Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Final Exam Review
Newest complete questions and correct
verified answers (detailed answers) already
graded A+
Hypertonic Hyponatremia - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-Serum Osmolality > 295,
Caused by high osmolality from solutes that are not sodium, osmotic pressure
cause a shift from intracellular space to extracellular space causing hyponatremia
Euvolemic (hypotonic hyponatremia) - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-skin, GI, lung
losses
Hypovolemic (hypotonic hyponatremia) - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-psychogenic,
low sodium intake, renal disease, hypothyroidism, SIADH, hypercortisolism
,pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-Infection in the
lung starts with the multiplication of the organism in the alveoli. As infection
progresses, alveoli fill with exudates, there is type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia, and
mononuclear cells infiltrate the lung.
In patients with AIDS, there are larger numbers of Pneumocystis organisms in the
lungs and fewer inflammatory cells than in patients with Pneumocystis
pneumonia (PCP) who are HIV-negative.
mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}--Acid fast
bacteria, often found in the environment-soil, water, and animals
-The cell wall contains long-chained glycolipids (that make the wall thick) protect
these facultative intracellular bacteria from lysosomal attack
-90% to 95% of diseases in AIDS patients
cytomegalovirus (CMV) - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-infected cells are protected
from both T-cells, and NK cell killing because it has down-regulated MHC
expression
Once the virus is in the cell
-it can inhibit cellular DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis, disruption of lysosomal
membranes, resulting in release of digestive lysosomal enzymes
-Promotion of apoptosis
-fuses infected cells to produce multinucleated giant cells
-transformation of infected cells into cancerous cells causing unregulated growth.
-alteration of the antigenic properties, causing the immune system to attack the
cell as if it were foreign
,CD4 - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-main cell which recognizes antigens and triggers
the immune response
HIV - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-CD4 count= or >200 AND has not had an AIDS
defining illness
Atrophy - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change
in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
, P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka
atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear,
breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix
that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E: reversible change, one type of cell
changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or
irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of
stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal
ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous
epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to
columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
Newest complete questions and correct
verified answers (detailed answers) already
graded A+
Hypertonic Hyponatremia - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-Serum Osmolality > 295,
Caused by high osmolality from solutes that are not sodium, osmotic pressure
cause a shift from intracellular space to extracellular space causing hyponatremia
Euvolemic (hypotonic hyponatremia) - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-skin, GI, lung
losses
Hypovolemic (hypotonic hyponatremia) - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-psychogenic,
low sodium intake, renal disease, hypothyroidism, SIADH, hypercortisolism
,pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-Infection in the
lung starts with the multiplication of the organism in the alveoli. As infection
progresses, alveoli fill with exudates, there is type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia, and
mononuclear cells infiltrate the lung.
In patients with AIDS, there are larger numbers of Pneumocystis organisms in the
lungs and fewer inflammatory cells than in patients with Pneumocystis
pneumonia (PCP) who are HIV-negative.
mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}--Acid fast
bacteria, often found in the environment-soil, water, and animals
-The cell wall contains long-chained glycolipids (that make the wall thick) protect
these facultative intracellular bacteria from lysosomal attack
-90% to 95% of diseases in AIDS patients
cytomegalovirus (CMV) - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-infected cells are protected
from both T-cells, and NK cell killing because it has down-regulated MHC
expression
Once the virus is in the cell
-it can inhibit cellular DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis, disruption of lysosomal
membranes, resulting in release of digestive lysosomal enzymes
-Promotion of apoptosis
-fuses infected cells to produce multinucleated giant cells
-transformation of infected cells into cancerous cells causing unregulated growth.
-alteration of the antigenic properties, causing the immune system to attack the
cell as if it were foreign
,CD4 - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-main cell which recognizes antigens and triggers
the immune response
HIV - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-CD4 count= or >200 AND has not had an AIDS
defining illness
Atrophy - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change
in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
, P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka
atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear,
breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix
that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E: reversible change, one type of cell
changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or
irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of
stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal
ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous
epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to
columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
