NUTR 3330 Final Exam (last of the course content) Questions And Answers 100% Pass.

what are phytosterols? what are the 3 most common? - Correct Answers- plant-derived sterols that are structurally similar to cholesterol - beta-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol 2 subclasses of phytosterols? structure? any characteristics? - Correct Answers1. sterols - has a double bond at position 5 2. stanols - has a reduction of the double bond at position 5 - less common than sterols - more a product of sterol bacterial degradation than in food - produced by hydrogenating sterols what foods are cholesterol and phytosterols in? different in atherogenic potential and blood levels? - Correct Answers- cholesterol = animal foods - phytosterol = plant foods - both are atherogenic (plaque build-up) but phytosterols are less of a concern since only 1-15% is absorbed - phytosterol blood levels are 200x lower than cholesterol highest food sources of phytosterols? how do they affect cholesterol? - Correct Answersvegetable oils, nuts, seeds, legumes have a cholesterol lowering effect 3 main areas where phytosterols seem to help - Correct Answers1. CVD 2. cancer 3. immune health how have phytosterols been shown to help CVD - Correct Answers- can reduce blood lipids, especially total and LDL cholesterol - have a dose-dependent effect on LDL-cholesterol lowering, but plateaus at 3g/day - no diff btw sterols and stanols mechanism of how sterols lower cholesterol? - Correct Answers- sterols are more hydrophobic than cholesterol - they compete for space in mixed micelles in the intestine - this causes cholesterol to be displaced and go into feces - sterols are not absorbed so after competition, will also go into feces - has an overall effect of lowering cholesterol by 30-50% factors to consider when determining phytosterol cholesterol lowering efficacy? - Correct Answers- sterols vs stanols; is one more efficacious? - dose-response relationships; when does response plateau - does form of administration matter; ex. margarine vs orange juice - does diet being consumed matter; work with low and/or high fat diet - one's baseline cholesterol values factors to consider when seeing if phytosterol could replace a lipid-lowering drug? - Correct Answers- are there more or less side effects - cost - magnitude of effect; effects from sterols could be less - potential additive effect with drug what were results of study looking at additive effect of plant sterol and drug in lowering LDL cholesterol? - Correct Answers- some additive effect when taking drug and sterol together in lowering LDL cholesterol compared to alone - could mean you could dec the dose of drug to supplement some with phytosterols why is there limited ability to incorporate sterols and stanols in food? ratio of sterol to fatty acid in a 1.6g sterol ester? - Correct Answers- have low solubility in fats so need to esterify them with a fatty acid to increase their solubility - the FA they're attached to makes them heavier in 1.6 sterol ester = 1.0g plant sterols/stanols anf 0.6g fatty acid types of food phytosterols are incorporated in? affect on taste? typical dose in margarine? since when have these products been allowed in canafa? - Correct Answers- fatty foods like margarine, cream cheese, salad dressing, yogurt - no affect on taste - 1.7g plant stanol/sterol ester per serving of margarine - since 2010 what are benecol softgels? serving? dose amount to meet health claim? what is minute maid premium heart wide? serving? - Correct Answers- is a dietary supplement in the US that incorporates phytosterol esters - serving in 3 softgels that contains 1.7g plant stanol esters - need 2 doses (3.4g) to meet health claim - orange juice with added plant sterols - serving is 8oz of juice, contains 1g of plant sterols evidence that phytosterols/stanols can help with prostate and colon cancer? mechanism potential? - Correct Answersprostate - beta-sitosterol inhibits growth of prostate cancer cells - taking beta-sitosterol in humans improved symptoms associated with benign prostate hyperplasia colon - inhibited colon cell and colon cancer cell proliferation - potential mechanism may include membrane structure, fluidity, integrity, enzymes, signal transduction, apoptosis, and effects on neutral and acidic sterols in the colon how have phytosterols/stanols been shown to improve immunity? - Correct Answers- BSS and it's glucoside BSSG can be immune modulators - inc proliferation of lymphocytes with anti-inflammatory properties - improved TB recovery, HIV, arthritis biggest safety concern of phytosterols on fat soluble nutrients? evidence? factor to consider? what 2 vitamins does it not affect? - Correct Answers- they can reduce absorption of fat soluble vitamins - have shown to dec nutrients like beta-carotene, vit e - timing bc would maybe only affect nutrients consumed with the phytosterols, not before or after - doesn't seem to affect vit k or vit d phytosterolemia - what is it - cause - symptoms - Correct Answers- an inborn error of phytosterol metabolism that causes one to absorb more than normal - inability of intestine to distinguish btw cholesterol and plant sterols and can't excrete sterols rapidly in bile - reduced cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase activity - caused by high conc of phytosterols, 50-60x higher than normal - reduces whole body cholesterol synthesis - causes early onset atherosclerosis what assessments were needed to allow sale of foods containing added plant sterols in canada? what was included in the safety assessment? what did safety assessment conclude? what did health claim assessment study find? what did it conclude? - Correct Answers- safety assessment - health claim assessment in lowering cholesterol - in safety assessment, did a toxicological assessment for adverse effects at higher doses, included reference safe intakes (3g/day for adults, 1g/day for kids) - concluded that a max of 1g free phytosterols per serving can be added to a list of allowed foods (fat based) - found that with 2g/day of plant sterols, it lowered LDL cholesterol by 8.8% independent of the food matrix - concluded the relationship btw food enriched plant sterol consumption and blood cholesterol lowering and that foods that carry this health claim need to have specific composition criteria