BSC final exam questions with detailed correct answers.

The ways the sceintific method is inadequate at describing what sceince is - Correct Answers Oversimplified and makes it seem linear. It misses out on creativity. Why the claim that the evolutionary theory is "just a theory" reflect incorrect understanding of science - Correct Answers It's not just a guess, it's very well thought out. Properties shared by all life - Correct Answers1. Cell and organization 2. Energy use and metabolism 3. Response to stimuli 4. Regulation and homeostasis 5. Growth and development 6. Reproduction 7. Biological evolution Prokaryotes - Correct AnswersA microscopic single called organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane not other specialized organelles. Eukaryotes - Correct AnswersOrganism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. Scientific explanations of evolution - Correct Answers?? Common misconceptions about evolution - Correct Answers1. Evolution is a theory about the origin of life 2. The theory implies that life evolved randomly 3. Results in progress 4. Occurs gradually How natural selection happens - Correct AnswersMore organism are born than can survive. Organisms vary in their characteristics, even within a species. Difference in reproduction and survival are due to variation among organisms. Role of mutation in evolution - Correct AnswersMutation changes DNA, the hereditary material of life. How speciation happens - Correct AnswersSpecies separate and isolate Likelihood of inheritance with a Punnett square - Correct Answers?? How can a cell have different proteins/structures/functions, even though all cells in an individual have the same genes - Correct Answers?? How molecular cloning can be used to help solve problems in areas like agriculture and medicine - Correct AnswersMolecular cloning is used to assemble DNA molecules and direct their replication with host organisms. Organismal interactions - Correct AnswersInteraction between organisms and species which the fitness of one is lowered but the pretense of another. Consequences of climate change in society - Correct AnswersChange in weather events, loss of crops and property. Counteract denial of climate change with data - Correct AnswersHumans caused global warming. Denial of scientific explanation for global warming. Distinguish between many types of biodiversity - Correct Answers?? Causes of biodiversity - Correct Answers- habitat destruction - overpopulation - pollution Structures of the digestive system and their functions - Correct Answers1: mouth 2: pharynx and esophagus; carries food to stomach 3: stomach 4: small intestine 5: anus Common causes of type 2 diabetes and how to prevent it - Correct AnswersCauses: genetics and lifestyle Preventions: exercise, be healthy, lose weight Common causes of cardiovascular disease and how to prevent it - Correct AnswersPreventions: don't smoke, manage blood sugar, blood pressure under control, lower cholesterol, be active, lose weight, be healthy Tumor suppressor genes - Correct AnswersA gene that pretexts a cell from one step on the path to cancer. When the gene mutates to cause a loss or reduction in its function, the cell can progress to cancer. DNA repair genes - Correct AnswersCollection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode it's genome. Proto-oncogenes - Correct AnswersA normal gene which, when altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer. Some provide signals that lead to cell division others regulate programmed cell death. Cell cycle and what happens at the checkpoints - Correct AnswersG1: primary point at which it must choose whether or not to divide S: becomes commuted to division G2: checks for DNA damage and DNA replication completeness Spindle aka M: checks for chromosome attachment, whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached How a tumor develops - Correct AnswersIt develops when cells in the body divide and grow at an excessive rate. Dead cells remain and form a growth known as a tumor. Malignant tumor - Correct AnswersTumor that invades surrounding tissues, is usually capable of producing metastases, may reoccur after removal, and is likely to cause death unless treated. Benign tumor - Correct AnswersMass of cells that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize. They are non-cancerous. Viruses and how they are treated - Correct AnswersViruses are any of various submicroscopic agents that infect living organisms often causing disease, and that consist of a single or double strand of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat. Unable to replicate without host cell. Treated by Bacteria and how it is treated - Correct AnswersBacterium is a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms a that have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, some can cause disease. It is treated by antibiotics. Structures and processes of the innate immune system - Correct AnswersConsists of cells and proteins that are always present and ready to mobilize and fight microbes at the site of infections. The main components are physical epithelial barriers, phagocytic leukocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cell, and circulating plasma proteins. How vaccines work (primary and secondary immune responses) - Correct AnswersPrimary: adaptive immunity. Body recognizes, remembers, and responds to specific antigens. Happens when foreign antigen is first introduced in the body. Secondary: memory response. Subsequent contact with same antigen by memory cells result in much stronger response. How autoimmunity and allergies are dysfunctions of the immune system - Correct Answers?? Human microbiome and its importance - Correct AnswersOur human microbiome is made up of communities of symbiotic, commensal and pathogenic bacteria which call our bodies home. They help our bodies with bacterias.