BSC 114 Exam 1 Questions And Well Elaborated Answers

Compound A ______ is two or more elements combined together in a fixed ratio. Valence Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom are called the ______ electrons. Polar A type of covalent bond where one atom is more electronegative than the other atom. matter anything that takes up space and has mass hydrophilic Water loving substances neutron a type of subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom that is neutral chemical The exchange and sharing of electrons between atoms is called ___________ reactions. ionic In a _____ bond, there is the actual loss and gain of electrons isotopes When two forms of a given element have the same atomic number but different atomic weights, they are said to be _____ of each other number atomic _________ = the number of protons solvent The dissolving agent of a solution element When a radioactive isotope decays, this leads to a change in the number of protons in the nucleus, thus transforming the atom to an atom of a different _________. solute The substance that is dissolved in a solution buffers Substances that resist changes in pH hydrophobic A substance that is nonpolar and will not readily dissolve in water alkaline Basic solutions can also be referred to as______. evaporation When molecules of water move fast enough they can overcome the attractions they have for each other and a liquid can become a gas. This is called ____ element cannot be broken down to another substance by chemical means proton Positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom. nonpolar When two atoms of the same element are in a covalent bond, we can assume that this is a ______ covalent bond. mass When two atoms of the same element are in a covalent bond, we can assume that this is a ______ covalent bond. hydrogen A weak type of bonding that occurs when a hydrogen atom is covalently attached to one electronegative atom, such as water, and is also attached to another electronegative atom increases when water freezes, it ___________ in volume electron A type of subatomic particle that has a neglible atomic mass covalent Sharing of a pair of valence electrons between two atoms is a ______ bond stable Isotopes that do not loose particles are said to be ______. oxygen The most electronegative element. cation A positively charged ion is called a _________. carboxyl A functional group that makes a molecule a weak acid. starch A plant storage polysaccarharide is called _______. water During a condensation reaction, when two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, there is the loss of a _______ molecule. Structural ______ isomers differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. hydroxyl A functional group found in alchohols. carbon Most chemicals that make up living organisms are based on the element ______. functional Molecular groups attached to carbon skeletons are frequently referred to as ______ groups. They provide distinctive properties to organic molecules and replace hydrogens on a carbon skeleton. carbonyl A functional group that is common in both aldehydes and ketones hydrocarbons Organic molecules that consist only of carbon and hydrogen are called _______. seven __________ is the number of water molecules needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is eight monomers long. geometric _______ isomers have the same covalent partnerships but differ in their spatial arrangements (they arise from double bonded carbons). cellulose A major plant structural polysaccharide. dehydration A condensation reaction can also be called a ______ reaction. methyl A functional group that affects the expression of genes. addition During hydrolysis, bonds are broken by the ______ of water. sulfhydryl A functional group that can help stabilize the structure of some proteins by forming disulfide bridges. chitin An example of an insect structural polysaccarhide. animal Glycogen is a(n) ______ storage polysaccarhide. tetra carbon has a ______valence. enantiomers Molecules that are mirror images of each other (one is usually active, while the other is usually not active). hydrophilic Functional groups attached to carbon skeletons are ______ and thus increase the solubility of organic compounds in water. covalent Carbon tends to form ________ bonds. isomers he general term for compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and different properties. covalent We can digest starch but not cellulose because there is a different type of _________ bond between the individual glucose units of these two molecules making one (starch) digestable and the other (cellulose) not digestable in humans. CH2O Monosaccarhides are molecules that consist of some multiple of _______. group All of the different types of amino acids share certain characteristics, such as an alpha carbon, and carboxyl and an amino groups. However, one feature is different among these. This is called the R _______. prion Mad cow disease is an example of a ______ disease. oxygen While lipids are mostly hydrophobic, because of their hydrocarbon composition, they do have some polar bonds associated with ______ . shape Following denaturation, proteins can change their _______. trans Partially hydrogenated fats are also called ______ fats 2 Phospholipids are similar to fats because they have ______ (number) fatty acid chains, in addition to a phosphate group and a glycerol group. peptide When two amino acids form a covalent bond, it is called a _______ bond. 4 Steroids consist of _______ (number) of interconnected rings. bilayer When phospholipids form at the surface of cells, they arrange in a double layer, also called a ______. polypeptide A polymer of amino acids is also referred to as a _________. 20 The number of amino acids cholesterol A common steroid that is a component of animal cell membranes. glycerol Fats are large molecules composed of fatty acids and ____. unsaturated A type of fat that has at least one or more double bonded carbons in the fatty acid chains. nonpolar The fatty acid chains of fats are hydophobic because the C-H bonds are ________ covalent bonds. quaternary When more than one polypeptide chain interacts together, this is referred to as the _____ level of protein structure. proteins The polymers that arise from amino acids are called ______. secondary The folding of a polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonding at regular intervals along the polypeptide backbone is referred to as the _______ level of protein structure. primary There are four levels of protein structure. The unique sequence of amino acids is referred to as the ________ structure. tertiary A form of bonding in a polypeptide chain that occurs between the R groups of the various amino acids is called the ______ level of protein structure. chromatin DNA that is complexed with proteins. phosphate Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a _______. somatic Non-reproductive cells are also called _______ cells. polynucleotide A polymer of nucleic acids is also called a _______ chain. genome A cell's total hereditary endowment of DNA is also called its _____. 2 A single DNA molecule consists of ________ polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis to make a double helix. pyridimine A major subtype of nitrogenous base that has a single ring. Examples are the bases C, T, and U. nucleic The monomers of DNA are called _______ acids