are exhausted because she still wakes up as often as every 1 to 2 hours during the night. When she awakens, they change her diaper, and her mother nurses her back to sleep. The best suggestion would be to: - put her in parents' bed to cuddle. - give the baby a pacifier while the child is in a semi-awake state. - let her cry herself back to sleep. - give her a bottle of formula instead of breastfeeding her so often at night. - give the baby a pacifier while the child is in a semi-awake state. A mother is concerned that her 12-month-old is "getting fat." She plans to switch the infant from formula to 2% low-fat milk. Based on knowledge of infant nutrition, the best response should be: - "That's an excellent idea. Preventing childhood obesity is a goal of Healthy People 2020." - "You should give your child low-calorie juices instead of milk to prevent excessive weight gain." - "Formula is necessary for 2 full years to ensure proper growth." - "Your child needs whole milk instead of low-fat milk to promote proper growth and development." - "Your child needs whole milk instead of low-fat milk to promote proper growth and development. When the parents of a 6-month-old say that they see no reason to spend money for a car seat because the baby is happier sitting in someone's lap. The best response is: - "As long as the baby is being held securely by an adult there is no need for a car seat." - "The air bag will protect both adult and baby in the event of an accident." - "A rear-facing car seat placed in the back seat is the safest place for your baby." - "A front-facing car seat placed next to the driver should keep your baby safe and happy." - "A rear-facing car seat placed in the back seat is the safest place for your baby." The usual initial age at which infants begin to demonstrate meaningful social smiles in response to parental interaction is at: - 2 months. - 3 months. - 5 months. - 6 months. - 2 months An appropriate play activity to encourage sensorimotor stimulation in a 7-month-old would be: - reading a story. - playing peek-a-boo. - showing how to clap hands. - imitating animal sounds. - playing peek-a-boo. To support the development of language skills in their child, the parents should: - talk to the infant in their native language. - introduce common slang words. - employ "baby talk" to get the infant's attention. - speak loudly. - talk to the infant in their native language. If parents are concerned about the fact that their 14-month-old infant is not walking, the health-care worker should particularly evaluate whether the infant: - pulls up on the furniture - uses a pincer grasp. - transfers objects. - has developed object permanence. - pulls up on the furniture According to Freud's theory of development, the best toy for an infant would be a: - colorful mobile. - rattle. - teething ring. - baby swing. - teething ring. The information that should be given to the parents of a 12-month-old regarding appropriate play activities would include which of the following? - Provide a stick horse to develop gross motor coordination. - Give large push-pull toys for kinetic stimulation. - Place cradle gym across the crib to facilitate fine motor skills. - Provide finger paints to enhance fine motor skills. - Give large push-pull toys for kinetic stimulation. A child who weighed 6 pounds at birth will weigh approximately pounds at the age of 12 months. - A 2-month-old uses the preverbal speech technique of: - nonnutritive sucking. - grunting. - pointing. - smiling. - smiling. A hospitalized 11-month-old is crying and clinging to the parents as they attempt to leave the room at the termination of visiting hours. An appropriate intervention would be to: - encourage the parents to leave right away to minimize the child's distress. - provide privacy until the infant has calmed down. - arrange for a parent to room in with the infant. - distract the infant with toys so the parents can leave unnoticed. - arrange for a parent to room in with the infant. At what age would the health-care worker expect an infant to be able to say "mama" and "dada" with meaning? - 4-5 months - 5-6 months - 9-10 months - 12-14 months - 9-10 months Interactive physical activity between parents and their baby should be focused on: - exploring developmental movement and the environment. - ensuring that activity times do not interfere with sleep or nutrition. - exposure to outdoors. - interaction with other infants. - exploring developmental movement and the environment. What is a possible indication of child abuse on an 11-month-old? - Excessive drooling - Cooing and reaching for the parent - Hyperactivity during physical assessment - Bruises in various stages of healing - Bruises in various stages of healing Which age-appropriate toy(s) for a 3-month-old infant should be recommended? (Select all that apply.)Crib mobile - Crib mobile - Squeeze toys - Teething toys - Soft or furry quilt - Stuffed animals -Strings of big beads - Crib mobile - Soft or furry quilt - Stuffed animals The parents of a 2-month-old bring their infant to the well-child clinic for a checkup and immunizations. Based on knowledge of immunization schedules, the health-care worker instructs the parents that the infant should receive which vaccine(s)? (Select all that apply.) - Polio - HepB - MMR - Varicella - DTap - Tetanus - Polio - HepB - DTap To assist parents in understanding normal growth and development during various stages of infancy, the health-care worker must understand age-appropriate motor development. Which gross and fine motor skill(s) would be appropriate for a 9-month-old? (Select all that apply.) - Walks with one hand held - Uses thumb and forefinger in crude pincer grasp - Can turn pages in a book - Can sit down from standing position without help - Creeps on hands and knees - Sits steadily on floor for prolonged time - Uses thumb and forefinger in crude pincer grasp - Creeps on hands and knees - Sits steadily on floor for prolonged time Although the child protests when the parent leaves the room, the child will develop when the parent consistently returns. trust A 2-year-old should be able to: - ride a tricycle. - climb stairs reciprocally. - run. - hop on two feet. - run. Erik Erikson describes the major developmental task of the toddler to be: - trust. - initiative. - autonomy. - intimacy. - autonomy. A parent of a 24-month-old boy say that the child has frequent tantrums and that "no" is becoming his favorite word. This behavior: - is a response to frustration in gaining autonomy - is an indication of regression. - is a signal that he is not effectively coping with stress. - shows that he needs more attention. - is a response to frustration in gaining autonomy According to Piaget, magical thinking is the belief that: - events have cause and effect. - God is like an imaginary friend. - if the skin is broken, the insides will come out. - dolls are real people. - dolls are real people. Most children use sentences of five words by the age of years. - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 5 When preparing parents to teach their children about sexuality, the health-care worker should emphasize that they should: - treat bodily functions as secret. - expect some masturbatory behavior. - correct all behavior that involves nudity. - limit parental displays of hugging or kissing - expect some masturbatory behavior. Although a 14-month-old girl received a shock from an electrical outlet recently, her mother finds her about to place a paper clip in another outlet. The repeated behavior is due to: - cognitive development is delayed. - memory deficit. - inability to understand cause and effect. - desire for attention. - inability to understand cause and effect. When a toddler snatches a toy from another toddler, this behavior is: - representative of the aggressive nature of toddlers. - typical behavior because toddlers are egocentric. - a primitive attempt at sharing. - a deliberate behavior the toddler knows to be wrong. - typical behavior because toddlers are egocentric. When a 3-year-old spills his milk at the dinner table, he can be expected to: - clean the spill up immediately. - cry because he expects punishment. - play in the spilled milk. - blame his sibling for the accident. - blame his sibling for the accident The Portion Plate for Kids placemat can be used as an aid to nutrition because it: - introduces a variety of foods. - acts as a guide for food intake. - is colorful and teaches basic food groups. - likens portion sizes to a baseball. - acts as a guide for food intake. According to Kohlberg, the moral task of childhood is learning to: - take responsibility. - share with others. - cooperate with others. - recognize religion. - share with others. When a toddler acquires receptive language skills, the child is able to: - understand abstract information. - understand simple messages. - converse at length. - respond with appropriate language. - understand simple messages. In the clinic waiting room, a parent is showing an 18-month-old how to build a tower out of blocks. Toddlers: - use blocks at this age primarily for throwing. - are too young to imitate the behavior of others. - are capable of building a tower of blocks. - are unable to concentrate long enough to build a tower - are capable of building a tower of blocks. In the instruction about considerations relative to the use of car seats, the health-care worker lists that before a child should be allowed to sit in the front seat of a car, the child should be at least years of age. - A "time-out" for unacceptable behavior may be effective discipline for children between 1 and 6 years of age if the time-out period is no more than minute(s) per year of child's age. - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 1 A 5-year-old boy has been having increasingly more frequent angry outbursts in preschool. For the past 8 to 10 weeks, he had seven episodes of aggressiveness toward the other children and the teachers. The best advice would be to: - encourage the parent to try more consistent and firm discipline. - explain that this is normal in preschoolers, especially boys. - take the child for a professional psychosocial assessment. - deprive him of some special treat each time he is aggressive at school. - take the child for a professional psychosocial assessment. An example of parallel play is a toddler: -sitting by himself playing with blocks. -sharing a box of crayons with another toddler as they color in the same book. -sitting with another toddler playing with toys without interaction. -sitting in a circle of other toddlers passing a ball from one to another. -sitting with another toddler playing with toys without interaction. Dental evaluations should start at the age of months. - Toilet training is dependent on: - developing sphincter control. - child's desire to stay dry. - being rewarded for using the toilet. - children using the family toilet when first learning. - developing sphincter control. During the preschool period, the emphasis of injury prevention should be placed on: - constant vigilance and protection. - punishment for unsafe behaviors. - education for safety and potential hazards. - limitation of physical activities. - education for safety and potential hazards The toddler is vulnerable to ear infections because: - respirations are abdominal. - pulse and respiratory rates are slower than in infancy. - defense mechanisms are less efficient than during infancy. - there is a short, straight internal ear canal leading to the oropharynx. - there is a short, straight internal ear canal leading to the oropharynx The preschool child learns socially acceptable behavior through the use of: - punishment. - positive reinforcement. - restricting privileges. - comparing child to role model. - positive reinforcement. Age-appropriate literacy skills for a 24-month-old include the child taking a book and: - holding it. - looking at pictures. - carrying it around the house. - pointing at pictures with one finger. - carrying it around the house. A parent has a 2-year-old in the clinic for a well-child checkup. Which statement by the parent would indicate the need for more instruction regarding child safety? - "We locked all the medicines in the bathroom cabinet." - "We turned the thermostat down on our hot water heater." - "We placed gates at the top and bottom of our stairs." - "We're using the car seat belt instead of the car seat now that the baby is older." - "We're using the car seat belt instead of the car seat now that the baby is older." The parents of a 30-month-old say that their daughter is not talking in short sentences. The most appropriate response is: - "Let's make an appointment with your pediatrician for an evaluation." - "Children of that age are too young to use short sentences." - "You don't need to worry until your child is at least 48 months old." - "Your child should have started talking in short sentences by 18 months old." - "Let's make an appointment with your pediatrician for an evaluation." Complete myelinization of the brain does not occur until the age of: - 5 years. - 7 years. - 10 years. - 12 years. - 7 years. The child is involved in fantasy play when the child: - puts a string on a toy dog and takes it for a walk. - looks at the pictures in a book over and over. - uses the sandbox as a sailboat. - colors the picture of an apple purple. - uses the sandbox as a sailboat. Children learn to cope by: - imitating others. - experiencing new situations. - asking for help. - following parental direction. - experiencing new situations. To prepare a preschooler for better human interaction, the parents should help the child learn to: - be autonomous. - express feelings verbally rather than acting out. - avoid conflict. - rely on others. - express feelings verbally rather than acting out. The activity that is most appropriate for a hospitalized 5-year-old who is allowed to go to the playroom is: - joining a group of boys and girls who are playing house. - looking at a coin collection that belongs to an 8-year-old. - playing alone with a racing car. - building a block tower next to another child who is also playing with blocks. - joining a group of boys and girls who are playing house. The home health-care worker would assess the indication of sexual abuse in a preschool child if assessments were made of the child's: (Select all that apply.) - positioning dolls in sexual positions. - excessive sexual curiosity. - removing clothes to play nude. - playing doctor. - drawing genitals on dolls. - positioning dolls in sexual positions. - excessive sexual curiosity. - drawing genitals on dolls. The health-care worker guiding parents in selecting a day care facility for their child would emphasize the importance of: (Select all that apply.) - licensure - location - student-to-staff ratio - discipline techniques - staff education - licensure - student-to-staff ratio - discipline techniques - staff education Preschool children need a minimum of minutes a day of age-appropriate active play. 60 In middle childhood, the child's developing cognition is more focused on: - fantasy. - fun. - family. - fact. - fact. The concerned parent of a 9-year-old confides in the health-care worker that her child will only wear the athletic jersey with the number of his favorite professional quarterback and insists on being called by the quarterback's name rather than his own. The health-care worker bases her response on Erikson's theory that 9-year-olds: - should have given up such fantasy play. - enjoy such dress-up play. - fashion their behavior after role models. - need to find their own identity. - fashion their behavior after role models. The question or statement made by a parent of an 11-year-old that indicates a need for better understanding of middle childhood development is: - "What kind of birds will want to live in your bright red birdhouse?" - "Where do you propose to put this little birdhouse you made?" - "This bird house needs to be put in a safe place." - "Let me help you to repaint the little birdhouse white so birds will come to it." - "Let me help you to repaint the little birdhouse white so birds will come to it." Middle childhood-age children will grow on the average of per year. - 1 inch - 1 ½ inches - 2 inches - 2 ½ inches - 2 inches The parents of 9-year-old twins say, "They have filled up their bedroom with collections of rocks, shells, dolls, and baseball cards." This is indicative of: - giftedness. - typical "twin" competition. - concrete cognitive behavior. - unidentified stress. - concrete cognitive behavior. Parents planning a birthday party for their 6-year-old son would best plan to invite: - a large group of children to watch a collection of cartoons. - a group of boys from his class to play active games. - an equal number of boys and girls to play competitive board games. - children of different ages to play competitive games. - a group of boys from his class to play active games. A group of boys ages 9 and 10 forming a "boys-only" club that is open to neighborhood and school friends who have bicycles is: - behavior that encourages bullying and sexism. - behavior that reinforces poor peer relationships. - characteristic of social development at this age. - characteristic of children who are at risk for gang membership. - characteristic of social development at this age. A 12-year-old girl is frequently teased about being taller than anyone else in the class. This teasing: - can damage the girl's self concept. - is an indication that the girl is well liked. - is a positive aspect of a peer relationship. - is usually ignored by the person being teased. - can damage the girl's self concept. The school nurse is to begin teaching sex education to children in the fifth grade. The nurse should plan to: - use non-anatomical terminology. - limit depth of questions asked by the students. - separate class and teach girls and boys separately. - present sex as a normal part of growth and development. - present sex as a normal part of growth and development. Eight-year-olds enjoy play that employs: - competitive team play. - solitary play to develop self expression. - quiet, low-activity games. - easy ways to win. - competitive team play. The behavior that alerts the school nurse to a possible cognitive deficit in a 7-year-old child would be: - playing only with "best friend." - confusing letters b, d, and g. - boisterous and "know it all." - unable to complete complex tasks - confusing letters b, d, and g. A 7-year-old is caught taking a playmate's toy. Which of the following reflects the development of this 7-year-old? - If punished, this child will not to do it again. - A child's sense of property rights is limited until that concept is modeled for him. - This stealing act indicates that something is seriously lacking in this child's life. - The child will learn the importance of respecting the property of others if the parents unexpectedly give away an item of his. - A child's sense of property rights is limited until that concept is modeled for him. The parents of an 8-year-old girl say that their daughter wants to join a softball team. Instruction regarding participation in sports at this age should include which of the following? - Organized sports, such as softball, are not appropriate at this age. - Competition is harmful to the establishment of a positive self-image. - Sports participation is encouraged if the type of sport is appropriate to the child's abilities. - Girls should compete only against girls because at this age boys are larger and have more muscle mass. - Sports participation is encouraged if the type of sport is appropriate to the child's abilities. Interventions to promote health during middle childhood should include: - educating parents on the need for good dental hygiene for the erupting teeth. - stressing the need for increased caloric intake