NRS 316 - EXAM 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
2 goals of disease outbreak investigation? - Answers 1. identify the source of illness
2. guide public health intervention
2 types of surveillance - Answers passive and active
3 attributes of vulnerability - Answers 1. impact on health outcomes
2. determinants of health
3. cumulative risk
3 basic nursing activities - Answers 1. restorative
2. supportive
3. promotive
3 empowerment characteristics - Answers 1. the process of enabling people to increase control over
and to improve their health
2. a mechanism by which people and communities gain mastery over their lives
3. collaborative
3 expressions of power - Answers - Power-within-a person's sense of self-worth and self-knowledge
(internal)
- Power-over-those who control resources and decision-making have "power over" those impacted by
the decisions made
- Power-with-collective power of communities and organizations (building power within communities)
3 outcomes of client empowerment - Answers 1. increased sense of self
2. changes in relationships
3. changes in behavior
4 attributes of empowerment - Answers 1. autonomy & self-determination perceptions
2. self-efficacy
3. social participation
4. capacity for problem-solving
4 contributing factors of health disparities - Answers 1. socioeconomic differences
2. access, health insurance, transportation, cannot leave work
3. differences in health care delivery (ex. language barrier, interactions)
4. discrimination and -isms
5 examples of PACEs - Answers 1. having at least 1 BFF (social network)
2. mindfulness
3. exercise or physical activity
4. hobbies or clubs
5. school that provides resources
5 factors affecting empowerment - Answers - information/knowledge
- choice
- shared decision-making
- observed power/perceived power
- self-initiated strategies
5 factors that contribute to vulnerability - Answers 1. environmental hazards
2. social hazards (-isms, poverty)
3. personal behaviors/characteristics & lifestyle
4. biological or genetic makeup
5. trauma
ACE pyramid - Answers -ACE
-Disrupted neurodevelopment
-social, emotional, and cognitive impairment
-adoption of health-risk behaviors
-disease, disability, and social problems
-early death
active surveillance - Answers Local or state health departments initiate/ask the collection of
information from laboratories, physicians, health care providers, or the general population
advocacy - Answers act of promoting and protecting the health of individuals and communities
allostatic load - Answers Physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes (neural
or neuroendocrine responses) from repeated or chronic stress
, case finding - Answers locates at risk individuals and families and connects them with resources
case management - Answers a collaborative process of assessment, planning, facilitation, care
coordination, evaluation, and advocacy for options and services to meet an individual's and family's
comprehensive health needs through communication and available resources to promote quality,
cost-effective outcomes
consultation - Answers interactive problem-solving with 2+ persons/organizations to achieve a
common goal through enhancing the capacity of 1+ of
counseling - Answers Establishes an interpersonal relationship at an emotional level
cycle of vulnerability - Answers
delegated functions - Answers Direct care tasks RNs or RN-entrusted personnel carry out under the
authority of a health care practitioner as allowed by law
determinants of health - Answers the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors
that influence health status
difference between investigation and surveillance? - Answers surveillance is an ongoing process
disempowerment - Answers taking power away
- can be unintentional
Disenfranchisement - Answers separation from mainstream society, lack of emotional connection or
social support from groups
empowerment - Answers participatory, developmental process through which individuals, families,
and communities *gain greater insight* and *control* over their lives and environment, *acquire
valued resources and basic rights*, to engage in healthy behaviors to improve their overall health
conditions
goal of consultation - Answers generate optimal solutions to perceived problems or issues
goal of counseling - Answers increased or enhance capacity for self-care and coping
goal of health teaching - Answers improve health knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and skills
goal of the intervention wheel - Answers improve population health outcomes by changing
knowledge, attitudes, practices, community norms, policies, laws, organizational structures
health disparities - Answers preventable differences in disease burden that are experienced by
socially disadvantaged populations
health inequities - Answers unjust and avoidable differences in health status seen within and
between countries
health teaching - Answers sharing information and experiences through educational activities
how are health disparities determined? - Answers When any one group has a higher incidence of a
given disease, higher mortality rate, or shorter survival time that discrepancy constitutes a health
disparity
how can individuals and communities who experience heightened vulnerability contribute to the
development of interventions to improve their conditions? - Answers - community organizing
- participating in democratic governance
- leading and contributing to the creation of transformative knowledge that drives social change
how do feelings of powerlessness impact health? - Answers - Chronic exposure to poor living
conditions, violence, environmental injustice, discrimination results in individuals and communities
feeling unimportant, unheard, and powerless
- can trigger the stress response
how does having limited access to resources impact health? - Answers it increases risk factors, which
increases morbidity and mortality rate
how to measure power perceptions - Answers social capital, locus of control, self-efficacy through
surveys and questionaries
how to recognize outbreaks? - Answers 1. routine surveillance
2. reports from clinicians, labs, individuals
incidence - Answers The number or rate of NEW cases of a disease during a specific time
individual trauma results from - Answers event(s)/circumstances experienced as physically or
emotionally harmful or life-threatening with lasting adverse effects on the functioning and mental,
physical, social, emotional, or spiritual well-being
locus of control - Answers A belief about the amount of control a person has over situations in their
life
loss of power leads to - Answers loss of hope and disengagement, which has a negative impact on
health, health behaviors, and health outcomes
2 goals of disease outbreak investigation? - Answers 1. identify the source of illness
2. guide public health intervention
2 types of surveillance - Answers passive and active
3 attributes of vulnerability - Answers 1. impact on health outcomes
2. determinants of health
3. cumulative risk
3 basic nursing activities - Answers 1. restorative
2. supportive
3. promotive
3 empowerment characteristics - Answers 1. the process of enabling people to increase control over
and to improve their health
2. a mechanism by which people and communities gain mastery over their lives
3. collaborative
3 expressions of power - Answers - Power-within-a person's sense of self-worth and self-knowledge
(internal)
- Power-over-those who control resources and decision-making have "power over" those impacted by
the decisions made
- Power-with-collective power of communities and organizations (building power within communities)
3 outcomes of client empowerment - Answers 1. increased sense of self
2. changes in relationships
3. changes in behavior
4 attributes of empowerment - Answers 1. autonomy & self-determination perceptions
2. self-efficacy
3. social participation
4. capacity for problem-solving
4 contributing factors of health disparities - Answers 1. socioeconomic differences
2. access, health insurance, transportation, cannot leave work
3. differences in health care delivery (ex. language barrier, interactions)
4. discrimination and -isms
5 examples of PACEs - Answers 1. having at least 1 BFF (social network)
2. mindfulness
3. exercise or physical activity
4. hobbies or clubs
5. school that provides resources
5 factors affecting empowerment - Answers - information/knowledge
- choice
- shared decision-making
- observed power/perceived power
- self-initiated strategies
5 factors that contribute to vulnerability - Answers 1. environmental hazards
2. social hazards (-isms, poverty)
3. personal behaviors/characteristics & lifestyle
4. biological or genetic makeup
5. trauma
ACE pyramid - Answers -ACE
-Disrupted neurodevelopment
-social, emotional, and cognitive impairment
-adoption of health-risk behaviors
-disease, disability, and social problems
-early death
active surveillance - Answers Local or state health departments initiate/ask the collection of
information from laboratories, physicians, health care providers, or the general population
advocacy - Answers act of promoting and protecting the health of individuals and communities
allostatic load - Answers Physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes (neural
or neuroendocrine responses) from repeated or chronic stress
, case finding - Answers locates at risk individuals and families and connects them with resources
case management - Answers a collaborative process of assessment, planning, facilitation, care
coordination, evaluation, and advocacy for options and services to meet an individual's and family's
comprehensive health needs through communication and available resources to promote quality,
cost-effective outcomes
consultation - Answers interactive problem-solving with 2+ persons/organizations to achieve a
common goal through enhancing the capacity of 1+ of
counseling - Answers Establishes an interpersonal relationship at an emotional level
cycle of vulnerability - Answers
delegated functions - Answers Direct care tasks RNs or RN-entrusted personnel carry out under the
authority of a health care practitioner as allowed by law
determinants of health - Answers the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors
that influence health status
difference between investigation and surveillance? - Answers surveillance is an ongoing process
disempowerment - Answers taking power away
- can be unintentional
Disenfranchisement - Answers separation from mainstream society, lack of emotional connection or
social support from groups
empowerment - Answers participatory, developmental process through which individuals, families,
and communities *gain greater insight* and *control* over their lives and environment, *acquire
valued resources and basic rights*, to engage in healthy behaviors to improve their overall health
conditions
goal of consultation - Answers generate optimal solutions to perceived problems or issues
goal of counseling - Answers increased or enhance capacity for self-care and coping
goal of health teaching - Answers improve health knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and skills
goal of the intervention wheel - Answers improve population health outcomes by changing
knowledge, attitudes, practices, community norms, policies, laws, organizational structures
health disparities - Answers preventable differences in disease burden that are experienced by
socially disadvantaged populations
health inequities - Answers unjust and avoidable differences in health status seen within and
between countries
health teaching - Answers sharing information and experiences through educational activities
how are health disparities determined? - Answers When any one group has a higher incidence of a
given disease, higher mortality rate, or shorter survival time that discrepancy constitutes a health
disparity
how can individuals and communities who experience heightened vulnerability contribute to the
development of interventions to improve their conditions? - Answers - community organizing
- participating in democratic governance
- leading and contributing to the creation of transformative knowledge that drives social change
how do feelings of powerlessness impact health? - Answers - Chronic exposure to poor living
conditions, violence, environmental injustice, discrimination results in individuals and communities
feeling unimportant, unheard, and powerless
- can trigger the stress response
how does having limited access to resources impact health? - Answers it increases risk factors, which
increases morbidity and mortality rate
how to measure power perceptions - Answers social capital, locus of control, self-efficacy through
surveys and questionaries
how to recognize outbreaks? - Answers 1. routine surveillance
2. reports from clinicians, labs, individuals
incidence - Answers The number or rate of NEW cases of a disease during a specific time
individual trauma results from - Answers event(s)/circumstances experienced as physically or
emotionally harmful or life-threatening with lasting adverse effects on the functioning and mental,
physical, social, emotional, or spiritual well-being
locus of control - Answers A belief about the amount of control a person has over situations in their
life
loss of power leads to - Answers loss of hope and disengagement, which has a negative impact on
health, health behaviors, and health outcomes
