NUR343 Exam 5 STUDY GUIDE
immediate protective response of the immune system, which
does not require previous exposure to the antigen
- first or second line defense of the body
nonspecific immunity (innate) - natural flora, physical barriers, chemical barriers, phagocytes,
histamine, inflammation, fever, and complement proteins are
the components
- phagocytes such as macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells,
monocytes, mast cells and dendritic cells are involved
third line defense of the body
- do not exist independently, must develop in response to
infection (system compliments nonspecific)
specific immunity (aka - humor and cell-mediated immunity are components
adaptive/acquired) - lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells are involved (antigens, T-
lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes)
- provides long-term immunity, "memory" against previously exposed microbes
a foreign molecule that can bind with antibodies or antigen receptors on B & T cells
antigens
- will be recognized by immune system
a molecule that will induce an immune response
immunogen
* all immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens
primary: bone marrow, thymus
primary and secondary lymphatic
organs secondary: lymph nodes, spleen,
tonsils
WBCs produced in primary lymph organs (marrow or thymus)
lymphocytes - released systemically in an immunocompetent state (yet to have
encountered antigen) and migrate to secondary lymph organs (spleen
and lymphnodes)
derived from thymus (antigen specific)
- do not produce antibodies
- differentiate into sub-classified T-cells that can identify and kill target
T-lymphocytes
cells, assists in clonal selection, and suppress inappropriate immune
response
- leave thymus, travel to and reside in secondary lymphoid
tissue as mature immunocompetent cells
, killer
T-cytotoxic cells
- seek and destroy infected cells (helpful in cancer or viral infection)
clonal selection
T-helper - signal other immune cells that there is a foreign invader and they need
to take action
suppression
T-regulatory - prevents an overreaction (autoimmune disease); also calms things down
- keeps immune response in check so it doesn't get out of control
derived from bone marrow (antigen specific)
B-lymphocytes
- produce antibodies
the process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only
those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The
clonal selection
selected lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into a clone of
effector cells and a clone of memory cells specific for the stimulating
antigen.
* initial phases of clonal selection
antigen response * epitope: the precise area of antigen recognized by the antibody
* paratope: the matching portion of the antibody
immunoglobulin (Ig) used to describe general groups of antibodies
most abundant in blood (80-85%) transports across placenta to provide
immunity for first 6 months of life
IgG
- moving toward recovery of infection
* later immunity
largest, first antibody produced with initial response to antigens
IgM - tells us we have a current infection, level rises ("I'm first")
* first produced when exposed to antigens
blood and bodily secretions
IgA
- ongoing mucosal defense system
IgD low concentrations in blood, antigen receptor surface early B cells
low concentrations in circulation, highly specialized most
IgE
commonly allergic reactions and parasitic infection
action of antibody alone
* neutralization: inactivating or blocking the binding of antigens to receptors
direct antibodies
* agglutination: clumping insoluble particles
* precipitation: soluble antigen insoluble
through activation of other immune response
- inflammation
indirect antibodies
- phagocytosis
- complement (help work to fight infection)
- after initial exposure there is "lag" or latent phase as clonal section occurs
primary immune response - after 5-7 days, IgM can be detected in circulation
- IgG production against the same antigen follows
used to determine amount of circulating antibodies
- without subsequent exposure, IgM will breakdown over time
titer
example: increased IgM and decreased IgG indicates active infection;
decrease IgM and increased IgG indicates previous infection, now
recovering
immediate protective response of the immune system, which
does not require previous exposure to the antigen
- first or second line defense of the body
nonspecific immunity (innate) - natural flora, physical barriers, chemical barriers, phagocytes,
histamine, inflammation, fever, and complement proteins are
the components
- phagocytes such as macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells,
monocytes, mast cells and dendritic cells are involved
third line defense of the body
- do not exist independently, must develop in response to
infection (system compliments nonspecific)
specific immunity (aka - humor and cell-mediated immunity are components
adaptive/acquired) - lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells are involved (antigens, T-
lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes)
- provides long-term immunity, "memory" against previously exposed microbes
a foreign molecule that can bind with antibodies or antigen receptors on B & T cells
antigens
- will be recognized by immune system
a molecule that will induce an immune response
immunogen
* all immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens
primary: bone marrow, thymus
primary and secondary lymphatic
organs secondary: lymph nodes, spleen,
tonsils
WBCs produced in primary lymph organs (marrow or thymus)
lymphocytes - released systemically in an immunocompetent state (yet to have
encountered antigen) and migrate to secondary lymph organs (spleen
and lymphnodes)
derived from thymus (antigen specific)
- do not produce antibodies
- differentiate into sub-classified T-cells that can identify and kill target
T-lymphocytes
cells, assists in clonal selection, and suppress inappropriate immune
response
- leave thymus, travel to and reside in secondary lymphoid
tissue as mature immunocompetent cells
, killer
T-cytotoxic cells
- seek and destroy infected cells (helpful in cancer or viral infection)
clonal selection
T-helper - signal other immune cells that there is a foreign invader and they need
to take action
suppression
T-regulatory - prevents an overreaction (autoimmune disease); also calms things down
- keeps immune response in check so it doesn't get out of control
derived from bone marrow (antigen specific)
B-lymphocytes
- produce antibodies
the process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only
those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The
clonal selection
selected lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into a clone of
effector cells and a clone of memory cells specific for the stimulating
antigen.
* initial phases of clonal selection
antigen response * epitope: the precise area of antigen recognized by the antibody
* paratope: the matching portion of the antibody
immunoglobulin (Ig) used to describe general groups of antibodies
most abundant in blood (80-85%) transports across placenta to provide
immunity for first 6 months of life
IgG
- moving toward recovery of infection
* later immunity
largest, first antibody produced with initial response to antigens
IgM - tells us we have a current infection, level rises ("I'm first")
* first produced when exposed to antigens
blood and bodily secretions
IgA
- ongoing mucosal defense system
IgD low concentrations in blood, antigen receptor surface early B cells
low concentrations in circulation, highly specialized most
IgE
commonly allergic reactions and parasitic infection
action of antibody alone
* neutralization: inactivating or blocking the binding of antigens to receptors
direct antibodies
* agglutination: clumping insoluble particles
* precipitation: soluble antigen insoluble
through activation of other immune response
- inflammation
indirect antibodies
- phagocytosis
- complement (help work to fight infection)
- after initial exposure there is "lag" or latent phase as clonal section occurs
primary immune response - after 5-7 days, IgM can be detected in circulation
- IgG production against the same antigen follows
used to determine amount of circulating antibodies
- without subsequent exposure, IgM will breakdown over time
titer
example: increased IgM and decreased IgG indicates active infection;
decrease IgM and increased IgG indicates previous infection, now
recovering
