Fundamental unit of life
Ce
• cells are the structural, functional, and biological unit of all living beings.
• the entire functioning of living organisms begins from basic unit called cell, that's why it's called
fundamental unit of life.
• a cell can replicate itself independently, hence, they are known as a building block of life.
• The cell was first discovered and named by Robert hooke in 1665.
→ cork slice (dead)
• first living cell was seen by Antonivan leuwenhoek in 1674.
★ ce theory
• All the living organisms are composed of cells.
• the living organisms could be made up of one or more cells.
• the new cells arise from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division.
Cell
|
—
|—————————————————————
| |
| | |
Shape Number
•spindal Unicellular → bacteria, Size
•branched and elongated protozoa, paramecium. Smallest cell →mycoplasma
•round (bacteria)
Multicellular → human
Largest cell → ostrich egg
beings, animals.
Ce membrane / plasma membrane
• outermost covering of the cell and it separates cell contents from external environment.
• selectively permeable membrane :
→ Allows entry and exit of sub materials.
→ prevents movement of some materials.
• allows diffusion of substances like carbon dioxide and oxygen.
• regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell.
• it is made up of lipids and proteins.
Active and passive transport
Passive Active
• substances move from their higher to lower • substances move from their lower to
concentration . higher concentration.
• no energy is required • it requires energy in the form of ATP
•it is a slow movement molecules
• only small molecules or water molecules • it is a rapid movement
are transported passively. • Movement of large molecules occurs
by active transport.
, Diffusion
Passive →{ Osmosis
Diffusion
• the process of movement of substance (liquid or gas ) from the region of higher concentration to the
region of lower concentration so as to spread uniformly
• in the process of diffusion the molecules of the one substance makes with the molecule of the other
substance.
Osmosis
• . Osmosis is the passage of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane from a solution
with a higher concentration to a solution with the lower concentration. (Water)
• types of osmosis :-
→ endosmosis : the process in which the water molecules/solvent enter into the cell.
→ exosmosis : the process in which the water molecules/solvent move out of the cell.
Di erence between di usion and osmosis
• it occurs in liquids and gases • it occurs in liquids only.
• no membranes separation is required here. • it requires a semi permeable membrane.
• water is not necessary for movement. • water is the main solvent and very important.
• the flow of constituents is in all directions. • the flow of constituents occurs in One direction only.
• natural phenomenon, can't be stopped. • can we stopped and riverse.
Types of solutions
Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic
Higher salute Equal solute Higher salute
(Outside) (Inside)
Higher water Equal water Higher water
(Inside) (Outside)
•cell shrinks •no net movement •water moves in.
🔴 🔴 🔴
(Normal) (Cello swells)
←
← → ←
→
H²O
H²O → H²O
Ce
• cells are the structural, functional, and biological unit of all living beings.
• the entire functioning of living organisms begins from basic unit called cell, that's why it's called
fundamental unit of life.
• a cell can replicate itself independently, hence, they are known as a building block of life.
• The cell was first discovered and named by Robert hooke in 1665.
→ cork slice (dead)
• first living cell was seen by Antonivan leuwenhoek in 1674.
★ ce theory
• All the living organisms are composed of cells.
• the living organisms could be made up of one or more cells.
• the new cells arise from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division.
Cell
|
—
|—————————————————————
| |
| | |
Shape Number
•spindal Unicellular → bacteria, Size
•branched and elongated protozoa, paramecium. Smallest cell →mycoplasma
•round (bacteria)
Multicellular → human
Largest cell → ostrich egg
beings, animals.
Ce membrane / plasma membrane
• outermost covering of the cell and it separates cell contents from external environment.
• selectively permeable membrane :
→ Allows entry and exit of sub materials.
→ prevents movement of some materials.
• allows diffusion of substances like carbon dioxide and oxygen.
• regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell.
• it is made up of lipids and proteins.
Active and passive transport
Passive Active
• substances move from their higher to lower • substances move from their lower to
concentration . higher concentration.
• no energy is required • it requires energy in the form of ATP
•it is a slow movement molecules
• only small molecules or water molecules • it is a rapid movement
are transported passively. • Movement of large molecules occurs
by active transport.
, Diffusion
Passive →{ Osmosis
Diffusion
• the process of movement of substance (liquid or gas ) from the region of higher concentration to the
region of lower concentration so as to spread uniformly
• in the process of diffusion the molecules of the one substance makes with the molecule of the other
substance.
Osmosis
• . Osmosis is the passage of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane from a solution
with a higher concentration to a solution with the lower concentration. (Water)
• types of osmosis :-
→ endosmosis : the process in which the water molecules/solvent enter into the cell.
→ exosmosis : the process in which the water molecules/solvent move out of the cell.
Di erence between di usion and osmosis
• it occurs in liquids and gases • it occurs in liquids only.
• no membranes separation is required here. • it requires a semi permeable membrane.
• water is not necessary for movement. • water is the main solvent and very important.
• the flow of constituents is in all directions. • the flow of constituents occurs in One direction only.
• natural phenomenon, can't be stopped. • can we stopped and riverse.
Types of solutions
Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic
Higher salute Equal solute Higher salute
(Outside) (Inside)
Higher water Equal water Higher water
(Inside) (Outside)
•cell shrinks •no net movement •water moves in.
🔴 🔴 🔴
(Normal) (Cello swells)
←
← → ←
→
H²O
H²O → H²O
