BIOD 152 MODULE 2 EXAM 2 ACTUAL
EXAM 2026/2027 | 50 Questions &
Complete Answers | Essential Human
Anatomy & Physiology II | Comprehensive
Practice Test | Verified Q&A | Pass
Guaranteed - A+ Graded
PART 1: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
(Questions 1-20)
Q1: Which of the following hormones is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
A. Oxytocin
B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) [CORRECT]
D. Epinephrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is secreted by the anterior pituitary
(adenohypophysis) in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the
hypothalamus. Oxytocin (A) and ADH (B) are secreted by the posterior pituitary
(neurohypophysis), though synthesized in the hypothalamus. Epinephrine (D) is secreted by
the adrenal medulla.
Portage Learning Note: The anterior pituitary produces six major hormones: GH, TSH, ACTH,
FSH, LH, and prolactin. The posterior pituitary only stores and releases two hormones made
in the hypothalamus.
,Q2: A patient presents with excessive thirst, frequent urination, and hyperglycemia. Which
hormone deficiency is most likely responsible?
A. Insulin [CORRECT]
B. Glucagon
C. Cortisol
D. ADH
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Insulin deficiency (Type 1 diabetes mellitus) results in hyperglycemia (high blood
glucose), leading to osmotic diuresis (frequent urination) and compensatory thirst
(polydipsia). Glucagon (B) deficiency is rare and causes hypoglycemia. Cortisol (C) deficiency
(Addison's) causes hypoglycemia, not hyperglycemia. ADH deficiency (D) causes diabetes
insipidus (polyuria/polydipsia) but without hyperglycemia.
Q3: Which of the following is characteristic of steroid hormones but NOT peptide hormones?
A. Bind to cell surface receptors
B. Use second messenger systems
C. Can cross the plasma membrane freely [CORRECT]
D. Act within seconds to minutes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can diffuse across the plasma membrane
to bind intracellular receptors. Peptide hormones (A, B, D) are water-soluble, cannot cross
membranes, bind surface receptors, use second messengers (cAMP, IP3/DAG), and act
rapidly. Steroid hormones act slowly (hours) via gene transcription.
Q4: The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system directly connects the hypothalamus to
which structure?
A. Posterior pituitary
B. Anterior pituitary [CORRECT]
C. Thyroid gland
, D. Adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The hypophyseal portal system is a capillary network that carries releasing
hormones (TRH, CRH, GHRH, GnRH) and inhibiting hormones (somatostatin, dopamine)
directly from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary, allowing concentrated delivery
without systemic dilution. The posterior pituitary (A) receives axons from hypothalamic
neurons, not portal blood.
Q5: Which cells of the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?
A. Follicular cells
B. Parafollicular cells (C cells) [CORRECT]
C. Principal cells
D. Oxyphil cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Parafollicular cells (C cells) located between thyroid follicles produce calcitonin,
which lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity and increasing renal calcium
excretion. Follicular cells (A) produce T3/T4. Principal cells (C) and oxyphil cells (D) are
found in parathyroid glands.
Q6: Match the following hormones to their primary functions:
Column A:
1. Aldosterone
2. Cortisol
3. Epinephrine
4. Norepinephrine
Column B:
A. Increases heart rate and bronchodilation; metabolic effects
B. Regulates Na+/K+ balance in kidneys
C. Increases vascular smooth muscle contraction primarily
D. Gluconeogenesis, anti-inflammatory, stress response
EXAM 2026/2027 | 50 Questions &
Complete Answers | Essential Human
Anatomy & Physiology II | Comprehensive
Practice Test | Verified Q&A | Pass
Guaranteed - A+ Graded
PART 1: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
(Questions 1-20)
Q1: Which of the following hormones is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
A. Oxytocin
B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) [CORRECT]
D. Epinephrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is secreted by the anterior pituitary
(adenohypophysis) in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the
hypothalamus. Oxytocin (A) and ADH (B) are secreted by the posterior pituitary
(neurohypophysis), though synthesized in the hypothalamus. Epinephrine (D) is secreted by
the adrenal medulla.
Portage Learning Note: The anterior pituitary produces six major hormones: GH, TSH, ACTH,
FSH, LH, and prolactin. The posterior pituitary only stores and releases two hormones made
in the hypothalamus.
,Q2: A patient presents with excessive thirst, frequent urination, and hyperglycemia. Which
hormone deficiency is most likely responsible?
A. Insulin [CORRECT]
B. Glucagon
C. Cortisol
D. ADH
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Insulin deficiency (Type 1 diabetes mellitus) results in hyperglycemia (high blood
glucose), leading to osmotic diuresis (frequent urination) and compensatory thirst
(polydipsia). Glucagon (B) deficiency is rare and causes hypoglycemia. Cortisol (C) deficiency
(Addison's) causes hypoglycemia, not hyperglycemia. ADH deficiency (D) causes diabetes
insipidus (polyuria/polydipsia) but without hyperglycemia.
Q3: Which of the following is characteristic of steroid hormones but NOT peptide hormones?
A. Bind to cell surface receptors
B. Use second messenger systems
C. Can cross the plasma membrane freely [CORRECT]
D. Act within seconds to minutes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can diffuse across the plasma membrane
to bind intracellular receptors. Peptide hormones (A, B, D) are water-soluble, cannot cross
membranes, bind surface receptors, use second messengers (cAMP, IP3/DAG), and act
rapidly. Steroid hormones act slowly (hours) via gene transcription.
Q4: The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system directly connects the hypothalamus to
which structure?
A. Posterior pituitary
B. Anterior pituitary [CORRECT]
C. Thyroid gland
, D. Adrenal cortex
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The hypophyseal portal system is a capillary network that carries releasing
hormones (TRH, CRH, GHRH, GnRH) and inhibiting hormones (somatostatin, dopamine)
directly from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary, allowing concentrated delivery
without systemic dilution. The posterior pituitary (A) receives axons from hypothalamic
neurons, not portal blood.
Q5: Which cells of the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?
A. Follicular cells
B. Parafollicular cells (C cells) [CORRECT]
C. Principal cells
D. Oxyphil cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Parafollicular cells (C cells) located between thyroid follicles produce calcitonin,
which lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity and increasing renal calcium
excretion. Follicular cells (A) produce T3/T4. Principal cells (C) and oxyphil cells (D) are
found in parathyroid glands.
Q6: Match the following hormones to their primary functions:
Column A:
1. Aldosterone
2. Cortisol
3. Epinephrine
4. Norepinephrine
Column B:
A. Increases heart rate and bronchodilation; metabolic effects
B. Regulates Na+/K+ balance in kidneys
C. Increases vascular smooth muscle contraction primarily
D. Gluconeogenesis, anti-inflammatory, stress response
