NUR 156
NUR 156 Test 1 Review UPDATED 2026
Active transport
The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
Ex. Na-K pump
Facilitated diffusion
The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient
with the aid of carrier proteins
Ex. Glucose moves into cell
Prealbumin
- 17-40 mg/dl
- also known as TTR or transthyretin
- primarily used for nutritional assessment
LOW LEVELS indicate: malnutrition, protein-wasting diseases, inflammation, cirrhosis,
malignancy
Albumin
- 3.5-5 g/dl
- maintains vascular fluid
- decrease causes fluid shift into interstitial space causing edema
LOW LEVELS indicate: malnutrition, liver failure, burns, inflammation, cirrhosis, renal
disorders
Renin-angiotensin cascade
1. Renin secreted by kidneys
2. Vasoconstriction stimulates angiotensin production in liver
3. Angiotensin is converted to angiotensin 2 in lungs
NUR 156
,NUR 156
4. Causes release of aldosterone by adrenal cortex
5. Aldosterone causes water and sodium retention
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- stored in posterior pituitary gland
- increases water retention and reduces diuresis
Dehydration
- hypertonic fluid loss
CAUSED BY: NG tubes, vomiting, diarrhea, wounds, burns, diuretics, fever, third-shift
spacing (ex. Cirrhosis)
Hypovolemia
- isotonic fluid loss
CAUSED BY: hemorrhage, shock, malnutrition, burns, third-shift spacing, DKA, osmotic
diuresis, DI
Hypervolemia
- isotonic fluid gain
CAUSED BY: overhydration, decreased renal function, heart failure, hormonal,
obstructed lymph vessels, long-term steroid usage
Water intoxication
- hypotonic fluid gain
CAUSED BY: hormonal, decreased urine output, high ADH, overhydration
FVD interventions
- Intake and output
- Vital signs
- Weights
- Skincare
NUR 156
, NUR 156
- IV therapy
- Enteral/parenteral feeding
- Check mentation status
FVE interventions
- Intake and output
- Fluid restriction
- Sodium restriction
- Vital signs
- Weights
- Skincare
- Diuretics
Serum osmolality normal range
275-310
Creatinine normal range
0.7-1.4
HCT normal range
Male: 42-52%
Female: 37-47%
Urine sodium normal range
50-130
Central venous pressure range
4-10
Pulmonary artery pressure range
25/9 mmhg
SODIUM
NUR 156
NUR 156 Test 1 Review UPDATED 2026
Active transport
The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
Ex. Na-K pump
Facilitated diffusion
The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient
with the aid of carrier proteins
Ex. Glucose moves into cell
Prealbumin
- 17-40 mg/dl
- also known as TTR or transthyretin
- primarily used for nutritional assessment
LOW LEVELS indicate: malnutrition, protein-wasting diseases, inflammation, cirrhosis,
malignancy
Albumin
- 3.5-5 g/dl
- maintains vascular fluid
- decrease causes fluid shift into interstitial space causing edema
LOW LEVELS indicate: malnutrition, liver failure, burns, inflammation, cirrhosis, renal
disorders
Renin-angiotensin cascade
1. Renin secreted by kidneys
2. Vasoconstriction stimulates angiotensin production in liver
3. Angiotensin is converted to angiotensin 2 in lungs
NUR 156
,NUR 156
4. Causes release of aldosterone by adrenal cortex
5. Aldosterone causes water and sodium retention
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- stored in posterior pituitary gland
- increases water retention and reduces diuresis
Dehydration
- hypertonic fluid loss
CAUSED BY: NG tubes, vomiting, diarrhea, wounds, burns, diuretics, fever, third-shift
spacing (ex. Cirrhosis)
Hypovolemia
- isotonic fluid loss
CAUSED BY: hemorrhage, shock, malnutrition, burns, third-shift spacing, DKA, osmotic
diuresis, DI
Hypervolemia
- isotonic fluid gain
CAUSED BY: overhydration, decreased renal function, heart failure, hormonal,
obstructed lymph vessels, long-term steroid usage
Water intoxication
- hypotonic fluid gain
CAUSED BY: hormonal, decreased urine output, high ADH, overhydration
FVD interventions
- Intake and output
- Vital signs
- Weights
- Skincare
NUR 156
, NUR 156
- IV therapy
- Enteral/parenteral feeding
- Check mentation status
FVE interventions
- Intake and output
- Fluid restriction
- Sodium restriction
- Vital signs
- Weights
- Skincare
- Diuretics
Serum osmolality normal range
275-310
Creatinine normal range
0.7-1.4
HCT normal range
Male: 42-52%
Female: 37-47%
Urine sodium normal range
50-130
Central venous pressure range
4-10
Pulmonary artery pressure range
25/9 mmhg
SODIUM
NUR 156
