Anatomy & Physiology Review 2025-2026 / High-Yield Study Set for
Exam Prep with Verified Key Points Consists of Well guiding and
labelled Images
Rasmussen University
What is Anatomy?
The study of the structures, morphology, and organization of body parts.
What is Physiology?
The study of the functions of body parts, what they do, and how they do it.
List the Levels of Organization in the Human Body (smallest to largest).
Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism.
What is the Internal Environment?
The environment within the body in which the cells live, including intracellular and extracellular
fluid.
What is Homeostasis?
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment.
What are the three components of a homeostatic mechanism?
Receptors, control center, and effectors.
What is Negative Feedback?
A control system where the response reduces the original stimulus.
What is Positive Feedback?
A control system where the response intensifies the original stimulus.
List the levels of organization in the human body covered in lecture.
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
What is Homeostasis?
The process that the body uses to maintain things within physiological limits; upper limits, lower
limits.
Name two anatomical body positions.
,Prone and Supine
What are Elements?
Simplest examples of matter with specific properties.
What are Compounds?
Chemical combinations of elements.
Name the bulk elements in the body.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
What is an Atom?
Smallest unit of an element.
What are the subatomic particles?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
What is the Atomic Number?
Number of protons in the atoms of an element.
What is the Mass Number?
Number of protons plus neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
What are Isotopes?
Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
What is Atomic Radiation?
The energy or fragments of matter emitted from unstable nuclei of certain isotopes.
What is a Molecule?
Two or more atoms combined.
What is a Molecular Formula?
A shorthand used to depict the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule.
What is a Molecule?
Any particle formed by the bonding of 2 or more atoms.
How do Atoms combine with other atoms?
Bonds result from interactions between electrons.
,What is an Ion?
An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons and is electrically charged.
What are Cations?
Positively charged ions.
What are Anions?
Negatively charged ions.
What is a Covalent Bond?
A chemical bond between atoms that share electrons.
What is a Polar Covalent Bond?
Electrons are not shared equally between atoms.
What is a Nonpolar Covalent Bond?
Electrons are shared equally between atoms.
What are Reactants?
Starting materials in a chemical reaction.
What are Products?
Atoms, ions, or molecules formed at the end of a chemical reaction.
What are Electrolytes?
Compounds that ionize in water.
What is an Acid?
Releases hydrogen ions (H+) into solution.
What is a Base?
Releases ions that combine with hydrogen ions in solution.
What is a Salt?
An electrolyte formed by the reaction between an acid and a base.
What is Acidic?
Solutions with more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. <7
What is Basic (alkaline)?
, Solutions with fewer hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. >7
What does the pH scale measure?
Keeps track of the number of decimal places in the hydrogen ion concentration.
What is a Buffer?
A chemical that resists or minimizes pH changes.
What are Organic Compounds?
Have carbon and hydrogen.
What are Inorganic Compounds?
All other compounds besides carbon and hydrogen.
What are the four types of macromolecules important in cell structure and function?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
What are the four functions of water in the body?
1. Transport nutrients and wastes
2. Carries heat
3. Act as a solvent
4. Participate in metabolic reactions.
What are the main components of the Cell Theory?
All living things are made up of one or more cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells arise
from other cells.
What are Cells?
Smallest units that possess the characteristics of life. Maintain homeostasis.
What are the major parts of a cell?
Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
What is the function of the Cell Membrane?
Separates two fluid compartments (ICF and ECF) and is selectively permeable.
What are the main components of the cell membrane?
Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Exam Prep with Verified Key Points Consists of Well guiding and
labelled Images
Rasmussen University
What is Anatomy?
The study of the structures, morphology, and organization of body parts.
What is Physiology?
The study of the functions of body parts, what they do, and how they do it.
List the Levels of Organization in the Human Body (smallest to largest).
Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism.
What is the Internal Environment?
The environment within the body in which the cells live, including intracellular and extracellular
fluid.
What is Homeostasis?
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment.
What are the three components of a homeostatic mechanism?
Receptors, control center, and effectors.
What is Negative Feedback?
A control system where the response reduces the original stimulus.
What is Positive Feedback?
A control system where the response intensifies the original stimulus.
List the levels of organization in the human body covered in lecture.
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
What is Homeostasis?
The process that the body uses to maintain things within physiological limits; upper limits, lower
limits.
Name two anatomical body positions.
,Prone and Supine
What are Elements?
Simplest examples of matter with specific properties.
What are Compounds?
Chemical combinations of elements.
Name the bulk elements in the body.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
What is an Atom?
Smallest unit of an element.
What are the subatomic particles?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
What is the Atomic Number?
Number of protons in the atoms of an element.
What is the Mass Number?
Number of protons plus neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
What are Isotopes?
Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
What is Atomic Radiation?
The energy or fragments of matter emitted from unstable nuclei of certain isotopes.
What is a Molecule?
Two or more atoms combined.
What is a Molecular Formula?
A shorthand used to depict the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule.
What is a Molecule?
Any particle formed by the bonding of 2 or more atoms.
How do Atoms combine with other atoms?
Bonds result from interactions between electrons.
,What is an Ion?
An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons and is electrically charged.
What are Cations?
Positively charged ions.
What are Anions?
Negatively charged ions.
What is a Covalent Bond?
A chemical bond between atoms that share electrons.
What is a Polar Covalent Bond?
Electrons are not shared equally between atoms.
What is a Nonpolar Covalent Bond?
Electrons are shared equally between atoms.
What are Reactants?
Starting materials in a chemical reaction.
What are Products?
Atoms, ions, or molecules formed at the end of a chemical reaction.
What are Electrolytes?
Compounds that ionize in water.
What is an Acid?
Releases hydrogen ions (H+) into solution.
What is a Base?
Releases ions that combine with hydrogen ions in solution.
What is a Salt?
An electrolyte formed by the reaction between an acid and a base.
What is Acidic?
Solutions with more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. <7
What is Basic (alkaline)?
, Solutions with fewer hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. >7
What does the pH scale measure?
Keeps track of the number of decimal places in the hydrogen ion concentration.
What is a Buffer?
A chemical that resists or minimizes pH changes.
What are Organic Compounds?
Have carbon and hydrogen.
What are Inorganic Compounds?
All other compounds besides carbon and hydrogen.
What are the four types of macromolecules important in cell structure and function?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
What are the four functions of water in the body?
1. Transport nutrients and wastes
2. Carries heat
3. Act as a solvent
4. Participate in metabolic reactions.
What are the main components of the Cell Theory?
All living things are made up of one or more cells, cells are the basic units of life, and cells arise
from other cells.
What are Cells?
Smallest units that possess the characteristics of life. Maintain homeostasis.
What are the major parts of a cell?
Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
What is the function of the Cell Membrane?
Separates two fluid compartments (ICF and ECF) and is selectively permeable.
What are the main components of the cell membrane?
Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
