Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 2026 Complete
questions and correct verified answers
(detailed answers) already graded A+
Atrophy - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
,Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change
in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka
atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear,
breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix
that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E: reversible change, one type of cell
changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or
irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of
stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal
ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous
epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to
columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
,Free radical and ROS - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. mood altering drug, long term effects on
liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure
irreversible
Oncosis - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling.
Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high
fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-intracellular accumulation of lipids in
the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to
cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-accumulation of Ca in dead or
dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
, metastatic calcification - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-accumulation of Ca in normal
tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of
Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-sodium urate crystals are deposited
in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic
gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-kidneys, heart, adrenals-
secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-nerve cells- brain- accumulation
of pus
Caseous Necrosis - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks
like clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-breast, pancreas, abdominal structures-
creates soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon
for < 30 years old.
questions and correct verified answers
(detailed answers) already graded A+
Atrophy - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
,Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change
in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka
atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear,
breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix
that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E: reversible change, one type of cell
changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or
irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of
stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal
ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous
epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to
columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
,Free radical and ROS - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. mood altering drug, long term effects on
liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure
irreversible
Oncosis - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling.
Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high
fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-intracellular accumulation of lipids in
the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to
cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-accumulation of Ca in dead or
dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
, metastatic calcification - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-accumulation of Ca in normal
tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of
Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-sodium urate crystals are deposited
in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic
gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-kidneys, heart, adrenals-
secondary to hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-nerve cells- brain- accumulation
of pus
Caseous Necrosis - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks
like clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-breast, pancreas, abdominal structures-
creates soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout - {✔✔ANSWER✔✔}-E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon
for < 30 years old.
