MKT 340 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

MKT 340 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 sampling - Answers selecting a relatively small number of elements from a larger defined group of elements and expecting the information from the small group will provide accurate judgments about the larger group central limit theorem - Answers describes the theoretical characteristics of a sample - normal distribution occurs sample size is sufficient enough (n is greater than/equal to 30) - random sample mean (x) approximates population mean (u) - gets closer to population mean as sample size approaches population population - Answers an identifiable group of elements of interest to the researcher and pertinent to the information problem defined target population - Answers the more specific set of elements identified for investigation sampling unit - Answers the individual elements within a defined target population sampling frame - Answers the list of all sampling units accessible for selection during the sampling process probability sampling - Answers each sampling unit in the defined target population has a known probability of being selected for the sample - can access sampling error - more generalizable nonprobability sampling - Answers sampling designs in which the probability of selection of each sampling unit is not known - the selection of sampling units is based on the judgment of the researcher and may or may not be representative of the target population 4 probability sampling methods - Answers simple random, systematic, cluster, stratified 4 nonprobability sampling methods - Answers convenience, judgment, referral, quota simple random sampling - Answers a procedure in which every sampling unit has a known and equal chance of being selected - unbiased estimate of population's characteristics - valid representation of defined target market - difficult to obtain a complete and accurate listing of the target population elements systematic random sampling - Answers similar to simple random sampling but the defined target population is ordered in some way (eg. customer list, taxpayer roll, or membership roster) and sampling units selected systematically - selected according to their position using a skip interval - easy way to draw sample while ensuring some randomness - preferable for field sampling - possibility of hidden patterns - must know the number of sampling units prior steps of drawing a systematic random sample - Answers 1. Obtain patient list in alphabetical order 2. Determine sample size needed out of total sampling frame 3. Divide N by n to get the skip interval (k) 4. Use random number-generator to determine start point 5. Select every kth patient in the sample until sample requirements filled. stratified random sampling - Answers separation of the target population into different sub-groups, called strata, and the selection of samples from each stratum - representativeness of sample - comparisons between strata - greater estimates of target population with less error - determining basis of stratifying proportionately stratified sampling - Answers a stratified sampling method in which each stratum in the sample is dependent on its size in the population - larger strata are more heavily sampled disproportionately stratified sampling - Answers a stratified sampling method in which the size of each stratum is independent of its size in the population - using a heuristic instead eg. 10 people from each strata cluster sampling - Answers a method in which the sampling units are divided into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive sub-populations, called clusters - eg. multiple customer lists for different days of the week - includes area sampling - cost effective and easy to implement - accidentally get homogenous clusters that are distinct to other clusters area sampling - Answers a form of cluster sampling in which the clusters are formed by geographic designations judgment sampling - Answers a sampling method in which participants are selected according to an experienced individual's belief that they will meet the requirements of the study convenience sampling - Answers a sampling method in which samples are drawn at the convenience of the researcher quota sampling - Answers participants are selected according to pre-specified quotas regarding demographics, attitudes, behaviors, or some other criteria snowball sampling - Answers selecting participants by finding one or two participants and then asking them to refer you to others - called referral sampling 3 factors that influence sample size - Answers increase sample size: - increase population variance and population standard deviation - increase level of confidence desired in the estimate - decrease degree of acceptable amount of error in the sample estimate standard deviation - Answers a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean - square root of variance confidence level - Answers the estimated probability that a population parameter lies within a given confidence interval acceptable error - Answers acceptable difference between sample result and population value probability sampling sizes - Answers use sample size formulas to estimate population mean and population proportions - if use of formulas leads to sample size larger than 5% of the population, then calculated sample size should be multiplied by correction factor population mean - Answers the sum of the values in the population divided by the population size population proportion - Answers ratio of members of a population with a particular characteristic to the total members of the population sample size correction factor - Answers statistical adjustment used when sampling without replacement from a small, finite population, specifically when the sample size exceeds 5% of the total population - it reduces the standard error to improve precision - square root of (N - n / N -1) nonprobability sampling sizes - Answers sample size formulas do not apply because determining the sample size is subjective- use intuitive judgment - use other determination approaches: budget, previous sample sizes, standards of the field construct selection/development - Answers identify and define what is to be measured - what are subcomponents and dimensions? construct development - Answers process in which researchers identify characteristics that define the concept being studied - determine objective and subjective properties - identify subcomponents - construct indirectly measured by taking individual scores from subdimensions and combining them into single score construct - Answers a hypothetical variable made up of a set of component responses or behaviors that are thought to be related constructs of interest - Answers components of a construct - Answers measurement - Answers an integrative process of determining the intensity (or amount) of information about constructs or variables - precision is critical - essential to effective decision making scale measurement - Answers the process of assigning descriptors to represent the range of possible responses to a question about a particular variable or construct - all about the precision of the measure - level of scale, number of scale points, number of items, balanced or unbalanced, forced or unforced, scale format scale descriptors - Answers the labels meant to represent the possible responses of the scale scale points - Answers designated degrees of intensity assigned to the responses in a given questioning or observation method 4 basic scale levels - Answers nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio nominal scale level - Answers the type of scale in which the questions require respondents to provide only some type of descriptor as the raw response - includes frequency and mode - can only categorize people - categories do not have an order ordinal scale level - Answers consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence (hierarchical pattern) - a scale that allows a respondent to express relative magnitude between the answers to a question - includes frequency and range - includes mode and median interval scale level - Answers a scale that demonstrates absolute differences between each scale point - includes frequency, range, and SD - includes mode, median, and mean ratio scale level - Answers a scale that allows the researcher not only to identify the absolute differences between each scale point but also has a meaningful, natural 0 point, and is infinite - includes frequency, range, and SD - includes mode, median, and mean mode - Answers the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution median - Answers the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it frequency - Answers the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time range - Answers the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution variance - Answers a difference between what is expected and what actually occurs scale reliability - Answers refers to the extent to which a scale can reproduce the same or similar measurement results in repeated trials 2 theoretical aspects of scale reliability - Answers 4 ways to access scale reliability - Answers test retest, equivalent form, split-half, coefficient alpha test retest - Answers the consistency of measurement based on the correlation between scores at two different times - issues: dropout, sensitivity to environmental/personal factors equivalent form - Answers the consistency of measurement based on the correlation between scores on two similar forms - issues: difficult to create two equivalent scales split-half - Answers divided into two halves, and halves correlated coefficient alpha - Answers average of all possible split-halves scale validity - Answers assesses whether a scale measures what it is supposed to measure 3 types of validity - Answers face, content, and discriminant face validity - Answers "on its face" it seems like a good translation of the construct - subjective content validity - Answers how accurately a measurement represents the various sub-dimensions/components of a construct - panel of experts - statistically objective; can run factor analysis discriminant validity - Answers measure differs from other constructs - items do NOT share high proportion of variance with items from another construct - items in a scale are unique to that scale ONLY - assess with pilot study discriminatory power - Answers the scale's ability to differentiate between the scale responses - how precise you want your options to be - eg. number of scale points or how precise your want your options to be likert scale - Answers a scale format that asks respondents to indicate the extent to which they agree or disagree with a series of statements about a subject semantic differential scale - Answers a unique bipolar scale format that captures a person's attitudes or feelings about a given subject unbalanced scale - Answers response categories are weighted toward one of the anchors, either positive or negative balanced scale - Answers a scale with an equal number of favorable and unfavorable categories non-forced scale - Answers a scale that has a neutral descriptor forced scale - Answers a scale that does not have a neutral descriptor to divide the positive and negative answers behavioral intention scale - Answers a special type of rating scale designed to capture the likelihood that people will demonstrate some type of predictable behavior intent toward purchasing an object or service in a future time frame constant sum scale - Answers require the respondent to allocate a given number of points, usually 100, among each separate attribute or feature relative to all the other listed ones comparative scale - Answers a scale format that requires a judgment comparing one object, person, or concept against another on the scale non-comparative scale - Answers a scale format that requires a judgment without reference to another object, person, or concept graphic rating scale - Answers a scale measure that uses a scale point format that presents the respondent with some type of graphic continuum as the set of possible raw responses to a given question rank order scale - Answers allow respondents to compare objects by indicating their order of preference, from first to last steps of questionnaire design - Answers Confirm research objectives Select appropriate data collection method Develop questions and scaling Determine layout and evaluate questionnaire Obtain initial client approval Pretest, revise, and finalize questionnaire Implement the survey unstructured questions - Answers open-ended questions formatted to allow respondents to reply in their own words structured questions - Answers closed-ended questions that require the respondent to choose from a predetermined set of responses or scale points bad questions - Answers any questions that prevent or distort communication between the researcher and the respondent - includes unanswerable, double-barreled, or leading questions skip questions - Answers used if the next question (or set of questions) should be responded to only by respondents who meet a previous condition - filter or contingency - within main survey sensitive questions - Answers questions that ask about a sensitive topic making respondents likely to respond to incorrectly - e.g., income, sexual beliefs or behaviors, medical conditions, financial difficulties, alcohol or drug consumption, etc 2 major sections of a questionnaire - Answers introductory and research question sections introductory section - Answers gives the respondent an overview of the research - researcher identified - confidentiality assured - general instructions screening questions - Answers identify qualified prospective respondents