NSG 555 QUIZ 2 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS 2026 EDITION
HF definition - ANS clinical syndrome defined by: any structural or functional impairment of
ventricular filling or ejection of blood
Stages of heart failure - ANS stage A- cardiac structure abnormalities but no symptoms. goal:
reduce risk
stage B-increased filling pressures, persistently elevated troponin without dx or increased BNP
stage C-Structural heart disease with current or previous symptoms of HF.
stage D- Marked HF symptoms that interfere with daily life and with recurrent hospitalizations
despite attempts to optimize GDMT.
most common causes of HF - ANS ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction (MI),
hypertension, and valvular heart disease (VHD
approach to HF - ANS clinicians should seek the cause of HF because appropriate treatment
may be determined by the cause
assessing clinical s/s of congestion in HF - ANS presence of jugular venous distention,
orthopnea, bendopnea, a square-wave response to the Valsalva maneuver, and leg edema
lab studies for heart failure - ANS complete blood count, urinalysis, serum electrolytes
(including sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium), blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine,
glucose, fasting lipid profile, liver function tests, iron studies (serum iron, ferritin, transferrin
saturation), and thyroid-stimulating hormone level and electrocardiography
1
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, imaging recommendations for HF - ANS comprehensive TTE is the most useful initial
diagnostic test given the vast amount of diagnostic and prognostic information provided. The
determination of LVEF is a fundamental step to classify HF and to guide evidence-based
pharmacological and device-based therapy
exercise tolerance testing in HF - ANS CPET and the 6-minute walk test are standardized,
reliable, and reproducible tests to quantify functional capacity.19-22 The NYHA functional
classification can be used to grade the severity of functional limitation based on patient report
of symptoms experienced with activity1 and is used to define candidates for certain treatments.
Stage A heart failure management - ANS patients who are at high risk for developing heart
failure but have no structural abnormalities
BP <130/80
diet
exercise
weight loss
stop smoking
If diabetics SGLT2 (flozin) or GLP-1 (tide)
Stage B heart failure management - ANS pre-HF (increased filling pressures, persistently
elevated troponin without dx or increased BNP)
Start ACEI or ARB if LVEF <40
BB if LVEF <40 and hx CAD or MI (some also say just start these anyway)
ICD if LVEF <30
Statin if indicated
NO CCBs OR TZDs !!!!
2
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
ANSWERS 100% PASS 2026 EDITION
HF definition - ANS clinical syndrome defined by: any structural or functional impairment of
ventricular filling or ejection of blood
Stages of heart failure - ANS stage A- cardiac structure abnormalities but no symptoms. goal:
reduce risk
stage B-increased filling pressures, persistently elevated troponin without dx or increased BNP
stage C-Structural heart disease with current or previous symptoms of HF.
stage D- Marked HF symptoms that interfere with daily life and with recurrent hospitalizations
despite attempts to optimize GDMT.
most common causes of HF - ANS ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction (MI),
hypertension, and valvular heart disease (VHD
approach to HF - ANS clinicians should seek the cause of HF because appropriate treatment
may be determined by the cause
assessing clinical s/s of congestion in HF - ANS presence of jugular venous distention,
orthopnea, bendopnea, a square-wave response to the Valsalva maneuver, and leg edema
lab studies for heart failure - ANS complete blood count, urinalysis, serum electrolytes
(including sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium), blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine,
glucose, fasting lipid profile, liver function tests, iron studies (serum iron, ferritin, transferrin
saturation), and thyroid-stimulating hormone level and electrocardiography
1
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, imaging recommendations for HF - ANS comprehensive TTE is the most useful initial
diagnostic test given the vast amount of diagnostic and prognostic information provided. The
determination of LVEF is a fundamental step to classify HF and to guide evidence-based
pharmacological and device-based therapy
exercise tolerance testing in HF - ANS CPET and the 6-minute walk test are standardized,
reliable, and reproducible tests to quantify functional capacity.19-22 The NYHA functional
classification can be used to grade the severity of functional limitation based on patient report
of symptoms experienced with activity1 and is used to define candidates for certain treatments.
Stage A heart failure management - ANS patients who are at high risk for developing heart
failure but have no structural abnormalities
BP <130/80
diet
exercise
weight loss
stop smoking
If diabetics SGLT2 (flozin) or GLP-1 (tide)
Stage B heart failure management - ANS pre-HF (increased filling pressures, persistently
elevated troponin without dx or increased BNP)
Start ACEI or ARB if LVEF <40
BB if LVEF <40 and hx CAD or MI (some also say just start these anyway)
ICD if LVEF <30
Statin if indicated
NO CCBs OR TZDs !!!!
2
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
