NUR2392 EXAM 2: MODULES 4-6
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
2026 EDITION
Gingivitis - ANS Inflammation of the gums, often with redness, swelling, and bleeding.
Typically caused by plaque buildup and poor hygiene.
Stomatitis - ANS Inflammation of the oral mucosa, frequently due to infection, medications,
or autoimmune disease. May involve painful ulcers.
Oral candidiasis (thrush) - ANS A fungal infection from Candida albicans that appears as
creamy white plaques, leaving a red base when wiped. Common in immunocompromised
patients or after antibiotic use.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) - ANS Chronic backflow of gastric contents into the
esophagus, causing mucosal injury.
- causes: weak or incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES), increased intra-abdominal
pressure, hiatal hernia, and smoking and high-fat diets.
- S/S: pyrosis (heartburn), regurgitation, dysphagia, chronic cough or hoarseness.
Esophageal Cancer - ANS Cancer of the esophagus.
- risk factors: smoking, alcohol, chronic GERD (especially Barrett's esophagus), obesity.
- S/S: dysphagia, weight loss, persistent cough.
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@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - ANS Open sores in the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum;
caused by disruption of mucosal defense, allowing acid and pepsin to erode the epithelium.
- causes: H. pylori infection, chronic NSAID use, stress-related mucosal damage.
- two types: gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Gastric Ulcers - ANS Ulcers that form in the stomach lining; pain worsened with food.
Duodenal Ulcers - ANS Ulcers that form in the duodenum; pain relieved with food.
Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers - ANS Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral and
oropharyngeal cavities.
- risk factors: tobacco, alcohol, HPV.
- S/S: non-healing mouth sores, dysphagia, weight loss.
Gastric Cancer - ANS Cancer of the stomach often diagnosed late.
- causes: H. pylori infection, smoking, pernicious anemia, diets high in salted/smoked foods.
- S/S: early satiety, weight loss, epigastric pain, fatigue.
Malnutrition - ANS Lack of proper nutrition.
- causes: inadequate intake, malabsorption, chronic illness.
- S/S: muscular atrophy, weight loss, dry skin, brittle nails.
Obesity - ANS BMI >30.
Modifiable Risk Factors - ANS Behaviors or exposures that can be changed through
education, lifestyle change, or medical intervention.
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@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Non-Modifiable Risk Factors - ANS Risk factors that cannot be changed but guide clinical
vigilance and patient education.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) - ANS Direct visualization of the esophagus, stomach,
and duodenum using a flexible scope.
- Indications: Persistent heartburn, dysphagia, nausea, unexplained weight loss, suspected ulcer
or tumor.
Biopsy (during EGD) - ANS Procedure performed to obtain tissue samples for histologic
evaluation.
- Indications: To confirm H. pylori infection, diagnose Barrett's esophagus, or detect cancer or
celiac disease.
Capsule endoscopy - ANS Swallowed wireless camera captures images throughout the GI
tract.
- Indications: Useful for evaluating obscure bleeding or small bowel lesions that are beyond EGD
reach.
- Patient must pass capsule; contraindicated in obstruction.
Urea breath test - ANS Patient ingests urea labeled with carbon; if H. pylori is present, CO2 is
exhaled. Avoid antibiotics, PPIs 2 weeks prior.
Stool antigen test - ANS Detects H. pylori antigens in stool. Useful for diagnosis and
confirmation of eradication.
Albumin - ANS Protein that has a longer half-life (2-3 weeks) and indicates chronic protein
deficiency. Low _______ levels suggest long-standing malnutrition, often compounded by
inflammation, malabsorption, or hepatic dysfunction seen in advanced GI malignancy.
Prealbumin - ANS Protein that has a short half-life (2-3 days), so it reflects acute changes in
nutritional status. A low _______ level suggests recent or ongoing inadequate intake, such as
might occur with rapid tumor growth, nausea, or anorexia in GI cancer.
3
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
2026 EDITION
Gingivitis - ANS Inflammation of the gums, often with redness, swelling, and bleeding.
Typically caused by plaque buildup and poor hygiene.
Stomatitis - ANS Inflammation of the oral mucosa, frequently due to infection, medications,
or autoimmune disease. May involve painful ulcers.
Oral candidiasis (thrush) - ANS A fungal infection from Candida albicans that appears as
creamy white plaques, leaving a red base when wiped. Common in immunocompromised
patients or after antibiotic use.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) - ANS Chronic backflow of gastric contents into the
esophagus, causing mucosal injury.
- causes: weak or incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES), increased intra-abdominal
pressure, hiatal hernia, and smoking and high-fat diets.
- S/S: pyrosis (heartburn), regurgitation, dysphagia, chronic cough or hoarseness.
Esophageal Cancer - ANS Cancer of the esophagus.
- risk factors: smoking, alcohol, chronic GERD (especially Barrett's esophagus), obesity.
- S/S: dysphagia, weight loss, persistent cough.
1
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - ANS Open sores in the mucosa of the stomach or duodenum;
caused by disruption of mucosal defense, allowing acid and pepsin to erode the epithelium.
- causes: H. pylori infection, chronic NSAID use, stress-related mucosal damage.
- two types: gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Gastric Ulcers - ANS Ulcers that form in the stomach lining; pain worsened with food.
Duodenal Ulcers - ANS Ulcers that form in the duodenum; pain relieved with food.
Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers - ANS Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral and
oropharyngeal cavities.
- risk factors: tobacco, alcohol, HPV.
- S/S: non-healing mouth sores, dysphagia, weight loss.
Gastric Cancer - ANS Cancer of the stomach often diagnosed late.
- causes: H. pylori infection, smoking, pernicious anemia, diets high in salted/smoked foods.
- S/S: early satiety, weight loss, epigastric pain, fatigue.
Malnutrition - ANS Lack of proper nutrition.
- causes: inadequate intake, malabsorption, chronic illness.
- S/S: muscular atrophy, weight loss, dry skin, brittle nails.
Obesity - ANS BMI >30.
Modifiable Risk Factors - ANS Behaviors or exposures that can be changed through
education, lifestyle change, or medical intervention.
2
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Non-Modifiable Risk Factors - ANS Risk factors that cannot be changed but guide clinical
vigilance and patient education.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) - ANS Direct visualization of the esophagus, stomach,
and duodenum using a flexible scope.
- Indications: Persistent heartburn, dysphagia, nausea, unexplained weight loss, suspected ulcer
or tumor.
Biopsy (during EGD) - ANS Procedure performed to obtain tissue samples for histologic
evaluation.
- Indications: To confirm H. pylori infection, diagnose Barrett's esophagus, or detect cancer or
celiac disease.
Capsule endoscopy - ANS Swallowed wireless camera captures images throughout the GI
tract.
- Indications: Useful for evaluating obscure bleeding or small bowel lesions that are beyond EGD
reach.
- Patient must pass capsule; contraindicated in obstruction.
Urea breath test - ANS Patient ingests urea labeled with carbon; if H. pylori is present, CO2 is
exhaled. Avoid antibiotics, PPIs 2 weeks prior.
Stool antigen test - ANS Detects H. pylori antigens in stool. Useful for diagnosis and
confirmation of eradication.
Albumin - ANS Protein that has a longer half-life (2-3 weeks) and indicates chronic protein
deficiency. Low _______ levels suggest long-standing malnutrition, often compounded by
inflammation, malabsorption, or hepatic dysfunction seen in advanced GI malignancy.
Prealbumin - ANS Protein that has a short half-life (2-3 days), so it reflects acute changes in
nutritional status. A low _______ level suggests recent or ongoing inadequate intake, such as
might occur with rapid tumor growth, nausea, or anorexia in GI cancer.
3
@2026 EDITION ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
