NURS 5315 Advanced
Pathophysiology Exam QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT SOLUTIONS||100%
GUARANTEED PASS||UPDATED
2026/2027 SYLLABUS||A+
GRADED||<<NEWEST VERSION>>
What does a decreased plasma oncotic pressure mean? - ANSWER ✓ Results from
losses or diminished production of plasma albumin. Causes fluid to move into the
interstitial space, resulting in EDEMA.
AST and ALT are related to which organ? - ANSWER ✓ Liver
Valve malfunction can cause what? - ANSWER ✓ Ventricular hypertrophy
Metabolic alkalosis can cause what? - ANSWER ✓ Hypoglycemia
Osmolality - ANSWER ✓ Measure of a solute concentration in a solution. Higher
number of solutes in a compartment = higher concentration and less water
Osmosis - ANSWER ✓ Movement of water from low concentration to high
concentration
Osmotic pressure - ANSWER ✓ Amount of pressure or force that is exerted by
solute molecules of a given compartment. PULLS water into a higher
concentration. HIGHER osmolality = HIGHER osmotic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER ✓ Force within a fluid compartment. PUSHES
fluid outside of compartment (OPPOSES OSMOSIS).
Ex. blood pressure
, Oncotic pressure - ANSWER ✓ Force that KEEPS water/fluid within a
compartment. PULLS.
Antidiuretic hormone - ANSWER ✓ VASOPRESSIN. Secreted by pituitary gland
in response to water deficit, sodium excess, or low BP. Causes kidneys to reabsorb
water thus increasing intervascular/plasma fluid.
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) - ANSWER ✓ Activated by low
blood volume. Low blood volume --> renin --> angiotensinogen --> angiotensin 1 -
-> ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 --
>causes arterial vasoconstriction --> release of aldosterone --> renal Na+ and H2O
reabsorption and K+ excretion.
Produces LESS urine and blood volume INCREASES.
Manages BP - when body constricts, BP increases
Normal plasma osmolality - ANSWER ✓ 280-295 mOsm/kg
Natriuretic hormones - ANSWER ✓ ANP and BNP. Hormones released from the
heart to decrease blood volume by promoting urinary excretion of Na+ and H2O.
Decreases blood volume. Opposite of RAAS.
How does a hypertonic solution alter osmolality? - ANSWER ✓ Increases solute
concentration, causing INCREASED osmolality. Causes cells to SHRINK.
How does a hypotonic solution alter osmolality? - ANSWER ✓ Intravascular
space to become more dilute, causes cells to SWELL.
Fluid volume deficit (dehydration) clinical manifestations - ANSWER ✓ Poor
skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes, sunken fontanels (in babies),
decreased urine output, fatigue
Fluid volume excess (fluid retention) clinical manifestations - ANSWER ✓
Edema, tight skin, puffiness of eyes, rales or wet breath sounds
Edema is an accumulation of fluid where? - ANSWER ✓ Interstitial space
Edema pathophysiology - ANSWER ✓ 1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
, 2. Decreased oncotic pressure
3. Increased capillary membrane permeability
4. Lymphatic channel obstruction
Edema clinical manifestations - ANSWER ✓ Pitting, swelling, puffiness, limited
movement in affected area
Liver disease and protein malnutrition can result in what? - ANSWER ✓
Decreased oncotic pressure
Glomerular disease, trauma victims, hemorrhage, burns, and cirrhosis of the liver
can result in what? - ANSWER ✓ Decreased oncotic pressure
How does edema cause increased hydrostatic pressure? - ANSWER ✓ Venous
obstruction --> increased hydrostatic pressure --> fluid is pushed out of the
vascular space into the interstitial space
How does edema cause decreased oncotic pressure? - ANSWER ✓ Decreased
plasma protein production --> decreased oncotic pressure and osmotic pressure -->
fluid moves into the interstitium
How does edema cause increased capillary permeability? - ANSWER ✓ Results
from times of inflammation (trauma, crushing injuries, burns, neoplastic diseases,
allergic reactions, infections). Increased capillary permeability allows large
amounts of fluid to escape and enter the interstitial space.
How does edema cause lymphatic channel obstruction? - ANSWER ✓ Lymphatic
channels are blocked because of infection or tumor. Proteins and fluids are not
reabsorbed and accumulate in the interstitial space, causing lymphedema.
Hypovolemic hypernatremia - ANSWER ✓ Occurs as a result of sodium and
water loss.
Clinical manifestations: volume depletion, orthostatic hypotension, hypotension,
tachycardia, lack of organ perfusion
Hypervolemic hypernatremia - ANSWER ✓ Uncommon, but most common cause
is administration of hypertonic sodium salts.
Infants: erroneous preparation of dietary formula
Pathophysiology Exam QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT SOLUTIONS||100%
GUARANTEED PASS||UPDATED
2026/2027 SYLLABUS||A+
GRADED||<<NEWEST VERSION>>
What does a decreased plasma oncotic pressure mean? - ANSWER ✓ Results from
losses or diminished production of plasma albumin. Causes fluid to move into the
interstitial space, resulting in EDEMA.
AST and ALT are related to which organ? - ANSWER ✓ Liver
Valve malfunction can cause what? - ANSWER ✓ Ventricular hypertrophy
Metabolic alkalosis can cause what? - ANSWER ✓ Hypoglycemia
Osmolality - ANSWER ✓ Measure of a solute concentration in a solution. Higher
number of solutes in a compartment = higher concentration and less water
Osmosis - ANSWER ✓ Movement of water from low concentration to high
concentration
Osmotic pressure - ANSWER ✓ Amount of pressure or force that is exerted by
solute molecules of a given compartment. PULLS water into a higher
concentration. HIGHER osmolality = HIGHER osmotic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER ✓ Force within a fluid compartment. PUSHES
fluid outside of compartment (OPPOSES OSMOSIS).
Ex. blood pressure
, Oncotic pressure - ANSWER ✓ Force that KEEPS water/fluid within a
compartment. PULLS.
Antidiuretic hormone - ANSWER ✓ VASOPRESSIN. Secreted by pituitary gland
in response to water deficit, sodium excess, or low BP. Causes kidneys to reabsorb
water thus increasing intervascular/plasma fluid.
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) - ANSWER ✓ Activated by low
blood volume. Low blood volume --> renin --> angiotensinogen --> angiotensin 1 -
-> ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 --
>causes arterial vasoconstriction --> release of aldosterone --> renal Na+ and H2O
reabsorption and K+ excretion.
Produces LESS urine and blood volume INCREASES.
Manages BP - when body constricts, BP increases
Normal plasma osmolality - ANSWER ✓ 280-295 mOsm/kg
Natriuretic hormones - ANSWER ✓ ANP and BNP. Hormones released from the
heart to decrease blood volume by promoting urinary excretion of Na+ and H2O.
Decreases blood volume. Opposite of RAAS.
How does a hypertonic solution alter osmolality? - ANSWER ✓ Increases solute
concentration, causing INCREASED osmolality. Causes cells to SHRINK.
How does a hypotonic solution alter osmolality? - ANSWER ✓ Intravascular
space to become more dilute, causes cells to SWELL.
Fluid volume deficit (dehydration) clinical manifestations - ANSWER ✓ Poor
skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes, sunken fontanels (in babies),
decreased urine output, fatigue
Fluid volume excess (fluid retention) clinical manifestations - ANSWER ✓
Edema, tight skin, puffiness of eyes, rales or wet breath sounds
Edema is an accumulation of fluid where? - ANSWER ✓ Interstitial space
Edema pathophysiology - ANSWER ✓ 1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
, 2. Decreased oncotic pressure
3. Increased capillary membrane permeability
4. Lymphatic channel obstruction
Edema clinical manifestations - ANSWER ✓ Pitting, swelling, puffiness, limited
movement in affected area
Liver disease and protein malnutrition can result in what? - ANSWER ✓
Decreased oncotic pressure
Glomerular disease, trauma victims, hemorrhage, burns, and cirrhosis of the liver
can result in what? - ANSWER ✓ Decreased oncotic pressure
How does edema cause increased hydrostatic pressure? - ANSWER ✓ Venous
obstruction --> increased hydrostatic pressure --> fluid is pushed out of the
vascular space into the interstitial space
How does edema cause decreased oncotic pressure? - ANSWER ✓ Decreased
plasma protein production --> decreased oncotic pressure and osmotic pressure -->
fluid moves into the interstitium
How does edema cause increased capillary permeability? - ANSWER ✓ Results
from times of inflammation (trauma, crushing injuries, burns, neoplastic diseases,
allergic reactions, infections). Increased capillary permeability allows large
amounts of fluid to escape and enter the interstitial space.
How does edema cause lymphatic channel obstruction? - ANSWER ✓ Lymphatic
channels are blocked because of infection or tumor. Proteins and fluids are not
reabsorbed and accumulate in the interstitial space, causing lymphedema.
Hypovolemic hypernatremia - ANSWER ✓ Occurs as a result of sodium and
water loss.
Clinical manifestations: volume depletion, orthostatic hypotension, hypotension,
tachycardia, lack of organ perfusion
Hypervolemic hypernatremia - ANSWER ✓ Uncommon, but most common cause
is administration of hypertonic sodium salts.
Infants: erroneous preparation of dietary formula
