MIDTERM AND FINAL N582 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) PLUS
RATIONALES Q &A 2026 |INSTANT DOWNLOAD
PDF
1. Which of the following are common signs of inflammation?
A. Redness
B. Heat
C. Swelling
D. Bradycardia
Correct: A, B, C
Rationale: Inflammation is characterized by redness, heat,
swelling, pain, and sometimes loss of function. Bradycardia is
not associated with inflammation.
2. Which cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosis?
A. Neutrophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Macrophages
D. Basophils
Correct: A, C
Rationale: Neutrophils and macrophages engulf and digest
pathogens; eosinophils target parasites, basophils release
histamine.
3. Which electrolytes are most involved in action potential
generation in cardiac cells?
,A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Magnesium
Correct: A, B, C
Rationale: Cardiac action potentials rely on Na⁺ influx, K⁺
efflux, and Ca²⁺ influx for depolarization and contraction.
Magnesium modulates but is not primary.
4. What are the primary risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
A. Obesity
B. Sedentary lifestyle
C. Viral infection
D. Family history
Correct: A, B, D
Rationale: Obesity, inactivity, and genetics are main risk
factors. Viral infections may trigger type 1 diabetes but not type
2.
5. Which of the following are examples of adaptive immunity?
A. T cells
B. B cells
C. Skin barrier
D. Complement system
Correct: A, B
Rationale: T and B lymphocytes mediate adaptive immunity.
The skin barrier and complement system are innate immunity.
,6. What are typical manifestations of fluid volume excess?
A. Edema
B. Hypertension
C. Tachycardia
D. Hypotension
Correct: A, B, C
Rationale: Edema, elevated BP, and increased heart rate are
common signs; hypotension is usually seen with fluid loss.
7. Which of the following conditions can cause metabolic
acidosis?
A. Diabetic ketoacidosis
B. Lactic acidosis
C. Vomiting
D. Renal failure
Correct: A, B, D
Rationale: DKA, lactic acidosis, and renal failure cause
metabolic acidosis. Vomiting causes metabolic alkalosis.
8. In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which
are correct functions?
A. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
B. Angiotensin I converts to angiotensin II via ACE
C. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction
D. Aldosterone reduces sodium retention
Correct: A, B, C
Rationale: Aldosterone increases sodium retention, not
reduces it.
, 9. Which are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
A. Weight loss
B. Heat intolerance
C. Bradycardia
D. Tremors
Correct: A, B, D
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism increases metabolism, causing
weight loss, heat intolerance, and tremors. Bradycardia is
associated with hypothyroidism.
10. Which lab values indicate renal dysfunction?
A. Elevated BUN
B. Elevated creatinine
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypokalemia
Correct: A, B
Rationale: BUN and creatinine rise with impaired kidney
function. Sodium and potassium may vary depending on the
disorder.
11. Which conditions are associated with chronic
inflammation?
A. Rheumatoid arthritis
B. Atherosclerosis
C. Acute bacterial infection
D. Crohn’s disease
Correct: A, B, D
Rationale: Chronic inflammation is seen in autoimmune and
CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) PLUS
RATIONALES Q &A 2026 |INSTANT DOWNLOAD
1. Which of the following are common signs of inflammation?
A. Redness
B. Heat
C. Swelling
D. Bradycardia
Correct: A, B, C
Rationale: Inflammation is characterized by redness, heat,
swelling, pain, and sometimes loss of function. Bradycardia is
not associated with inflammation.
2. Which cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosis?
A. Neutrophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Macrophages
D. Basophils
Correct: A, C
Rationale: Neutrophils and macrophages engulf and digest
pathogens; eosinophils target parasites, basophils release
histamine.
3. Which electrolytes are most involved in action potential
generation in cardiac cells?
,A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Magnesium
Correct: A, B, C
Rationale: Cardiac action potentials rely on Na⁺ influx, K⁺
efflux, and Ca²⁺ influx for depolarization and contraction.
Magnesium modulates but is not primary.
4. What are the primary risk factors for type 2 diabetes?
A. Obesity
B. Sedentary lifestyle
C. Viral infection
D. Family history
Correct: A, B, D
Rationale: Obesity, inactivity, and genetics are main risk
factors. Viral infections may trigger type 1 diabetes but not type
2.
5. Which of the following are examples of adaptive immunity?
A. T cells
B. B cells
C. Skin barrier
D. Complement system
Correct: A, B
Rationale: T and B lymphocytes mediate adaptive immunity.
The skin barrier and complement system are innate immunity.
,6. What are typical manifestations of fluid volume excess?
A. Edema
B. Hypertension
C. Tachycardia
D. Hypotension
Correct: A, B, C
Rationale: Edema, elevated BP, and increased heart rate are
common signs; hypotension is usually seen with fluid loss.
7. Which of the following conditions can cause metabolic
acidosis?
A. Diabetic ketoacidosis
B. Lactic acidosis
C. Vomiting
D. Renal failure
Correct: A, B, D
Rationale: DKA, lactic acidosis, and renal failure cause
metabolic acidosis. Vomiting causes metabolic alkalosis.
8. In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which
are correct functions?
A. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
B. Angiotensin I converts to angiotensin II via ACE
C. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction
D. Aldosterone reduces sodium retention
Correct: A, B, C
Rationale: Aldosterone increases sodium retention, not
reduces it.
, 9. Which are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
A. Weight loss
B. Heat intolerance
C. Bradycardia
D. Tremors
Correct: A, B, D
Rationale: Hyperthyroidism increases metabolism, causing
weight loss, heat intolerance, and tremors. Bradycardia is
associated with hypothyroidism.
10. Which lab values indicate renal dysfunction?
A. Elevated BUN
B. Elevated creatinine
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypokalemia
Correct: A, B
Rationale: BUN and creatinine rise with impaired kidney
function. Sodium and potassium may vary depending on the
disorder.
11. Which conditions are associated with chronic
inflammation?
A. Rheumatoid arthritis
B. Atherosclerosis
C. Acute bacterial infection
D. Crohn’s disease
Correct: A, B, D
Rationale: Chronic inflammation is seen in autoimmune and
