USMLE STEP 1 Pharmacology Test Bank Final Exam 2026 -2027
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What are the major functions of the V2 receptor?
Increase H2O permeability and reabsorption in collecting tubules of kidney
(V2 is found in the "2" kidneys)
What receptors are associate with Gq?
H1, α1, V1, M1, and M3
What receptors are associated with Gs?
H2, B1, B2, V2, D1
What receptors are associated with Gi?
M2, α2, D2
Bethanechol
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Activates bowel and bladder smooth muscle
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus
-Resistant to AChE
,Carbachol
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Carbon copy of acetylcholine
-Constricts pupils and relieves intraocular pressure in glaucoma
Methacholine
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Stimulates muscarinic receptors in airways when inhaled
-Used as a challenge test for diagnosis of asthma
Pilocarpine
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Contracts ciliary muscle of eye (open angle glaucoma), contracts pupillary
sphincter (closed angle glaucoma)
-Potent stimulator of sweat, tears and saliva
-AChE resistant
Donepezil
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer disease
Galantamine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer disease
,Rivastigmine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer disease
Edrophonium
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Historically used to diagnose myasthenia gravis (MG is now diagnosed by anti-
AChR Ab test.
Neostigmine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention,
myasthenia gravis, and postoperative reversal of neuromuscular junction
blockade
Physostigmine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Used in anticholinergic toxicity
-Crosses the blood-brain barrier (CNS)
, Pyridostigmine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Increases muscle strength
-Used in myasthenia gravis (long acting)
-Does not penetrate CNS
Atropine
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Used in bradycardia and for ophthalmic applications
-Also used as antidote for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning
-Actions include increase pupil dilation, cycloplegia, decreased airway
secretions, decreased acid secretions, decreased gut motility, decreased
bladder urgency in cystitis
-Toxicity: increased body temp (due to decreased sweating), rapid pulse, dry
mouth, dry and flushed skin, cycloplegia, constipation, disorientation;
-Can cause acute angle-closure glaucoma in elderly (due to mydriasis),
urinary retention in men with prostatic hyperplasia, and hyperthermia in
infants
-See also homatropine and tropicamide
Benztropine
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Works in CNS
-Used in Parkinson disease and acute dystonia
Glycopyrrolate
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Parental use: preoperative use to reduce airway secretions
-Oral use: drooling, peptic ulcer
|| Most Recent Exam Actual Complete Real Exam Questions And
Correct Answers (Verified Answers) Already Graded A+ ||
Guaranteed Success!! Newest Exam | Just Released!!
What are the major functions of the V2 receptor?
Increase H2O permeability and reabsorption in collecting tubules of kidney
(V2 is found in the "2" kidneys)
What receptors are associate with Gq?
H1, α1, V1, M1, and M3
What receptors are associated with Gs?
H2, B1, B2, V2, D1
What receptors are associated with Gi?
M2, α2, D2
Bethanechol
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Activates bowel and bladder smooth muscle
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus
-Resistant to AChE
,Carbachol
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Carbon copy of acetylcholine
-Constricts pupils and relieves intraocular pressure in glaucoma
Methacholine
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Stimulates muscarinic receptors in airways when inhaled
-Used as a challenge test for diagnosis of asthma
Pilocarpine
-Direct cholinergic agonist
-Contracts ciliary muscle of eye (open angle glaucoma), contracts pupillary
sphincter (closed angle glaucoma)
-Potent stimulator of sweat, tears and saliva
-AChE resistant
Donepezil
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer disease
Galantamine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer disease
,Rivastigmine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Alzheimer disease
Edrophonium
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Historically used to diagnose myasthenia gravis (MG is now diagnosed by anti-
AChR Ab test.
Neostigmine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Used in postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention,
myasthenia gravis, and postoperative reversal of neuromuscular junction
blockade
Physostigmine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Used in anticholinergic toxicity
-Crosses the blood-brain barrier (CNS)
, Pyridostigmine
-Anticholinesterse - increases ACh
-Increases muscle strength
-Used in myasthenia gravis (long acting)
-Does not penetrate CNS
Atropine
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Used in bradycardia and for ophthalmic applications
-Also used as antidote for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning
-Actions include increase pupil dilation, cycloplegia, decreased airway
secretions, decreased acid secretions, decreased gut motility, decreased
bladder urgency in cystitis
-Toxicity: increased body temp (due to decreased sweating), rapid pulse, dry
mouth, dry and flushed skin, cycloplegia, constipation, disorientation;
-Can cause acute angle-closure glaucoma in elderly (due to mydriasis),
urinary retention in men with prostatic hyperplasia, and hyperthermia in
infants
-See also homatropine and tropicamide
Benztropine
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Works in CNS
-Used in Parkinson disease and acute dystonia
Glycopyrrolate
-Muscarinic antagonist
-Parental use: preoperative use to reduce airway secretions
-Oral use: drooling, peptic ulcer
